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1.
Imprinting and the epigenetic asymmetry between parental genomes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Genomic imprinting confers a developmental asymmetry on the parental genomes, through epigenetic modifications in the germ line and embryo. These heritable modifications regulate the monoallelic activity of parental alleles resulting in their functional differences during development. Specific cis-acting regulatory elements associated with imprinted genes carry modifications involving chromatin structural changes and DNA methylation. Some of these modifications are initiated in the germ line. Comparative genomic analysis at imprinted domains is emerging as a powerful tool for the identification of conserved elements amenable to more detailed functional analysis, and for providing insight into the emergence of imprinting during the evolution of mammalian species. Genomic imprinting therefore provides a model system for the analysis of the epigenetic control of genome function. 相似文献
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Certain genes are only expressed at one allele, a phenomenon called imprinting. Although it is well established that one allele of certain imprinted genes is silenced through methylation, this does not appear to be the case for all imprinted genes. In a thoughtful Perspective, Thorvaldsen and Bartolomei discuss new findings showing that insertion of insulator elements (boundary regions) between the promoter of a gene and its enhancer (a sequence that boosts gene expression) may be another way in which genes are silenced during imprinting. 相似文献
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Fedoriw AM Stein P Svoboda P Schultz RM Bartolomei MS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5655):238-240
The imprinted regulation of H19 and Insulin-like growth factor 2 expression involves binding of the vertebrate insulator protein, CCCTC binding factor (CTCF), to the maternally hypomethylated differentially methylated domain (DMD). How this hypomethylated state is maintained during oogenesis and the role of CTCF, if any, in this process are not understood. With the use of a transgenic RNA interference (RNAi)-based approach to generate oocytes with reduced amounts of CTCF protein, we found increased methylation of the H19 DMD and decreased developmental competence of CTCF-deficient oocytes. Our results suggest that CTCF protects the H19 DMD from de novo methylation during oocyte growth and is required for normal preimplantation development. 相似文献
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Patterns of Cytosine Methylation in Parental Lines and Their Hybrids of Large White and Meishan Reciprocal Crosses 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The extent and patterns of cytosine methylation in blood DNA were assessed, using the technique of methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism(MSAP),in Meishan, Large White pigs and hybrids of their reciprocal crosses. In all, 1 508 fragments, each representing a recognition site cleaved by either or both of the isoschizomers, MspI and HpaII, were amplified using 20 pairs of selective primers. 10.3% of CCGG sites were methylated in Meishan pigs, 10.5% in Large White pigs, and 10.2% in the hybrids. Cytosine methylation was not significantly different among parental lines and hybrids of reciprocal crosses. Four classes of patterns were identified in a comparative assay of cytosine methylation in the parents and hybrids: (1) the same level of methylation in both parental lines and the hybrids; (2) the same level of methylation in either parent or hybrid; (3) an increased level of methylation in the hybrids compared to the parents, and (4) a decreased level of methylation in the hybrids. 11 crossspecific methylation sites were detected in F1 hybrids of Large White×Meishan, and 10 crossspecific methylation sites in the hybrid of Meishan×LargeWhite. In conclusion, (1) the whole methylation status between parental lines and hybrids was not different, but specific sites were differentially methylated; (2) specific sites were differentially methylated between reciprocal crosses; (3) demethylation and hypermethylation of many sites accounted for mostly (more than 50%) methylated sites in the hybrids compared to parental lines. 相似文献
