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1.
A total of 51 lakes in southern Quebec, Canada, were sampled between 1985 and 1993 to study changes in water chemistry following reductions in SO2 emissions (main precursor of acid precipitation). Time series analysis of precipitation chemistry revealed significant reductions in concentrations and deposition of SO4 2- from 1981 to 1992 in southern Quebec as well as reductions in concentrations and deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), NO3 - and H+ in the western section of the study area. Reductions in atmospheric inputs of SO4 2- have resulted in decreased lakewater SO4 2- concentrations in the majority of the lakes in our study, although only a small fraction (9 of 37 lakes used in the temporal analysis) have improved significantly in terms of acidity status (pH, acid neutralizing capacity – ANC). The main response of the lakes to decreased SO4 2- is a decrease in base cations (Ca2++Mg2+), which was observed in 17 of 37 lakes. Seventeen lakes also showed significant increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over the period of study. The resulting increases in organic acidity as well as the decrease in base cations could both play a role in delaying the recovery of our lakes. 相似文献
2.
Monthly fluxes of sulphate (SO4 2-) and base cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) were studied from 1993 to 1996 as precipitation passed through forest vegetation and surfacesoil layers in an area receiving low and declining levels of atmospheric sulphate pollution. The canopy was dominated by mature Norway spruce (Picea abies Karsten) and the soilwas a podzol developed on glacial till material. The mean annual bulk deposition of SO4 2- collected in the open was 136 molc ha-1 and that of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ was 44, 11 and 25 molc ha-1, respectively. The annual total throughfall deposition of SO4 2- was 318 molc ha-1 and that of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ was 151, 64 and 181 molcha-1, respectively. Sulphate was the dominant anion accompanying the base cations leached from the canopy. More than half (58%) of the annual total throughfall deposition ofSO4 2- was retained by the O-horizon and only 15% leached from below the B-horizon. The annual leaching of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ from below the B-horizon was14, 25 and 9% of the annual total throughfall deposition, respectively. The transport of base cations through the soil was predominantely countered by SO4 2- anions. 相似文献
3.
Schwikowski M. Novo A. Baltensperger U. Delmas R. Gäggeler H. W. Kasper A. Kuhn M. Maupetit F. Nickus U. Preunkert S. Puxbaum H. Rossi G. C. Schöner W. Wagenbach D. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,93(1-4):67-91
In order to investigate the seasonal and geographical distribution of snow concentrations anddeposition fluxes of environmentally relevant ionic species in the Alps, the international programSNOSP was initiated. In the framework of this program, intercomparisons of snow samplingtechniques and analytical methods to determine the ionic species C1-, NO 3 - ,SO 4 2- , K+, Na+, NH4 +, Mg2+, and Ca2+, as well as the pH and the specificconductivity were performed. The concentrations of these species in the snow samples collectedin the SNOSP program varied by orders of magnitude with, e.g., concentrations of NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , and NH4 + ranging from 0.2-60, 0.2-90, and 0.1-60 µeq L-1,respectively. The intercomparisons revealed a reasonable agreement of the determinations of thespecies Cl-, NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , Na+, and NH4 + in snow. Results were less satisfactory for K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,and H+, mainly due to the very low concentrations. In conclusion, recommendations areformulated for the reliable derivation of chemical inventories from snow packs. 相似文献
4.
A network of 15 sites of precipitation monitoring was built-up to characterize the spatial and temporal changes of pollutants over East Germany. Rain water samples were analysed and characterized regarding their acidity, conductivity, main water soluble components (Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Na+, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), volume and the meteorological parameters. Dependent on the changes of emission of pollutants, resulting from the reformation of industry, the decrease of stock farming, and increase of traffic (by the factor of ≈1.5) in East Germany, a drop could be observed with the sulphate and calcium concentrations in the precipitation by 20 to 50 and 30 to 70%, respectively. An increase could not be ascertained with the nitrate concentration and the acidity. 相似文献
5.
