共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
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溶质施加方式对土壤溶质迁移的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过室内均质土柱试验 ,对不同灌水处理土壤中表施和灌施溶质的迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,溶质施加方式和灌水频率对溶质迁移影响较大。次灌水量较大时 ,表施和灌施条件下溶质分布差异显著 ;当次灌水量很小且灌水非常频繁时 (如 6mm/ d) ,表施和灌施土壤中溶质 (NO- 3)分布差异不大。 相似文献
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设施灌溉条件下不同次生盐渍化土壤盐分离子迁移特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过在设施灌溉条件下的室内土柱模拟试验,研究了灌水对不同次生盐渍化水平设施土壤盐分离子迁移特征的影响.结果表明:Ca2+与NO3-在灌水后5～15d表现出随时间的推移剖面分布呈“双峰”特性,随着次生盐渍化水平的升高,Ca2+与NO3-淋洗速度变慢同时其返盐时间也较迟.地下水对K+迁移影响不显著,使得K+在灌水后剖面分布呈“单峰”特性,SO24-在所有次生盐渍化水平下一次性灌水很难将其淋洗出耕层.从环境因素看,Ca2+在土层的表层和底层以及灌水后期都表现出与水分和温度较好的耦合效应,并且两者对Ca2+运移具有协同作用.K+在0 ～ 20 cm土层运移主要受水分的影响,而30 ～ 50 cm土层主要受温度的影响,从灌水时间看,在灌水后5～15d内主要受温度影响,而灌水20 d后主要受水分影响.NO3-和SO24-不论从土层还是时间看主要受水分的影响较大. 相似文献
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针对内陆干旱区滴灌条件下沟垄栽培措施设计不完善等问题,通过研究不同沟垄规格对土壤湿润峰运移变化规律的影响,旨在为大田沟垄滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论参考价值。采用室内土箱模拟试验,以沟底宽度和沟底坡度为变量,以计划湿润层为约束条件,分析湿润峰的运移变化规律。在沟底坡度一定的条件下,沟底宽度越大灌水到达计划湿润层所用时间越长,形成的湿润体体积越大;在沟底宽度一定的条件下,沟底坡度越大灌水到达计划湿润层所用时间越短,形成的湿润体体积越小;水平、垂直湿润峰运移距离与灌水历时存在幂函数关系。幂函数指数b随沟底宽度及沟底坡度变化差异性较小。水平湿润峰幂函数系数a随沟底宽度增加而增加,随沟底坡度增加而减小。垂直湿润峰幂函数系数a随沟底宽度增加而减小,随沟底坡度增加而增加。 相似文献
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为探究滴灌条件下地膜覆盖-耕作层-犁底层形成的夹心结构水盐运移及时空分布特征,采用土柱试验,设计耕作层深度为30 cm,设置入渗和蒸发条件下3个灌水量处理（SW1：2 L,SW2：3 L,SW3：5 L）和相同灌水量下3种土体构型处理（SW3：夹心结构;LW3：不覆膜有犁底层;CK：均质土壤）.结果表明：入渗过程中,采用单因素方差法对单一耕作层和土柱整体土壤含水率进行对比分析,发现夹心结构下3个灌水量处理耕作层土壤剖面含水率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;夹心结构SW3处理和不覆膜有犁底层LW3处理之间差异不具有统计学意义,但与CK处理差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）.夹心结构中水分入渗速率减缓,入渗时间延长,耕作层土壤含水率提高了22.52%~29.33%,盐分被淋洗至犁底层处,淋洗效果劣于均质土壤.蒸发过程中,夹心结构对土壤表层盐分抑制率最高达88.65%,水分抑制率达57.65%,夹心结构抑蒸和抑盐效果最优.该研究可为节水条件下改良和利用盐碱地,防止盐分表聚提供理论参考. 相似文献
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降雨条件下,土壤溶质随径流的产生发生迁移。利用室内实验,研究缓坡饱和土壤溶质流失的时间规律、溶质浓度在垂直入渗和坡面径流两个方向上的变化规律。结果表明：在径流过程中,溶质流失速度变小,流失量减少并趋于稳定,幂函数比指数更适合描述这类变化;垂直方向上,土壤溶质向下层渗透扩散受深度的影响,随深度的增加溶质浓度先增后减并趋于稳定,此规律适合用对数描述;在坡面表层,土壤溶质随径流的迁移规律清晰,土壤溶质浓度远处高于近处,多阶多项式模型更适合描述浓度变化;随土层深度增加,溶质浓度变化有明显分界线,在分界线及以下溶质浓度变化规律性较差,总体呈降低趋势。 相似文献
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为探究残留地膜(以下简称“残膜”)对土壤水盐氮运移与再分布的影响,设置了不同残膜含量(0,100,200,400 kg/hm2)室内一维垂直土柱入渗-蒸发试验,测定了水分再分布过程中土壤湿润锋和各土层土壤质量含水率、电导率、硝态氮及铵态氮等指标.结果表明：残膜改变了土壤的入渗性能,当土壤中残膜量低于200 kg/hm2时,土壤湿润锋运移距离与累积入渗量均有增加;当残膜量高于400 kg/hm2时,土壤湿润锋运移距离与累积入渗量比处理CK分别减少3.59%和4.07%;随残膜含量增加,水分对盐分的淋洗效果降低,对氮肥的淋洗效果增加;残膜阻碍了盐分与硝态氮的向上运移,对铵态氮向上运移随铵态氮质量比减小由阻碍作用转变为促进作用;当残膜量高于400 kg/hm2时,土壤水分与盐分CV值比处理CK分别增加10.15%和6.51%;随残膜含量增加,硝态氮质量比CV值显著减小,不同处理土壤相同土层铵态氮质量比CV值差异较大,土壤剖面内铵态氮的变异程度无明显差异;蒸发结束时,残膜对水分蒸发的促进作用随残膜含量增加转... 相似文献
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新疆气候干旱与土壤盐碱化并存,是制约新疆农业发展的主要因素,开沟覆膜滴灌技术综合了膜下滴灌技术与开沟技术的优点,理论上可有效治理盐碱地。在开沟覆膜滴灌技术下,设置不同灌水定额与灌水次数,利用试验土槽模拟盐分调控规律,结果表明:1第1次合适灌水定额对盐分的淋洗起主要作用,可使土体盐分达到较稳定的状态,盐分也随水分侧向运移,并在土埂表层聚集;2灌水定额的增加促进盐分随水分向远离滴头和向深层方向运移,使得覆膜间、覆膜边盐分淋洗的深度增加,脱盐区增加;3在灌水定额为300m3/hm2时,可以在滴灌带横向0~23cm,下部58cm处迅速形成一个含盐量小于1.5%的达标脱盐区,满足当地作物正常出苗,故建议当地可选择300m3/hm2作为第1次灌水洗盐定额。 相似文献
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《节水灌溉》2018,(11)
为探讨不同灌溉制度覆膜滴灌下土壤盐分运移规律,在内蒙古河套灌区进行了田间试验,共设置3种灌水处理:灌水用张力计进行控制,分别设置基质势为-20、-30、-40 k Pa 3个灌水下限,每个处理重复3次,随机布置。结果表明:各处理土壤盐分均由膜内向膜外迁移并在表层土壤集聚,控制基质势为-20 k Pa的灌水下限可有效淋洗0～100 cm土层盐分,但在0～40 cm土层仍出现积盐现象;控制基质势为-30 k Pa的灌水下限灌溉水利用效率最高。葵花整个生育期内,膜内和膜外土壤的全盐含量曲线变化规律相同,表层土壤全盐含量值变化较大,随着土层深度的增加盐分波动越小。不同处理在40～80 cm土层压盐效果都优于0～40 cm土层,随着灌水频率的增加,压盐效果更加明显。各处理在作物生育期后,0～40 cm土层均呈现不同程度的积盐,建议在非生育期漫灌洗盐。 相似文献