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Methylation of cytosine residues in eukaryotic DNA is common, but poorly understood. Typically several percent of the cytosines are methylated; however, it is unclear what governs which sequences eventually become modified. Neurospora crassa DNA containing the "zeta-eta" (zeta-eta) region, which is a region of unusually heavy methylation, was tested for its ability to direct DNA methylation de novo. DNA stripped of its methylation by propagation in Escherichia coli was reintroduced into Neurospora crassa by transformation. The zeta-eta region reproducibly became "properly" methylated whether inserted at its native chromosomal position or at ectopic sites. Adjacent Neurospora and bacterial sequences in the transforming DNA rarely became methylated. A model is presented that accounts for position-independent faithful methylation as observed in the zeta-eta region, as well as position-dependent methylation, as occasionally observed, especially with sequences not native to Neurospora. 相似文献
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Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in X inactivation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Plath K Fang J Mlynarczyk-Evans SK Cao R Worringer KA Wang H de la Cruz CC Otte AP Panning B Zhang Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5616):131-135
The Polycomb group (PcG) protein Eed is implicated in regulation of imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in extraembryonic cells but not of random X inactivation in embryonic cells. The Drosophila homolog of the Eed-Ezh2 PcG protein complex achieves gene silencing through methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3-K27), which suggests a role for H3-K27 methylation in imprinted X inactivation. Here we demonstrate that transient recruitment of the Eed-Ezh2 complex to the inactive X chromosome (Xi) occurs during initiation of X inactivation in both extraembryonic and embryonic cells and is accompanied by H3-K27 methylation. Recruitment of the complex and methylation on the Xi depend on Xist RNA but are independent of its silencing function. Together, our results suggest a role for Eed-Ezh2-mediated H3-K27 methylation during initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation and demonstrate that H3-K27 methylation is not sufficient for silencing of the Xi. 相似文献
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Epigenetic decisions in mammalian germ cells 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Kinoshita T Miura A Choi Y Kinoshita Y Cao X Jacobsen SE Fischer RL Kakutani T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5657):521-523
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Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are required for ribose 2'-O-methylation of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA. Many of the genes for this snoRNA family have remained unidentified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, despite the availability of a complete genome sequence. Probabilistic modeling methods akin to those used in speech recognition and computational linguistics were used to computationally screen the yeast genome and identify 22 methylation guide snoRNAs, snR50 to snR71. Gene disruptions and other experimental characterization confirmed their methylation guide function. In total, 51 of the 55 ribose methylated sites in yeast ribosomal RNA were assigned to 41 different guide snoRNAs. 相似文献
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从DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化修饰、基因印记和RNA干扰等几个方面,综述了表观遗传学的基本机制及其对哺乳动物生殖细胞发育分化的影响。表观遗传学对于动物机体生长、代谢及功能的正常维持具有重要作用,其中任何方面的异常都会导致体细胞和生殖细胞的生长分化调控失常,甚至引发疾病。 相似文献
13.
Gendrel AV Lippman Z Yordan C Colot V Martienssen RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5588):1871-1873
The Arabidopsis gene DDM1 is required to maintain DNA methylation levels and is responsible for transposon and transgene silencing. However, rather than encoding a DNA methyltransferase, DDM1 has similarity to the SWI/SNF family of adenosine triphosphate-dependent chromatin remodeling genes, suggesting an indirect role in DNA methylation. Here we show that DDM1 is also required to maintain histone H3 methylation patterns. In wild-type heterochromatin, transposons and silent genes are associated with histone H3 methylated at lysine 9, whereas known genes are preferentially associated with methylated lysine 4. In ddm1 heterochromatin, DNA methylation is lost, and methylation of lysine 9 is largely replaced by methylation of lysine 4. Because DNA methylation has recently been shown to depend on histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, our results suggest that transposon methylation may be guided by histone H3 methylation in plant genomes. This would account for the epigenetic inheritance of hypomethylated DNA once histone H3 methylation patterns are altered. 相似文献