In the Vosges Mountains (NE of France), integrated plot-catchment studies have been carried out since 1985 in the Strengbach basin to study the influence of acid atmospheric inputs on surface water quality and element budgets. In this paper, available mid-term time series (1985–1991) have been considered to detect obvious trends, if any, in surface water chemistry and element budgets. Air quality data showed a slight decline for SO2, whereas NO2 slightly increased over the period, but these trends are not very significant. This is in agreement with increased N concentration (mainly as NH 4 + ) and with the stability of SO 4 2? in open field precipitation. Because of a significant decrease in rainfall amount over the period, only inputs of NH 4 + increased significantly whereas H+ and SO 4 2+ inputs declined. In spring and streamwaters, pH and dissolved Si concentration increased mainly as a result of a reduced flow. Na+, K+, Cl? and HCO-3~? concentrations remained stable whereas Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO 4 2+ concentrations declined significantly. Only NO 3 ? concentration increased significantly in springwaters. The catchment budgets revealed significant losses of base cations, Si and SO 4 2? . These losses decreased over the period. Nitrogen was retained in the ecosystem. However, a longer record is needed to determine whether or not changes in surface water chemistry have resulted from short-term flow reductions or long-term changes in input-output ion budgets. This is specially true with N because the decline in SO 4 2? output was accompanied by N accumulation. 相似文献
6.
The fluxes recovered from washing branches and surrogatesurfaces were compared for two holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)forests in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain) differentiallyexposed to pollution. For 5 periods in May and June 1996 afterexposures ranging between 68–189 hr, 6 metacrylate plates and 8branches were extracted with distilled water. Also, a sequentialwashing of branches was undertaken, with 5 min separationsbetween the 3 initial washes, one hour between the 3rd and the4th, and 6 hr between the 4th and the last one. The compositionwas analysed for PO4 3-, SO4 2-,NO3 -, Cl, F, NH4 +,Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cu, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn. The applied techniques were consistent in that dry deposition would accountfor the throughfall fluxes of NO3 -, Cl-,Cu and Zn. Potassium and Mn would derive mostly from leaching and their fluxes were strongly related with the holm oak flower growth. ForMg2+ and SO4 2- either leaching or impaction of small particles or gases (for SO4 2-) could account forthe recovered fluxes. Also for Na+ and Ca2+ the experiments did not produce conclusive results. Ammonium, F, Pb,Co, and Na were under the detection limit of analyticaltechniques in the plate-wash. The exposed site presented higherleaf-wash and plate-wash fluxes for all elements. This wasattributed to its higher exposure to pollutants, and forleaching-derived elements, to its higher site fertility. 相似文献
7.
内蒙古腰坝绿洲的土壤盐渍化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]研究内蒙古阿拉善左旗腰坝绿洲土壤盐渍化特征及土壤盐分离子分布规律,为研究区农业生产发展及生态环境保护计策提出合理依据。[方法]通过在野外考察、GPS定点、样品采集和处理并借助Excel和SPSS软件,运用统计学方法研究了该区土壤盐离子含量、总碱度与土壤离子含量之间的关系、土壤含盐量以及盐离子间的相关性。[结果]灌区土壤pH值平均值为8.13,为碱性土,土壤盐分含量较高,其中0—10cm土壤盐离子含量最高,平均值达到4.49%。阳离子主要是Ca2+和K++Na+,阴离子主要是SO2-4Cl-HCO-3,CO2-3含量微小。0—10cm土层和10—60cm土层中SO2-4与Ca2+均有极显著正相关,相关性均大于0.95,因子分析中SO2-4与Ca2+,Cl-和K++Na+发生"聚类"现象。[结论]灌区盐渍化土主要为硫酸盐渍土,其次为氯化盐渍土,该盐渍土危害植被生长。 相似文献
8.
This work investigated the characteristics of acid precipitation collected in Taipei, Taiwan during 1991–1995 by performing cluster analysis. The extent to which meteorological conditions influence precipitation chemistry was also elucidated. Three potential sources of water-soluble ions in rainwater were identified: seasalt aerosols (Na+, Cl- and Mg2+), anthropogenic pollutants (H+ and NO3 -), and mixing sources associated with sulfate (nss-SO4 2-, NH4 + and Ca2+). As the northeast flow prevailed during the northeast monsoon season, the concentrations of seasalt and sulfate ions in rainwater were significantly high. During that season, a typically high ratio of nss-SO4 2-/NO3 - was also observed, indicating that Taipei might receive foreign pollutants via a long-range transport. In contrast, when the Pacific high dominated the region, nitrate concentration in rainwater was significantly elevated. Also during that period, the ratio of nss-SO4 2-/NO3 - was substantially lower, indicating the prominence of acidic substances contributed by local sources. 相似文献
9.
