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1.
OBJECTIVE: To identify hind limb and pelvic kinematic variables that change in trotting horses after induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after subsequent intra-articular administration of anesthetic. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Kinematic measurements were made before and after transient endotoxin-induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after intra-articular administration of anesthetic. Fourteen displacement and joint angle (metatarsophalangeal [fetlock] and tarsal joints) measurements were made on the right hind limb, sacrum, and the right and left tubera coxae. Kinematic measurements were compared by general linear models, using a repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc multiple comparisons between treatments were evaluated with a Fisher least squared difference test at alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: After lameness induction, fetlock and tarsal joint extension during stance decreased, fetlock joint flexion and hoof height during swing increased, limb protraction decreased, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more asymmetric. After intra-articular administration of anesthetic, limb protraction returned to the degree seen before lameness, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more symmetric. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased length of hind limb protraction and symmetry of tubera coxae vertical excursion are sensitive indicators of improvement in tarsal joint lameness. When evaluating changes in tarsal joint lameness, evaluating the horse from the side (to assess limb protraction) is as important as evaluating from the rear (to assess pelvic symmetry).  相似文献   

2.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The compensatory mechanisms of horses with weightbearing hindlimb lameness are still not fully understood. HYPOTHESIS: That weightbearing, unilateral hindlimb lameness would not only alter stride characteristics to diminish structural stress in the affected limb but also induce compensatory load adjustments in the other supporting limbs. OBJECTIVE: To document the load and time shifting mechanisms of horses with unilateral weightbearing hindlimb lameness. METHODS: Reversible lameness was induced in 8 clinically sound horses by applying a solar pressure model. Three degrees of lameness (subtle, mild and moderate) were induced and compared with the nonlame (sound) control measurement. Vertical ground reaction forces were recorded for all 4 limbs simultaneously on an instrumented treadmill. RESULTS: Compared to the sound situation, moderate hindlimb hoof lameness induced a decrease in stride duration (-3.3%) and stride impulse (-3.1%). Diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal stance (-7.7%). Within the diagonal limb pair, vertical impulse was shifted to the forelimb during the lame diagonal stance (+6.5%) and to the hindlimb during the sound diagonal stance (+3.2%). Peak vertical force and vertical impulse decreased in the lame limb (-15%), but only vertical impulse increased in the contralateral hindlimb (+5.7%). Stance duration was prolonged in both hindlimbs (+2.5%). Suspension duration was reduced to a greater extent after push-off of the lame diagonal limb pair (-21%) than after the sound diagonal limb pair (-9.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Four compensatory mechanisms could be identified that served to reduce structural stress, i.e. peak vertical force on the affected limb: 1) reduction of the total vertical impulse per stride; 2) diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal; 3) impulse was shifted within the lame diagonal to the forelimb and in the sound diagonal to the hindlimb; and 4) the rate of loading and peak forces were reduced by prolonging the stance duration. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Load shifting mechanisms are not only effective in diminishing peak forces in the affected limb, but also suppress compensatory overload in other limbs. Selected force and time parameters allow the unequivocal identification of the lame limb. Future studies have to examine how far these compensatory mechanisms may be generalised for other defined orthopaedic problems in the hindlimb.  相似文献   

3.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Techniques for 3D analysis have recently been developed. This study applied 3D kinematic analysis to describe the effects of lameness in the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints; complex joints such as this may show measurable amounts of movement outside the sagittal plane that may change in response to pathological conditions. HYPOTHESIS: Three-dimensional motions of the tarsal joint change after the induction of synovitis at the DIT and TMT joints. METHODS: Twelve retroreflective markers, attached on the skin over the right limb, were used to develop 3D coordinate systems for tibial and metatarsal segments. Data were collected at trot from 4 horses on 2 occasions, before (sound condition) and after (lame condition) induction of synovitis of the DIT and TMT joints. Ranges of 3D motions of the metatarsal segment relative to the tibial segment were compared between sound and lame conditions using t tests. RESULTS: There were significant decreases (P<0.05) in tarsal joint flexion and cranial translation of the metatarsus relative to the tibia during stance, and in proximal translation of the metatarsus during swing. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: In the lame condition, reduced cranial translation at the DIT and TMT joints may lead to a reduction in the motion of the articular cartilage surfaces relative to each other, which may have adverse effects on cartilage nutrition and function. Further studies of tarsal 3D kinematics in horses with bone spavin could allow quantification of the biomechanical effects of the special shoes used for conservative treatment.  相似文献   

