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1.
灌浆期高温与干旱是影响小麦籽粒淀粉合成与积累的重要因素。为探讨灌浆期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及积累的影响机理,以郑麦366为试验材料,采用大田盆栽和人工气候室模拟高温相结合的方法,研究了灌浆期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达特性及淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,灌浆期高温导致小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达高峰期提前,并不同程度抑制淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达;干旱胁迫不同程度提高了 AGPL1、 AGP1-a、 AGP1-b、GBSSI、SSI、SSIIc、SSIIIb、BEI、BEIIb、 ISA2、PHOH基因的表达量,降低其余被测基因表达量;高温和干旱复合胁迫与单因素胁迫对被测指标的影响不尽相同,表明两者对某些指标存在互作效应。高温与干旱均导致成熟期籽粒直链、支链和总淀粉含量下降。淀粉合成相关酶基因表达特性与淀粉积累密切相关。综上所述,高温与干旱改变了淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达,使淀粉积累受抑,导致小麦籽粒淀粉含量和产量下降。  相似文献   

2.
为探讨灌浆前期高温对六倍体小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关合成酶活性的影响,以4个春性小黑麦品种（系）为材料,在开花后5~14 d于田间搭建温棚进行高温胁迫,对其籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,开花后5~14 d高温胁迫导致小黑麦千粒重和容重均显著下降,其中,千粒重下降5.95%~20.47%,容重下降3.33%~9.49%;籽粒中的总淀粉、支链淀粉与直链淀粉含量均显著降低,依次下降6.84%~17.97%、7.70%~24.60%及2.27%~7.17%,直/支链淀粉比有所升高,但差异不显著。在高温胁迫期间,小黑麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）及淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性均较对照有所上升,高温胁迫结束后,AGPP、SSS、DBE的活性均较对照有所下降。推测灌浆前期高温胁迫导致灌浆中后期小黑麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的下降是籽粒中淀粉含量降低以及千粒重、容重下降的主要原因。  相似文献   

3.
为了给小麦抗逆栽培提供参考依据,采用盆栽的试验方法,研究了花后高温、干旱及其互作对两种筋力小麦品种豫麦34(强筋)和豫麦50(弱筋)籽粒淀粉及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,高温胁迫均导致两品种籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量下降,但不同时期高温胁迫对两品种不同组分淀粉的影响表现不同:高温胁迫对豫麦34支链淀粉含量影响相对较大,且以灌浆前期降幅最大;豫麦50则以直链淀粉含量受灌浆前期高温胁迫的影响相对较大.干旱胁迫下两品种直链淀粉的含量均显著下降,但支链淀粉在不同时期干旱胁迫下表现出品种间的差异:灌浆前期干旱对两品种影响均不显著,中、后期显著降低豫麦50支链淀粉含量,而豫麦34的支链淀粉含量在灌浆后期干旱胁迫下有所升高.研究结果还表明,花后高温与干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉及组分的影响存在显著的互作效应,说明高温与干旱对淀粉品质的影响具有叠加效应和复杂性.  相似文献   

4.
为解析灌浆期持续干旱对优质强筋小麦生长发育的影响,以大面积推广种植的优质强筋早熟多抗小麦品种西农979为材料,从旗叶光合作用、抗氧化酶活性、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累过程等方面分析其在灌浆期不同阶段对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,与正常水分供应(CK)相比,干旱胁迫下花后10 d后小麦旗叶相对含水量下降,变化不显著,而POD、CAT和SOD活性升高,旗叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率等显著下降。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,旗叶光合能力显著下降,活性氧清除酶活性均呈下降趋势,其中POD和SOD活性下降速度低于CK。灌浆期干旱胁迫显著降低植株结实率、籽粒长宽、饱满度、千粒重等,导致产量显著下降,并减少籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量及淀粉直支比,增加籽粒蛋白质含量。由此可见,灌浆期持续干旱会降低小麦光合能力,增强抗氧化能力,抑制籽粒淀粉合成和积累,影响植株结实、籽粒发育和品质形成。  相似文献   

5.
花后高温胁迫对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
为了筛选耐高温胁迫的优良小麦品种,采用盆栽与人工气候室相结合的方法,研究了花后高温胁迫对15个小麦品种产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,花后10 d和20 d高温处理分别使不同品种千粒重下降4.3%～34.8%和8.5%～32.5%,产量下降6.8%～35.0%和13.9%～37.9%,籽粒蛋白质含量增加1.0%～8.7%和2.4%～16.4%,表明不同品种对高温胁迫的敏感性存在明显差异.从高温处理时期来看,花后20 d高温胁迫的影响略大于花后10 d.依据花后高温胁迫下千粒重和产量的降幅进行聚类分析,将15个小麦品种划分为5类,其中洛旱6号受高温胁迫的影响较大,偃展4110、洛旱2号和郑麦366对高温胁迫的耐性较强.从籽粒蛋白质含量变化来看,豫麦50受高温胁迫影响较小,豫农949和豫农202受影响较大.  相似文献   