Zongwei Feng Yizong Huang Yanwen Feng Norio Ogura Fuzhu Zhang 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,125(1):345-356
Variations of anions (SO4
2-, NO3
-,NO2
-, Cl- and F-),cations (K+,Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and
+) and pH values in precipitation, througfall and stemflow samples collected overa four-year period (1995–1998) in Beijing (two sitesZhongguancun and Mangshan) are presented. The annualvolume-weighted range of pH values were 6.57–7.11 inprecipitation, 5.46–6.86 in thoughfall and 5.32–6.41 instemflow. The fominant anion was
, while Ca+and NH4
+ were the main cations in precipitation,throughfall and stemflow. Most of ion concentrations with precipitation, throughfall and stemflow volume showed negative correlation, except for some ones. Significant correlationvalues were also found between ions (SO4
2-,NO3
-, Cl-, F-, Ca2+,Mg2+ andNa+) in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow indicatedthe common sources of these ions such as coal combustion,automobile emission and fertilizers application. Compared toprecipitation, there was an increased ion concentration inthroughfall or in stemflow. Changes of ion concentrations werein Quercus liatungensis Koiz. and Pinus tabulaefornisCarr. throughfall (or stemflow) because of different crown andbark qualities of tree species. 相似文献
10.
通过野外调查采样和土样化学测定,分析胀果甘草原生境下土壤盐分的特征。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分普遍较高且表聚作用明显,土壤表层0～10 cm土层盐分均值高达32+.08g/kg,属典型的强度盐渍化土;土壤盐分组成中,含阳离子Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+和阴离子Cl-、SO24、HCO-3,不含CO2-3,土壤盐分的特征因子为Ca2+、C1-、SO2-4、NaCa+,其盐渍类型主要为硫酸盐-氯化物型,重碳酸盐是土壤盐分的次要成分;该生境土壤中在整个垂直剖面上Ca2+的含量丰富,属典型钙质土。 相似文献
11.
新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤盐分特征研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
以新疆玛纳斯河流域为研究区,结合面域土壤性状调研,利用相关分析和主成分分析方法对区域土壤盐分特征进行研究.结果表明,研究区域土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐为主,剖面土壤盐分含量呈现底聚分布特征;土壤盐分含量与SO42-、Ca2+离子含量呈极显著正相关;各层土壤盐分阴离子以SO42-为主,阳离子以Ca2+为主;SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+及土壤盐分含量(St)是表征玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化的主要特征因子.本研究将为新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤资源可持续利用提供重要的理论依据. 相似文献
12.
Rain water at two forested sites in Guangzhou (south China) show high concentrations of SO4 2?, NO3 ? and Ca2+ and display a remarkable seasonal variation, with acid rain being more important during the spring and summer than during the autumn and winter. The amount of acid rain represents about 95% of total precipitation. The sources of pollutants from which acid rain developed includes both locally derived and long-middle distance transferred atmosphere pollutants. The seasonal variation in precipitation chemistry was largely related to the increasing neutralizing capacity of base cations in rainwater in winter. Soil acidification is highlighted by high H+ and Al3+ concentrations in soil solutions. The variation in elemental concentration in soil solution was related to nitrification (H+, NH4 + and NO3 ?) and cation exchange reaction (H+, Al3+) in soil. The negative effect of soil acidification is partly dampened by substantial deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) in this area. 相似文献
13.
Masao Sakai Hiroyuki Futamata Yasufumi Urashima Tatsuhiko Matsuguchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):605-611
Abstract Effect of Inorganic ion concentrations in culture solution on the growth of Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens Isolates from spinach roots grown in soils with high-salinity (H-soil) and low-salinity (L-soil) levels was investigated. Both H- and L-soils were taken from the topsoil of a greenhouse for spinach cultivation and a nearby fallow field, respectively. In the H-soil inorganic ions had accumulated due to the high rates of application of fertilizer. Among the ions, the concentrations of Ca2+, NO3 -, and SO4 2- in the H-soil were significantly higher than those in the L-soil. Among the inorganic ions tested (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3 -, and SO4 2-), Ca2+ was found to be the most inhibitory on the growth of isolates. In addition, the isolates from the H-soil were more Ca2+-tolerant than those from the L-soil. Consequents the growth tolerance to Ca2+ stress of the total 80 isolates, 40 each from the H-soil and L-soil, was compared at 150 mM Ca2+. Most isolates from the H-soil showed a significantly higher tolerance. The higher tolerance to Ca2+ of the isolates from the H-soil may have been acquired through selection under increasing Ca2+ stress in the field. The Ca2+ tolerance of the fluorescent pseudomonad strains may account for their survival and root-colonizing activity in soils with Ca2+ accumulation. 相似文献
14.