4.
The study was performed to obtain a detailed insight into the load and time shifting mechanisms of horses with unilateral weight-bearing forelimb lameness. Reversible lameness was induced in 11 clinically sound horses by applying a solar pressure model. Three degrees of lameness (subtle, mild and moderate) were induced and compared with sound control measurements. Vertical ground reaction force-time histories of all four limbs were recorded simultaneously on an instrumented treadmill. Four compensatory mechanisms could be identified that served to reduce structural stress, i.e. peak vertical force on the affected limb: (1) with increasing lameness, horses reduced the total vertical impulse per stride; (2) the diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal; (3) the impulse was shifted within the lame diagonal to the hindlimb and in the sound diagonal to the forelimb; (4) the rate of loading and the peak forces were reduced by prolonging the stance duration. Except in the diagonal hindlimb, where peak vertical forces increased slightly in the moderate lameness condition, no equivalent compensatory overload situation was observed in the other limbs. Specific force and time information of all four limbs allow the unequivocal identification of the affected limb.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize compensatory movements of the head and pelvis that resemble lameness in horses. ANIMALS: 17 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Kinematic evaluations were performed while horses trotted on a treadmill before and after shoe-induced lameness. Lameness was quantified and the affected limb determined by algorithms that measured asymmetry in vertical movement of the head and pelvis. Induced primary lameness and compensatory movements resembling lameness were assessed by the Friedman test. Association between induced lameness and compensatory movements was examined by regression analysis. RESULTS: Compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral forelimb were seen with induced lameness of a hind limb. There was less downward and less upward head movement during and after the stance phase of the ipsilateral forelimb. Doubling the severity of lameness in the hind limb increased severity of the compensatory movements in the ipsilateral forelimb by 50%. Compensatory movements resembling lameness of the hind limb were seen after induced lameness in a forelimb. There was less upward movement of the pelvis after the stance phase of the contralateral hind limb and, to a lesser extent, less downward movement of the pelvis during the stance phase of the ipsilateral hind limb. Doubling the severity of lameness in the forelimb increased compensatory movements of the contralateral hind limb by 5%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Induced lameness in a hind limb causes prominent compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral forelimb. Induced lameness in a forelimb causes slight compensatory movements resembling lameness in the ipsilateral and contralateral hind limbs.  相似文献   