6.
花后高温胁迫对小麦灌浆特性及产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解小麦灌浆特性对花后高温胁迫的响应,选用西农979、洛旱2号、西农2208、新麦11、郑麦366和兰考矮早8等6个品种,于2016-2018年以自然条件为对照(CK),分析了花后高温胁迫(搭棚增温)后小麦灌浆进程、千粒重和产量的变化。结果表明,小麦粒重主要由灌浆持续时间和灌浆速率决定,不同小麦品种对花后高温胁迫的响应模式不同。西农979、洛旱2号在高温胁迫下,灌浆快增期的平均灌浆速率有所提高,但灌浆持续时间显著降低,导致粒重显著下降,且两年度的千粒重热感指数和产量热感指数均大于1,属于不抗高温型品种;新麦11、郑麦366和兰考矮早8经高温胁迫后,灌浆持续时间变化幅度不大,平均灌浆速率分别降低了0.05、0.09和0.06g·d^-1,千粒重分别降低了2.00、1.45和1.56g,但高温胁迫下粒重与CK无显著差异,且郑麦366和兰考矮早8的千粒重热感指数和产量热感指数在两个年度均小于0.9,属于抗高温型品种。  相似文献   

7.
花后高温胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉积累及晶体特性的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
为给小麦抗高温胁迫栽培提供依据,采用高温胁迫与自然温度对比的方法,通过盆栽试验和人工气候室控温(温室控制误差±2℃,湿度控制误差±1%),研究了花后高温胁迫对弱筋小麦扬麦15号籽粒淀粉积累动态、破损淀粉及晶体特性的影响.结果表明,花后不同时期35℃以上高温处理后,籽粒直链、支链及总淀粉积累量和粒重均低于对照(CK,常温),表现为CK＞花后25～27 d＞花后20～22 d＞花后15～17 d＞花后10～12 d＞花后5～7 d,且淀粉直/支比谷点不同程度前移,籽粒破损淀粉增加.35℃和40℃高温胁迫下,淀粉粒晶体结构仍呈典型的A型特征,但籽粒淀粉相对结晶度下降,随着处理时间的后移,相对结晶度降低,且淀粉晶体在2θ为15°、17°和18°左右的尖峰强度均低于CK.花后前期高温较后期高温对小麦淀粉积累和破损淀粉影响更大,相对结晶度则后期高温影响更大.  相似文献   

8.
为了解高压诱变小麦突变体籽粒灌浆过程中的淀粉积累特性,以未经高压处理的偃展4110纯系为对照,对经过高压诱变处理(120MPa,8h)获得的偃展4110突变株系高压2、高压3、高压5、高压9和高压11的籽粒形成过程中淀粉含量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,突变株系籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量均呈"S"型曲线变化;总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累速率表现为"抛物线"型曲线变化,花后15~20d为籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量增加最快的时期;高压2、高压5的总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量高于对照,高压9低于对照;成熟期高压2和高压9的总淀粉含量分别为80.99%和73.05%,与对照(77.38%)差异显著(P0.05),说明高压诱变对淀粉积累有影响。不同样品之间总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量变化速率存在显著差异(P0.05),对照的总淀粉、支链淀粉峰值速率高于其他突变株系;高压2和高压5的直链淀粉峰值速率明显高于对照。  相似文献   

9.
为给小麦氮肥管理提供理论依据,选用强筋小麦品种郑麦9023和弱筋小麦品种郑麦004为材料,在大田试验条件下研究了增铵营养对不同专用型小麦旗叶、籽粒可溶性糖含量与籽粒中淀粉及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,增铵营养条件下,两种小麦旗叶、籽粒中可溶性糖含量与籽粒淀粉及其组分含量在灌浆期间的变化趋势基本一致,但在灌浆中后期差别较大,与郑麦9023相比,郑麦004对增铵营养的响应更为显著。在NO3-∶NH4+为50∶50时小麦旗叶、籽粒可溶性糖含量变化及淀粉积累增加最显著。在此处理下,花后24d郑麦9023和郑麦004旗叶可溶性糖含量分别增加了7%和21%;增铵营养对两个小麦品种淀粉组分支/直比例影响不一,与对照相比,增铵营养导致郑麦9023下降了3.2%,使郑麦004增长了1.1%。增铵营养可能主要通过增加小麦旗叶中可溶性糖含量促进籽粒淀粉积累,与强筋小麦品种郑麦9023相比,弱筋小麦品种郑麦004的各项指标表现更为优异。  相似文献   

10.
花后高温和干旱对冬小麦光合、抗氧化特性及粒重的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了解花后高温和干旱双重胁迫对小麦的效应,以石麦15为材料,于花后15 d到21 d进行高温（34~36 ℃）和干旱（土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%~45%）处理,研究了高温和干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶光合性能、旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶活性、籽粒淀粉含量和千粒重的影响。结果表明,胁迫第7 d（花后21 d）时,干旱和高温-干旱双重胁迫显著降低了小麦旗叶净光合速率（Pn）和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值),胁迫解除后Pn降幅缩小,高温胁迫下Pn和SPAD值与对照的差异不显著。高温-干旱双重胁迫显著降低了旗叶Fv/Fm值,且胁迫解除后恢复程度较小。胁迫期间,旗叶MDA含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性持续升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先升后降趋势,SOD和CAT活性对干旱、高温-干旱双重胁迫更敏感,胁迫第7天时高温-干旱双重胁迫下降幅度最大。旗叶Pn和SPAD的变化趋势与籽粒淀粉积累量和千粒重变化趋势基本一致,说明灌浆期高温、干旱胁迫下小麦籽粒淀粉积累量和粒重的降低与质膜过氧化、叶绿素的降解和旗叶早衰导致的光合性能下降密切相关,在双重胁迫下光合性能受抑加剧。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.  相似文献   

13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.  相似文献   

14.
Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Victor O. Sadras   《Field Crops Research》2007,100(2-3):125-138
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.  相似文献   


15.
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.  相似文献   

16.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.  相似文献   

17.
Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.  相似文献   

18.
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.  相似文献   

19.
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.  相似文献   

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