塔里木盆地西南缘典型灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析——以塔吉克阿巴提镇为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在野外GPS定点定位调查、土壤样品分析的基础上,借助Excel和ArcGIS9.3等软件,对新疆自治区喀什市岳普湖县塔吉克阿巴提镇0-30cm土层的盐离子特征、灌区土壤盐渍化现状及空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,0-30cm土层土壤中的离子以Cl-,SO42-,Na+,Ca2+为主Na+与Cl-呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.98,HCO3-与其它6种离子(Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,Cl-,SO42-)呈负相关关系受灌排系统影响较大的农田0-30cm土壤中Cl-/SO42-比值远小于不受灌排系统影响的荒地农田和荒地0-30cm土壤中的Cl-/SO42-比值与总盐呈正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.68和0.32。现阶段对塔吉克阿巴提镇灌区农业危害最严重的是氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍化土,硫酸盐盐渍化土表现为盐渍化土地向非盐渍化土地转变的过渡类型非盐渍化农田及轻度盐渍化农田主要分布在开垦较早,灌排系统畅通的区域,灌排系统不畅通的区域仍然处于脱盐缓慢或持续积盐的状态。 相似文献
15.
以博斯腾湖湖滨绿洲为研究区,分析HCO_3~–、Cl~–、SO_4~(2–)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~++K~+等主要土壤盐分离子含量与土壤高光谱反射率的分数阶微分光谱变换与RSI、DSI、NDSI等二维土壤指数的相关性优选特征波段,构建基于地理加权回归模型的土壤盐分离子含量估算模型。研究结果表明:Na~++K~+的微分变换特征波段集中在468～724 nm与1 182～1 539 nm,二维土壤指数的特征波段集中在1 742～2 395 nm,基于RSI的特征波段优选下地理加权回归模型对Na~++K~+含量的估算效果较好,建模集R~2=0.94,RMSE=0.22,验证集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.19;SO_4~(2–)含量在1.2阶优选的位于469～636 nm波段估算效果较佳,建模集R~2=0.91,RMSE=0.02,验证集R~2=0.75,RMSE=0.33;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)优选的特征波段主要集中在912～2 340 nm的近红外波段;Cl~–含量在1阶的近红外波段建模效果较好,建模集R~2=0.74,RMSE=0.03,验证集R~2=0.93,RMSE=0.11;含量相对较高的Na~++K~+、SO_4~(2–)、Cl~–的地理加权回归模型精度高于含量较低的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)。 相似文献
16.
新疆伊犁察南灌区土壤盐分特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以察南灌区土壤为研究对象,对不同含盐量土壤进行盐化程度分级,并对该地区土壤盐分特征进行相关分析和主成分分析,以及对土壤盐分因子区域影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:察南灌区以碱性土壤为主,HCO_3~–是影响该灌区土壤p H最强的因子;对灌区0~100 cm土体土壤的分析表明,灌区盐化土面积约为总灌溉面积的1/4,盐渍化风险较大;相关性分析显示,HCO–3、Cl~–、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2~+)、Mg~(2~+)、Na~+、K~+为盐分主要组成离子,总盐分与各离子之间均呈正相关关系,与总盐分相关性最强的阴离子为SO_4~(2-),相关性最强的阳离子为Mg~(2~+);主成分分析显示,HCO_3~–、Cl~–、K~+为影响该灌区土壤盐分特征的主导因子;通过盐分因子区域影响因素定性分析可知,除HCO_3~–和pH是由河流以及地下水综合作用影响外,其他盐分因子均主要受河流影响。 相似文献
17.
Veselý Josef Hruška Jakub Norton Stephen A. Johnson Chris E. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,108(1-2):107-127
Temporal changes in major solute concentrations in six Czech Republic lakes were monitored during the period 1984–1995. Four chronically-acidic lakes had decreasing concentrations of strong-acid anions (CSA = SO4 2- + NO3 - + Cl-), at rates of 3.0 to 9.0 μeq L-1 yr-1. Decreases in SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl- (at rates up to 5.1 μeq L-1 yr-1, 3.2 μeq L-1 yr-1, and 0.6 μeq L-1 yr-1, respectively) occurred. The response to the decrease in deposition of S was rapid and annual decline of SO4 2- in lake water was directly proportional to SO4 2- concentrations in the acidified lakes. Changes in NO3 - concentrations were modified by biological consumption within the lakes. The decline in CSA was accompanied in the four most acidic lakes by decreases in AlT, increases in pH at rates of 0.011 to 0.016 pH yr- 1, and decreases of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (but not Na+) in three lakes. The acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased significantly in all six lakes. Increases in base cation concentrations (CB = Ca2+ + Na+ + Mg2+ + K+) were the principal contributing factor to ANC increases in the two lakes with positive ANC, whereas decrease in CSA was the major factor in ANC increases in the four chronically-acidic lakes. The continued chemical recovery of these lakes depends on the uncertain trends in N deposition, the cycling of N in the lakes and their catchments, and the magnitude of the future decrease in S deposition. 相似文献
18.