6.
Arthrodesis created by destruction of the articular surfaces of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints by repeated insertion of a drill was studied in one limb of each of nine horses. Postoperatively, the horses were housed in box stalls for 8 weeks and then confined to a paddock for 19 weeks. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed prior to surgery, immediately following surgery, and at 2,4, 6, 8,10,12,16, 20, and 27 weeks following surgery. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between decreasing degree of lameness and increasing radiographic evidence of bony fusion; fusion of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints was present in five horses 27 weeks after surgery. The horses lost weight during the first 8 weeks after surgery. Flexion of the treated tarsal joints was decreased significantly at the end of the experiment.
Complications encountered included fracture of the third tarsal bone (five horses), instability of the tarsus (four horses), septic arthritis (three horses), and diarrhea (four horses).
Arthrodesis, with this method of surgical drilling of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints, is not recommended because of severe pain, prolonged convalescence, and high incidence of complications.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of trotting velocity on joint angular excursions, net joint moments, and powers across the hind limb joints in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: 5 healthy Greyhounds with no history of lameness of the hind limbs. PROCEDURES: Small reflective markers were applied to the skin over the joints of the hind limbs, and a 4-camera kinematic system was used to record positional data at 200 Hz in tandem with force platform data while the dogs trotted on a runway at slow, medium, and fast velocities. Breed-specific morphometric data were combined with kinematic and force data in an inverse-dynamics solution for net joint moments and powers at the hip, stifle, tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. RESULTS: Angle, moment, and power patterns at the various joints were conserved among the 3 velocities. With increasing velocity, moments and powers at the tarsal, stifle, and hip joints during the stance phase were increased in amplitude, whereas amplitudes during the swing phase were not. The main contributors to increased velocity were the hip extensors and stifle flexors during the early part of the stance phase and the tarsal extensors during the late part of the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increases in trotting velocity in Greyhounds do not alter the basic patterns of work and power for various joints of the hind limbs, but local burst amplitudes during the stance phase increase incrementally.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To identify types of musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness or poor performance in horses used for barrel racing. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 118 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical and lameness examination findings, diagnostic tests performed, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: Most horses were examined because of lameness (n = 72 [61%]) rather than poor performance (46 [39%]), but owner complaint was not significantly associated with age or body weight of the horse. The most common performance change was refusal or failure to turn properly around the first barrel (19/46 [41%]). The right forelimb (n = 57 [48%]) was most commonly affected, followed by the left forelimb (51 [43%]), the left hind limb (31 [26%]), and the right hind limb (25 [21%]). In 31 horses (26%), both forelimbs were affected, and in 6 (5%), both hind limbs were affected. The most common musculoskeletal problems were forelimb foot pain only (n = 39 [33%]), osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints (17 [14%]), suspensory ligament desmitis (15 [13%]), forelimb foot pain with distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis (11 [9%]), and bruised feet (10 [8.5%]). In 81 (69%) horses, the affected joint was treated with intra-articular medications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in horses used for barrel racing that are examined because of lameness or poor performance, the forelimbs are more likely to be affected than the hind limbs, with forelimb foot pain and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints being the most common underlying abnormalities.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pelvic movement over a large number of strides in sound horses and in horses with induced hind limb lameness by applying methods to the pelvis that have been described for evaluating vertical head movement in horses with induced forelimb lameness. ANIMALS: 17 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were filmed while trotting on a treadmill before and after induction of transient mild and moderate hind limb lamenesses. Vertical pelvic movement was measured by a signal decomposition method. The vertical pelvic signal was decomposed into a periodic component (A1) that occurred at half the stride frequency (representing vertical pelvic movement caused by lameness) and another periodic component (A2) that occurred at stride frequency (representing normal vertical pelvic movement of a trotting horse). Vertical pelvic and foot positions were correlated for each stride to compare the difference between the minimum and maximum heights of the pelvis during and after stance of the right hind limb to the minimum and maximum heights of the pelvis during and after stance of the left hind limb. RESULTS: Maximum pelvic height difference and lameness amplitude (A1) differed significantly between sound and mild or moderate hind limb lameness conditions. Mean A1 value for vertical pelvic movement in sound horses was less than that previously reported for vertical head movement. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pelvic height differences and signal decomposition of pelvic movement can be used to objectively evaluate hind limb lameness in horses over a large number of strides in clinical and research settings.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether analysis of net joint moments and joint powers is a suitable technique for evaluation of mechanics and energetics of lameness in horses and to measure effects of superficial digital flexor tendinitis. ANIMALS: 6 sound horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were evaluated before (sound evaluation) and after (lame evaluation) induction of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in 1 forelimb by injection of collagenase. Recordings were made with an optoelectronic system and a force plate as horses trotted. Net joint moments and joint powers in the sagittal plane at each joint in the forelimbs during the stance phase were determined. Peak values were determined, and mechanical energy absorbed and generated at each joint was calculated. Comparisons were made between contralateral limbs during sound and lame evaluations. RESULTS: Lame limbs had significant reductions in peak values for net joint moments on the palmar aspect of metacarpophalangeal (fetlock), carpal, and humeroulnar joints. Total energy absorbed was significantly lower at every joint in lame limbs, compared with compensating limbs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis had significant differences between lame and compensating limbs for net joint moments and joint powers at all joints, indicating that the gait of horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis is energetically inefficient. Assessment of net joint moments and joint powers is a useful tool in evaluating equine lameness.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of diode laser surgery (LS), surgical drilling (SD), and intraarticular sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) as methods for fusing the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Adult horses (15) without radiographic signs of osteoarthritis (OA) of the DIT and TMT joints. METHODS: Group 1 (n=3) had LS performed bilaterally on DIT and TMT joints; 1 horse was evaluated for 1 week and 2 horses were evaluated for 2 weeks. Group 2 (n=6) had LS on DIT and TMT joints of 1 tarsus and MIA administration into the contralateral DIT and TMT joints and were evaluated for 6 months. Group 3 (n=6) had LS performed on DIT and TMT joints of 1 tarsus and SD of the contralateral DIT and TMT joints and were evaluated for 12 months. Postoperative comfort, lameness, radiography, microradiography, and histology scores were compared using repeated measures ANOVA, and paired or 2 sample t-tests; significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS: LS caused the least postoperative morbidity. In group 2, horses were less lame in 4 LS-treated limbs and 2 MIA-treated limbs at 6 months when compared with the contralateral limb. In group 3, horses were less lame in 5 LS-treated limbs and 1 SD-treated limb at 6 and 12 months compared with the contralateral limb. On microradiography, 11 MIA joints and 2 LS joints had bone bridging the joint at 6 months whereas 8 SD joints and 5 LS joints had bone bridging at 12 months. Significantly more joint space was bridged by bone in MIA- (51.4%) and SD (46.2%)-treated joints compared with LS joints at 6 (30.6%) and 12 (28.5%) months, respectively (P<.05). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SD and MIA resulted in more bone bridging of the distal 2 tarsal joints, than LS. However, LS seemingly caused less pain and discomfort to horses in the immediate postoperative period; horses were generally less lame in the LS limb. More laser energy may need to be applied to these joints to promote fusion; however, it may also have beneficial effects beyond fusion. Further research on horses with OA of the distal 2 tarsal joints is needed to determine whether LS can cause soundness without facilitating bony fusion.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the types of musculoskeletal problems that result in lameness or poor performance in horses used for team roping and determine whether these problems are different in horses used for heading versus heeling. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 118 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of team roping horses that were evaluated because of lameness or poor performance were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, primary use (ie, head horse or heel horse), history, results of physical and lameness examinations, diagnostic tests performed, final diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: Among horses evaluated by lameness clinicians, the proportion with lameness or poor performance was significantly greater in horses used for heading (74/118) and lower in horses used for heeling (44/118) than would be expected under the null hypothesis. Most horses examined for poor performance were lame. A significantly greater proportion of horses used for heading had right forelimb lameness (26/74 [35%]), compared with horses used for heeling (7/44 [16%]). Horses used for heading had more bilateral forelimb lameness (18/74 [24%]), compared with horses used for heeling (4/44 [9%]). Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness (3/44 [7%]), compared with horses used for heading (0%). The most common musculoskeletal problems in horses used for heading were signs of pain limited to the distal sesamoid (navicular) area, signs of pain in the navicular area plus osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints, and soft tissue injury in the forelimb proximal phalangeal (pastern) region. Heeling horses most commonly had signs of pain in the navicular area, osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joints, and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses used for heading were most commonly affected by lameness in the right forelimb. Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness than horses used for heading.  相似文献   

