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1.
Membranes containing cylindrical metal nanotubules that span the complete thickness of the membrane are described. The inside radius of the nanotubules can be varied at will; nanotubule radii as small as 0.8 nanometer are reported. These membranes show selective ion transport analogous to that observed in ion-exchange polymers. Ion permselectivity occurs because excess charge density can be present on the inner walls of the metal tubules. The membranes reject ions with the same sign as the excess charge and transport ions of the opposite sign. Because the sign of the excess charge on the tubule can be changed potentiostatically, a metal nanotubule membrane can be either cation selective or anion selective, depending on the potential applied to the membrane. 相似文献
2.
ClC channels conduct chloride (Cl-) ions across cell membranes and thereby govern the electrical activity of muscle cells and certain neurons, the transport of fluid and electrolytes across epithelia, and the acidification of intracellular vesicles. The structural basis of ClC channel gating was studied. Crystal structures of wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli ClC channels bound to a monoclonal Fab fragment reveal three Cl- binding sites within the 15-angstrom neck of an hourglass-shaped pore. The Cl- binding site nearest the extracellular solution can be occupied either by a Cl- ion or by a glutamate carboxyl group. Mutations of this glutamate residue in Torpedo ray ClC channels alter gating in electrophysiological assays. These findings reveal a form of gating in which the glutamate carboxyl group closes the pore by mimicking a Cl- ion. 相似文献
3.
A new potassium electrode, made from valinomycin, which uses commercially available electrode configurations, responds to potassium ion concentrations from 1 mole per liter to below 10(-6) mole per liter. It is highly selective for potassium ion over sodium ion and divalent ions and can be used for the direct determination of potassium ion in human serumn. No significant complexing of potassiium appears to occur in normal seruin. 相似文献
4.
Nagy AF Cravens TE Chen RH Taylor HA Brace LH Brinton HC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,205(4401):107-109
Datafrom the Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometers are compared with model calculations of the ion density distributions appropriate for daytime conditions. The model assumes diffusive equilibrium upper boundary conditions for the major ions (O(2)(+), O(+), CO(2)(+), He(+), and H(+)); the agreement between the calculated and measured gross behavior of these ions is reasonably good except for H(+), which may be influenced strongly by convective transport processes. The distributions of five minor ions (C(+), N(+), NO(+), CO(+), and N(2)(+)) are also calculated for the chemically controlled region ( less, similar 200 kilometers); the agreements are, in general, poor, an indication that our present understanding of the Venus minor ion chemistry is still incomplete. 相似文献
5.
A tight coupling between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis and vectorial ion transport has to be maintained by ATP-consuming ion pumps. We report two crystal structures of Ca2+-bound sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA) at 2.6 and 2.9 angstrom resolution in complex with (i) a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog [adenosine (beta-gamma methylene)-triphosphate] and (ii) adenosine diphosphate plus aluminum fluoride. SERCA reacts with ATP by an associative mechanism mediated by two Mg2+ ions to form an aspartyl-phosphorylated intermediate state (Ca2-E1 approximately P). The conformational changes that accompany the reaction with ATP pull the transmembrane helices 1 and 2 and close a cytosolic entrance for Ca2+, thereby preventing backflow before Ca2+ is released on the other side of the membrane. 相似文献
6.
The major photochemical sources and sinks for ten of the ions measured by the ion mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus bus and orbiter spacecraft that are consistent with the neutral gas composition measured on the same spacecraft have been identified. The neutral gas temperature (Tn) as a function of solar zenith angle (chi) derived from measured ion distributions in photochemical equilibrium is given by Tn (K) = 323 cos(1/5)chi. Above 200 kilometers, the altitude behavior of ions is generally controlled by plasma diffusion, with important modifications for minor ions due to thermal diffusion resulting from the observed gradients of plasma temperatures. The dayside equilibrium distributions of ions are sometimes perturbed by plasma convection, while lateral transport of ions from the dayside seems to be a major source of the nightside ionosphere. 相似文献
7.