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol Otavio Bagiotto Rossato Rodrigo Foltran Jorge Martinelli Martello 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(19):2314-2323
The aim of this study was to verify if the application of silicate or lime, in association with gypsum, on sugarcane residue can lead to amendment of subsurface soil acidity, increasing sugarcane yield and profitability. The treatments were: 1 – control (without application of amendments), 2 – gypsum, 3 – dolomitic limestone, 4 – silicate, 5 – dolomitic limestone + gypsum, and 6 – silicate + gypsum. The surface application of gypsum led to reduction in Al (aluminum) contents and Al saturation, and increase in Mg+2, Ca+2, K+, S–SO4?, and base saturation in deeper soil layers, as well as increased yield of stalks, sugar, trash, bagasse, and energy, and greater profit. The application of limestone and silicate, alone or in association with gypsum, amend soil acidity throughout the soil profile. It likewise leads to an increase in stalk, sugar, trash, bagasse, and energy yield, however, application of silicate in association with gypsum leads to the greatest profitability. 相似文献
19.
Abstract The “Four-plane model” is one of the surface complexation models developed for analyzing the electrostatic charge of synthetic oxides. This model which was applied to the B horizon of Andisols, was equilibrated with an electrolyte solution containing KCl, KNO3, K2SO4 in the concentration range of 0.0033, 0.01, 0.033, 0.1 M, and pH range of 2 to 11. The amounts of NO3 -, Cl-, SO4 2-, and K+ adsorbed were determined from the products remaining in the liquid phase. The increase in the pH value results in the increase of K+ adsorption, and decrease of anion adsorption. The increase in the equilibrium concentration increased both K+ and anion adsorption. The parameters of the model were determined by measurements and the iterative method. The model have a good agreement between calculated and measured values of cation and anion adsorption. Among the anion species, the amount of adsorbed anions was in the order of SO4 2-?Cl->NO3 -. The differences in the degree of adsorption were mainly associated with the differences in the equilibrium constants of surface complexation. The surface complexation of the anions produced a negative charge and increased cation adsorption. The degree of surface complexation was most significant in the K2SO4 solution, and the phenomenon was considered to be important not only for anion adsorption but also for cation adsorption on Andisols. 相似文献
20.
Ulrich Erwin Lelong Nicolas Lanier Marc Schneider Arnaud 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,102(3-4):239-257
Bulk precipitation was sampled weekly from 1993 to 1994 at 27 sites, covering the whole country. In this paper the relations between decreasing concentrations of 4-weekly mean weighted samples with increasing 4-weekly precipitation are studied using two types of equations: (i) y = a+b/x; (ii) y+1= axb, where y = concentration of an ion and x = 4-weekly precipitation quantity. Relationships were studied for the major ions. H+ did not show any relationship with the rainfall amount. From the 216 regressions (27 sites × 8 ions) for all the other ions, 55.6% showed a good fit (r equal or above 0.6) and 16.2% a very good fit (r equal or above 0.85). Good fits were found for 85% of the regressions for N-NO3 -, 81% for S-SO4 2-, 63% for Ca2+, 59% for K+, 55% for N-NH4 +, 37% for Mg2+, 33% for Cl- and 29% for Na+. The comparison between sites for the same ions showed: (i) the ranking of the sites after the regressions from lower to higher concentration levels does not necessarily correspond to the ranking of the sites bi-annual mean weighted concentrations; (ii) sites showed similar behaviour for certain ions for which an explanation could be found, based on local or regional emission characteristics or air mass influences, and for others this was not possible; (iii) for certain ions and pairs of sites, comparable annual precipitation led to comparable behaviour, for others precipitation was not an explanatory factor at all, (iv) local and regional influences seem to have a much greater impact on decreasing concentrations than the gradient from the Atlantic coast to the eastern French border. 相似文献