13.
Objective To evaluate the outcome of 17 horses that underwent surgical arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints for treatment of lameness due to osteoarthritis.
Design Retrospective clinical study using client-owned animals.
Procedure Horses with hindlimb lameness were diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints following relief of lameness after intra-articular anaesthesia or intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Surgery to stimulate ankylosis was performed on 27 hocks by placing 3 diverging 3.2 mm drill holes approximately 3 cm through the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints from the medial aspect of the limb. The results of surgery were assessed by postoperative examinations, telephone communication with clients and analysis of race results.
Results In 71% of horses, surgery was considered to be successful as determined by clinical examination or telephone communication with clients: six of these horses had unilateral surgery and six had bilateral surgery. This represented 85% (6/7) of horses undergoing unilateral surgery and 60% (6/10) of horses having bilateral surgery. All (8/8) racing Standardbreds and 67% (4/6) of racing Thoroughbreds were considered a success. The average time between surgery and a return to racing was 9.5 months.
Conclusions The surgical technique used here can provide resolution of lameness from osteoarthritis of distal tarsal joints with a success rate similar to other reported surgical arthrodesis techniques that are more invasive and have a greater morbidity.  相似文献   

14.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Lameness has often been suggested to result in altered movement of the back, but there are no detailed studies describing such a relationship in quantitative terms. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of induced subtle forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics in the horse. METHODS: Kinematics of 6 riding horses was measured at walk and at trot on a treadmill before and after the induction of reversible forelimb lameness grade 2 (AAEP scale 1-5). Ground reaction forces (GRF) for individual limbs were calculated from kinematics. RESULTS: The horses significantly unloaded the painful limb by 11.5% at trot, while unloading at walk was not significant. The overall flexion-extension range of back motion decreased on average by 0.2 degrees at walk and increased by 3.3 degrees at trot (P<0.05). Changes in angular motion patterns of vertebral joints were noted only at trot, with an increase in flexion of 0.9 degrees at T10 (i.e. angle between T6, T10 and T13) during the stance phase of the sound diagonal and an increase in extension of the thoracolumbar area during stance of the lame diagonal (0.7degrees at T13, 0.8 degres at T17, 0.5 degres at L1, 0.4 degrees at L3 and 0.3 degrees at L5) (P<0.05). Lameness further caused a lateral bending of the cranial thoracic vertebral column towards the lame side (1.3 degrees at T10 and 0.9 degrees at T13) (P<0.05) during stance of the lame diagonal. CONCLUSIONS: Both range of motion and vertebral angular motion patterns are affected by subtle forelimb lameness. At walk, the effect is minimal, at trot the horses increased the vertebral range of motion and changed the pattern of thoracolumbar motion in the sagittal and horizontal planes, presumably in an attempt to move the centre of gravity away from the lame side and reduce the force on the affected limb. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Subtle forelimb lameness affects thoracolumbar kinematics. Future studies should aim at elucidating whether the altered movement patterns lead to back and/or neck dysfunction in the case of chronic lameness.  相似文献   