【目的】研究棉花对盐分及离子的运移的作用关系,分析滴灌棉田盐分的运移规律和影响机制。【方法】通过田间微区试验,对小区内盐渍化土壤进行混匀,设置种植棉花与未种植棉花试验处理,研究棉田土壤盐分离子的运移特征。【结果】灌溉使得0~40 cm土层土壤盐分、阴、阳离子含量明显下降,在40~60 cm土层浓度增加形成离子聚集区。棉花种植过程对0~30 cm土层土壤总盐分、阴阳离子都有一定的影响,但影响较为显著是10~20 cm土层的总盐分、Cl-和SO42-离子的含量,减缓了其运移过程,对其他离子的影响均未达到显著水平,对土壤pH值影响不大。【结论】棉花种植过程显著影响土壤10~20 cm土层的总盐分、Cl-和SO42-离子向下运移过程。 相似文献
8.
Progress has been made in the understanding of potential energy surfaces for unimolecular ion dissociations and ion-molecule reactions. With recent advances in instrumentation, many new techniques have been developed to generate and study ions, ion-molecule complexes, and large ionic clusters. Developments in ion spectroscopy have enabled considerable advances to be made in the determination of ion structures. 相似文献
9.
Solution conformation of valinomycin-potassium ion complex 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The complete conformation of the valinomycin-potassium ion complex in methanol is presented. Extension from the reported secondary structure requires arguments and data relating to ester orientation, direction of coiling, side-chain orientation, and conformational stability. Conformation of the valinomycin-potassium ion complex provides a clear-cut example in which elucidation of conformation is sufficient to gain an understanding of molecular function which, in this case, is selective ion transport by a carrier mechanism. 相似文献
10.
11.
Effect of cytochrome P450 arachidonate metabolites on ion transport in rabbit kidney loop of Henle. 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
In the medullary segment of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (mTALH), arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase to products that affect ion transport. The linkage between changes in ion transport and AA metabolism in isolated cells of the mTALH was examined. AA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of 86Rb uptake--an effect that was prevented by selective blockade of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Inhibition by cytochrome P450 blockade of the effect of AA on 86Rb uptake could be circumvented by addition of the principal products of AA metabolism in the mTALH. 相似文献
12.
Taylor HA Brinton HC Bauer SJ Hartle RE Donahue TM Cloutier PA Michel FC Daniell RE Blackwell BH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,203(4382):752-754
The first in situ measurements of the composition of the ionosphere of Venus are provided by independent Bennett radio-frequency ion mass spectrometers on the Pioneer Venus bits and orbiter spacecraft, exploring the dawn and duskside regions, respectively. An extensive composition of ion species, rich in oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon chemistry is idenitified. The dominant topside ion is O(+), with C(+), N(+), H(+), and He(+) as prominent secondary ions. In the lower ionosphere, the ionzization peak or F(1) layer near 150 kilometers reaches a concentration of about 5 x l0(3) ions per cubic centimeter, and is composed of the dominant molecular ion, O(2)(+), with NO(+), CO(+), and CO(2)(+), constituting less than 10 percent of the total. Below the O(+) peak near 200 kilometers, the ions exhibit scale heights consistent with a neutral gas temperature of about 180 K near the terminator. In the upper ionosphere, scale heights of all species reflect the effects of plasma transport, which lifts the composition upward to the often abrupt ionopause, or thermal ion boundary, which is observed to vary in height between 250 to 1800 kilometers, in response to solar wind dynamics. 相似文献
13.
Ions typically pass with difficulty from water into organic phases because of water's superior solvation power. This inhibits such processes as ion transport in batteries or in lipid bilayers of cells. Ion penetration across such an interface was studied with unusual structural control. Hydronium ions were soft-landed at 1 electron volt on cold films of 3-methylpentane ("oil") on a metal substrate. The field produced by these ions drove them through the films when warmed. Coadsorption of water (0.14 to 35 bilayers) inhibited the ion penetration by creating a solvation energy trap. A Born solvation model successfully predicted the trapping energies (0 to 38 kilojoules per mole). 相似文献
14.
Adenohypophysial transmembrane potentials: polarity reversal by elevated external potassium ion concentration 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Incubation of rat adenohypophyses in potassium ion of sufficient concentration to provoke the release of several of the adenohypophysial trophic hormones produces a reversed, positive transmembrane potential in more than half the cells. This finding is consistent with a process of "stimulus-secretion coupling" in which hypothalamic releasing factors act by selective depolarization of their "target" cells. The positive potentials may be due to a prolonged preferential permeability to calcium ions triggered by an initial depolarization of the cell membrane to a threshold value by increased external potassium ion. 相似文献
15.