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Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates crucial aspects of its function. Genomic methylation patterns in somatic differentiated cells are generally stable and heritable. However, in mammals there are at least two developmental periods-in germ cells and in preimplantation embryos-in which methylation patterns are reprogrammed genome wide, generating cells with a broad developmental potential. Epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells is critical for imprinting; reprogramming in early embryos also affects imprinting. Reprogramming is likely to have a crucial role in establishing nuclear totipotency in normal development and in cloned animals, and in the erasure of acquired epigenetic information. A role of reprogramming in stem cell differentiation is also envisaged. DNA methylation is one of the best-studied epigenetic modifications of DNA in all unicellular and multicellular organisms. In mammals and other vertebrates, methylation occurs predominantly at the symmetrical dinucleotide CpG (1-4). Symmetrical methylation and the discovery of a DNA methyltransferase that prefers a hemimethylated substrate, Dnmt1 (4), suggested a mechanism by which specific patterns of methylation in the genome could be maintained. Patterns imposed on the genome at defined developmental time points in precursor cells could be maintained by Dnmt1, and would lead to predetermined programs of gene expression during development in descendants of the precursor cells (5, 6). This provided a means to explain how patterns of differentiation could be maintained by populations of cells. In addition, specific demethylation events in differentiated tissues could then lead to further changes in gene expression as needed. Neat and convincing as this model is, it is still largely unsubstantiated. While effects of methylation on expression of specific genes, particularly imprinted ones (7) and some retrotransposons (8), have been demonstrated in vivo, it is still unclear whether or not methylation is involved in the control of gene expression during normal development (9-13). Although enzymes have been identified that can methylate DNA de novo (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) (14), it is unknown how specific patterns of methylation are established in the genome. Mechanisms for active demethylation have been suggested, but no enzymes have been identified that carry out this function in vivo (15-17). Genomewide alterations in methylation-brought about, for example, by knockouts of the methylase genes-result in embryo lethality or developmental defects, but the basis for abnormal development still remains to be discovered (7, 14). What is clear, however, is that in mammals there are developmental periods of genomewide reprogramming of methylation patterns in vivo. Typically, a substantial part of the genome is demethylated, and after some time remethylated, in a cell- or tissue-specific pattern. The developmental dynamics of these reprogramming events, as well as some of the enzymatic mechanisms involved and the biological purposes, are beginning to be understood. Here we look at what is known about reprogramming in mammals and discuss how it might relate to developmental potency and imprinting. 相似文献
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外遗传分子生物学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该文综述了外遗传 (Epigenetics)这一新的分子生物学研究领域的提出、发展和最新研究进展 .指出外遗传是DNA碱基序列之外的遗传系统 .阐述了DNA甲基化、RNA介导的基因沉默、基因组印记和组蛋白密码等外遗传相关因素在生物体生长发育过程中对基因表达的重要调控作用 ,以及这些因素与生物体的防御机制和生物遗传信息的传递间存在的密切联系 ,并提出了从外遗传角度探索物种进化和生物适应逆境的新途径 . 相似文献
18.
本研究以3～4月龄兔为研究对象,收集卵母细胞,按直径将其划分为75～95μm、95～105μm、105～115μm3个组,通过亚硫酸盐测序法检测了印迹基因Igf2r的甲基化程度,并运用RT-PCR对Dnmt1、Dnmt3a、Dnmt3b、Dnmt3l、Lsh的表达量进行检测。结果表明,在3组卵母细胞内,Igf2r的甲基化比率依次为15.7%、60%、91.5%,甲基化程度随卵母细胞直径的增加而不断提高。 相似文献
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【目的】研究b-Boule基因5′调控序列的序列特征,以及牦牛、黄牛与犏牛睾丸组织b-Boule基因DMR甲基化状态的差异,为揭示b-Boule基因的表达调控和犏牛雄性不育的表观遗传机制提供依据。【方法】采用PCR扩增和克隆测序技术获得牦牛b-Boule基因5′调控序列,利用生物信息学方法分析b-Boule基因5′调控序列的序列特征,采用亚硫酸氢钠测序法检测牦牛、黄牛与犏牛睾丸组织中b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化状态。【结果】b-Boule基因5′调控序列长度为1 352 bp,核心启动子区含有SP1等甲基化敏感位点,5′端存在一个CpG岛。犏牛b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化水平（17.78%）高于牦牛（7.50%）和黄牛（6.94%）（P＜0.01）,特别是CpG位点33—35的甲基化水平差异更明显。【结论】犏牛b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化水平高于牦牛和黄牛,结合前期mRNA表达水平和组织学观察结果,认为DMR甲基化在b-Boule基因的表达调控中发挥关键作用,犏牛b-Boule基因可能是通过DMR区的高甲基化抑制其mRNA表达来阻滞精子发生减数分裂过程。 相似文献
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蒙古羊胸椎数的亲本印记遗传研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
蒙古羊胸椎数的遗传方式具有亲本印记特征。调控这个性状的Ｈｏｍｅｏｂｏｘ基因突变以后由于父系等位基因或母系等位基因的甲基化,使其转录活动停止,导致父系和母系基因组对子代的遗传贡献不相等,从而使子代产生具有父系或母系特征的亲本印记性状。纯繁与正反交实验证明,在蒙古羊胞椎数的遗传过程中,父系多胸椎基因对子代的影响明显大于母系多胸椎基因,分别为３２．４２％和２１．４３％,当正常型与多胸椎型羊分别进行同型交配时,由于基因组印记效应,使部分子代的Ｈｏｍｅｏｂｏｘ突变基因和野生型基因缄默,因而后代群体中出现亲本类型不同的表型,其比例分别为１１．７６％和１９．１９％。利用蒙古羊的亲本印记遗传特点可以指导种羊选育和商品肉羊的杂交优势利用。 相似文献