15.
The objective was to study associations between kinematics and ground reaction forces in the hindlimb of walking horses. Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were gathered for 8 strides from each of 5 sound horses during the walk. Sagittal plane kinematics were measured concurrently with the vertical and longitudinal ground reaction forces. The hindlimb showed rapid loading and braking in the initial 10% stride. The stifle, tarsal and coffin joints flexed and the fetlock joint extended during this period of rapid loading. The vertical ground reaction force showed 2 peaks separated by a dip; this pattern was similar to the fetlock joint angle-time graph. Peaks in the longitudinal ground reaction force did not appear to correspond with kinematic events. Total braking impulse was equal to total propulsive impulse over the entire stride. Flexion and extension of the hip were responsible for protraction and retraction of the entire limb. Maximal protraction occurred shortly before the end of swing and maximal retraction occurred during breakover. During the middle part of stance the tarsal joint extended slowly, while the stifle began to flex when the limb was retracted beyond the midstance position at 28% stride. Flexion cycles of the stifle and tarsal joints were well coordinated during the swing phase to raise the distal limb as it was protracted. The results demonstrate a relationship between limb kinematics and vertical limb loading in the hindlimbs of sound horses. Future studies will elucidate the alterations in response to lameness.  相似文献   

16.
A prospective study of the diagnostic results on 25 previously untreated, slightly lame Standardbred horses showed that manipulative tests are of some help in diagnosis. The lameness of each horse was diminished or the horse went lame on the opposite limb after being given an injection of anesthetic in the cunean bursa, and lameness improved more when local anesthetic was injected in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations. In four horses, lesions of the distal articulation of the hock were evident on radiography.  相似文献   

17.
Distal tarsal pain is a common reason for hind limb lameness, but diagnosis cannot always be made on radiographic examination. Scintigraphy may allow detection of subtle changes undetected by other diagnostic methods. We hypothesized that (1) distal tarsal pain would be associated with a loss of the expected pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) detected in normal horses, (2) distal tarsal RU would be greater in limbs with tarsal pain than without pain, (3) RU in painful tarsi with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA) would be greater than in distal tarsal pain with no radiographic evidence of OA. The study aimed to describe radiopharmaceutical distribution in the distal tarsal region of horses with distal tarsal pain, and to compare this with the contralateral limb and results from horses without tarsal pain. Retrospective evaluation of scintigraphic images of the distal tarsal region was performed for 52 horses with distal tarsal pain: 15 with no radiographic evidence of OA (Group 1) and 37 with radiographic evidence (Group 2). The images were assessed using vertical and horizontal profile analysis across the distal tarsal region and regions of interest comparisons between the distal tarsal region and tibia within each horse (RU ratio). Painful limbs in unilaterally lame horses from Groups 1 and 2 had a significantly greater RU ratio than the respective contralateral limbs, and were significantly greater than the RU ratio in normal horses. On plantar images, mean region of interest counts were greater in the lame than the contralateral limb in Group 2 but not in Group 1. Although there was a positive correlation between lame and contralateral limb RU ratio in group 1, this was lost in group 2 horses. In lame limbs, the normal vertical activity profile was lost in 85% of group 1 and all of group 2, and the normal horizontal activity profile was lost in all of group 1 and 96% of group 2. There was a significant effect of lameness, but not of group on sites of peak activity on all profiles. The results of this study indicate that distal tarsal pain is associated with loss of the expected pattern of RU detected in normal horses. The findings also suggest that distal tarsal RU in lame limbs is greater than in limbs without pain, and that painful limbs with radiographic evidence of OA have a greater RU than painful limbs without radiographic evidence of OA.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic trot characteristics of three different breeds of horse: Andalusian (AN, n = 15), Arabian (AR, n = 7) and Anglo-Arabian (AA, n = 5) using standard computer-assisted videography (25 Hz). Linear, temporal and angular parameters in fore- and hind limbs were analysed in six randomly selected strides per horse. Normalised angle-time diagrams along the complete stride were obtained for all joints angles in each breed and specific kinematic characteristics were detected graphically. AA horses displayed longer swing durations in both limbs ans a shorter angular range of motion (ARM) in scapula and pelvis inclination and in shoulder, hip and forelimb retraction-protraction angles. At lift off, stifle and tarsal joint angles were more flexed. In general, only small differences were observed in AR horse kinematics when compared with the other 2 breeds. AN horses presented negative overtracking length, which was positive in AR and AA. In AN horses the elbow and carpal joints were more flexed at the moment of maximal elevation, elbow and fore-fetlock joints also exhibited a larger ARM due to a smaller angle at maximal flexion. In the hind limbs, tarsal, hind fetlock and retraction-protraction angles presented a larger ARM in AN horses due to greater maximal flexion in the tarsal and hind fetlock joints. Fore- and hind fetlocks were also more flexed in horses from this breed. In conclusion, differences between kinematic variables at the trot were observed in the three breeds studied here, mainly in forelimb joints. The most outstanding feature was the greater forelimb flexion recorded in AN horses than in the other breeds which is consistent with the elevated movements in this breed. In AA horses, the ARM of proximal joints involved in retraction protraction in both fore- and hind limbs was smaller. All the differences observed highlighted the idiosyncratic nature of the trot in each breed; this may influence the functional capacity of each breed.  相似文献   