Dunicz BL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1966,153(3737):737-739
Conventional concepts of chemical bonding appear inadequate to explain the structures of the anhydrous polyborates. A cage-type structure with occluded oxide ion is proposed for the octaborate, hexaborate, and tetraborate ions. The proposed structure is discussed in terms of the composition, x-ray diffraction patterns, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the sodium polyborates. 相似文献
16.
Electrodes can be coated with electrochemically reactive polymers in several microstructural formats called sandwich, array, bilayer, micro-, and ion-gate electrodes. These microstructures can be used to study the transport of electrons and ions through the polymers as a function of the polymer oxidation state, which is essential for understanding the conductivity properties of these new chemical materials. The microstructures also exhibit potentially useful electrical and optical responses, including current rectification, charge storage and amplification, electron-hole pair separation, and gates for ion flow. 相似文献
17.
[目的]建立一种快速测定食品中微量氟的新方法。[方法]用超声波浸提法提取大蒜中的氟离子,利用离子选择性电极在加入标准溶液后直接读取样品液的氟浓度。[结果]大蒜的水分含量平均值为77．730％,其RSD为2．1％。各因素对样品液氟含量的影响依次为：超声温度〉料液比〉超声时间,大蒜氟离子的最佳提取工艺：料液比为0．5：25．0,在25℃下超声提取3min。氟电极的斜率转换系数为97．9％。试验测得样品液氟含量的平均值为29．076μg／g,其RSD为2．6％。在测定样品液氟含量条件下,10．00μmol／L氟标准液氟含量的平均测定值为9．875μmol／L,相对误差为-1．25％。[结论]利用离子选择性电极,结合加标浓度直读法与超声波浸提技术快速测定大蒜中微量氟的方法简便、直观,适用于现场快速测定。 相似文献
18.
Mutations affecting TEA blockade and ion permeation in voltage-activated K+ channels 总被引：37，自引：0，他引：37
Voltage-dependent ion channels are responsible for electrical signaling in neurons and other cells. The main classes of voltage-dependent channels (sodium-, calcium-, and potassium-selective channels) have closely related molecular structures. For one member of this superfamily, the transiently voltage-activated Shaker H4 potassium channel, specific amino acid residues have now been identified that affect channel blockade by the small ion tetraethylammonium, as well as the conduction of ions through the pore. Furthermore, variation at one of these amino acid positions among naturally occurring potassium channels may account for most of their differences in sensitivity to tetraethylammonium. 相似文献
19.
Jin C Haufler RE Hettich RL Barshick CM Compton RN Puretzky AA Dem'yanenko AV Tuinman AA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,263(5143):68-71
Laser radiation (XeCl laser, 308-nanometer wavelength) focused into a cell containing Mo(CO)(6) vapor produced ultrafine particles in the extended waist of the laser beam. Negative ion mass spectrometry revealed molybdenum carbide cluster ions with a stoichiometry MonC4n (n = 1 to 4). The MonC4n(-) (n = 2 to 4) ions are completely unreactive with NH(3), H(2)O, and O(2), suggesting structures in which the molybdenum atoms are unavailable for coordination to additional ligands. Collision-induced dissociation studies of these anions show the loss of MoC(4) units as the main fragmentation pathway. This observation, together with the lack of addition reactions, provides a basis for structures in which a planar cluster of two, three, or four molybdenum atoms is surrounded by, and bonded to, carbon dimers. 相似文献
20.
Swaddle TW Rosenqvist J Yu P Bylaska E Phillips BL Casey WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5727):1450-1453
Trivalent aluminum ions are important in natural bodies of water, but the structure of their coordination shell is a complex unsolved problem. In strong acid (pH < 3.0), Al(III) exists almost entirely as the octahedral Al(H2O)6(3+) ion, whereas in basic conditions (pH > 7), a tetrahedral Al(OH)(4- structure prevails. In the biochemically and geochemically critical pH range of 4.3 to 7.0, the ion structures are less clear. Other hydrolytic species, such as AlOH(aq)2+, exist and are traditionally assumed to be hexacoordinate. We show, however, that the kinetics of proton and water exchange on aqueous Al(III), coupled with Car-Parrinello simulations, support a five-coordinate Al(H2O)4OH2+ ion as the predominant form of AlOH(aq)2+ under ambient conditions. This result contrasts Al(III) with other trivalent metal aqua ions, for which there is no evidence for stable pentacoordinate hydrolysis products. 相似文献