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Claire M. Cote Keith L. Bristow Philip B. Charlesworth Freeman J. Cook Peter J. Thorburn 《Irrigation Science》2003,22(3-4):143-156
The increased use of trickle or drip irrigation is seen as one way of helping to improve the sustainability of irrigation systems around the world. However, soil water and solute transport properties and soil profile characteristics are often not adequately incorporated in the design and management of trickle systems. In this paper, we describe results of a simulation study designed to highlight the impacts of soil properties on water and solute transport from buried trickle emitters. The analysis addresses the influence of soil hydraulic properties, soil layering, trickle discharge rate, irrigation frequency, and timing of nutrient application on wetting patterns and solute distribution. We show that (1) trickle irrigation can improve plant water availability in medium and low permeability fine-textured soils, providing that design and management are adapted to account for their soil hydraulic properties, (2) in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, water and nutrients move quickly downwards from the emitter, making it difficult to wet the near surface zone if emitters are buried too deep, and (3) changing the fertigation strategy for highly permeable coarse-textured soils to apply nutrients at the beginning of an irrigation cycle can maintain larger amounts of nutrient near to and above the emitter, thereby making them less susceptible to leaching losses. The results demonstrate the need to account for differences in soil hydraulic properties and solute transport when designing irrigation and fertigation management strategies. Failure to do this will result in inefficient systems and lost opportunities for reducing the negative environmental impacts of irrigation.Communicated by J. Annandale 相似文献
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入渗-覆膜开孔蒸发条件下砂夹层影响水、盐、热运动的方式和规律尚不清楚。通过不同埋深砂夹层土体室内入渗-蒸发试验,分析了3个不同埋深砂夹层和覆膜开孔影响下土体水、盐、热变化规律。试验结果表明,夹砂层土体在整个积水入渗过程中经历非线性、线性两个过程;砂夹层对水流有一定的阻滞作用,同时对盐分的淋洗不利;不同覆膜开孔率蒸发条件下,任意时刻剖面温度分布均为表层0cm最高,土体底部最低,25cm为土体温度变化的影响深度;25cm以上不同砂夹层埋深土体剖面温度梯度规律表现为T（5～10cm埋深）〉T（10～15cm埋深）〉T（20～25cm埋深）。 相似文献
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The irregular rainfall distribution causes interannual variation of water status in Mediterranean vineyards. A frequential analysis of irrigation needs was carried out from continuous simulation of the soil water balance during 39?years in south France. The off-season soil water refilling was often incomplete, with a higher frequency in soils with a high total transpirable soil water (TTSW) and/or susceptible to runoff and high evaporation. On soils with high TTSW (over 250?mm), the irrigation need was nil or small (except in situations of high runoff) and focused on the beginning of the crop cycle. On soils with lower TTSW, the irrigation need increased on average and was spread all along the grapevine cycle due to the limited buffering effect of the soil water reservoir. For 100?mm TTSW, the irrigation need was 40–60?mm for half of the years. The calculated irrigation needs were sensitive to the soil (TTSW, susceptibility to runoff and evaporation) and canopy (crop coefficient) properties. Therefore, soil and canopy management should be considered together with irrigation for an integrated approach of water management. 相似文献