19.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Prepurchase examinations of horses are used increasingly as a means of evaluating future soundness. Data is lacking in the literature of the radiographic findings and results of the lameness examination of comprehensive prepurchase examinations. OBJECTIVE: To summarise the clinical and radiographic findings of prepurchase examinations and determine if radiographic findings correlated with the lameness examination and sale outcome. METHODS: Records of 510 cases were reviewed, radiographs evaluated and grades assigned the navicular bone, distal phalanx, and tarsus. Follow-up information on the horse status was obtained by telephone interviews for 173 horses. RESULTS: Thoroughbred geldings represented the most common breed and sex, mean age 8 years, mean asking price 12,439.40 dollars, and 52.8% were lame. Radiography was the most common diagnostic procedure performed (61.6%), with views of the front feet requested most often (86.6%) followed by the tarsi (68.1%). Grade 1 was most common for the navicular bone while Grade 2 predominated for the distal phalanx. The number of sound horses decreased as grades became more severe. For the tarsi, Grades 0 and 1 were most common for the proximal intertarsal and distal intertarsal/metatarsal joints, respectively. Horses with significant tarsal changes were still able to compete at their expected level. With respect to the radiographic examination, the mean +/- s.d. grade of the horses which were not lame at follow-up was 1.2 +/- 0.9 for the navicular bone and 15 +/- 0.8 for the third phalanx. The mean +/- s.d. grade of sound horses for the distal intertarsal joint was 0.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.14 +/- 0.8 for the tarsometatarsal joint. Horses for which owner follow-up was available and which had a Grade 3 score were also evaluated. For the navicular bone, 17/31 with a Grade 3 remained in active use at follow-up and for the distal phalanx 21/27 were in active use. For the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints, 20/21 with a Grade 3 were still in active use. CONCLUSIONS: Prepurchase examinations can have a significant effect on the outcome of the sale. For the navicular bone and distal phalanx, higher grades were associated with lameness. In contrast, higher grades in the tarsus were less likely to be associated with lameness. Warmbloods tended to have more extensive changes in the navicular bone and distal phalanx relative to Thoroughbreds but were not as lame. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Radiographic changes detected in the navicular bone, distal phalanx and tarsus should be interpreted with consideration to the clinical examination.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To measure and correlate kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis. ANIMALS: 6 sound horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were evaluated before (sound evaluation) and after (lame evaluation) induction of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in 1 forelimb (randomized) by injection of collagenase. As each horse trotted, kinematic data were collected by use of an optoelectronic system, and GRF data were measured by use of a force plate. Three-dimensional kinematic and GRF data were projected onto a 2-dimensional sagittal plane. RESULTS: Lame limbs had significantly lower peak vertical GRF, less flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint, and less extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, compared with compensating limbs. Carpal joint kinematics did not change. Compensating limbs had a more protracted orientation throughout the stance phase and higher braking longitudinal force and impulse; however, total range of rotation from ground contact to lift off did not change. Transfer of body weight from lame to compensating limbs was smooth, without elevation of the body mass into a suspension phase. Propulsive components of longitudinal GRF did not differ between limbs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis, changes in vertical GRF were reflected in angular excursions of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, whereas changes in longitudinal GRF were associated with alterations in the protraction-retraction angle of the entire limb.  相似文献   

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