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The convective–dispersive, or advective–dispersive, equation (CDE) has long been the model of choice for solute transport
in soils. Using the average concentration of soluble salts in soil profile to evaluate changes in salinity due to irrigation
can be beneficial when spatial variability of soil salinity at selected depths is larger than spatial variability of soil
salinity in the layer encompassing these depths, and when soil salinity is evaluated with electric conductivity measurements
that give layer-average rather than depth-specific salinity values. The objective of this work was to present analytical solutions
of the CDE that express the average soluble salt content in soil profile as the function of time, water flux, and solute dispersion
parameter. The solutions were developed for both semiinfinite and finite domain and implemented in a computer code. Examples
are presented of using these solutions to develop a nomogram for the dispersion coefficient estimation and to evaluate the
applicability of the semiinfinite domain solution to soil monolith leaching experiments. In cases when the CDE application
is justified, the analysis of the salt leaching based on the average salt concentrations in soil profile provides estimates
of the effective salt dispersion parameter useful in land evaluation and soil reclamation. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2001,48(1):37-50
High value crops such as carrot planted in coarse soils of the Southern San Joaquin Valley in California are prime candidates for nitrate leaching through irrigation nonuniformity. A 2-year study was carried out to explore the impact of irrigation uniformity on nitrate leaching. Irrigation uniformity was measured using catchcans. Soil nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) contents were measured from soil sampled at different depths and times during two growing seasons. Nitrate leaching was determined using ion-exchange resin bags at 1-m depth sampled three times during each season. Although, soil NO3-N as well as seasonal irrigation was significantly higher along the lateral irrigation pipe than between the sprinklers, nitrate leaching was not significantly higher. As expected, soil nitrate content decreased as percolation increased for both years. Nitrate leaching, as estimated by anion-exchange resin bags, was positively correlated to soil NO3-N content but was not correlated to irrigation depth, irrigation uniformity, or deep percolation. Field variation in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil organic matter (OM), and soil water retention at field capacity had limited effect on NO3-N and NH4-N distributions in the profile and on nitrate leaching. The results of this experiment suggest that irrigation nonuniformity has less impact on nitrate movement than suggested by earlier studies. 相似文献
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层状土溶质运移特性及其参数分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
由于自然和人为因素作用,土壤常常呈现层状结构,这种层状结构影响土壤水分和溶质的运移特性。通过室内模拟试验,分析了层状土溶质运移特性,研究了层状土溶质运移参数变化特征。结果表明C l-在层状土及均质土中弥散度具有明显差异,并且这种差异与夹层土壤的弥散度存在密切相关。 相似文献