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1.
Waller PJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2003,4(1):35-43
Effective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide. 相似文献
2.
Githiori JB Höglund J Waller PJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2005,6(1):91-103
Ethnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists throughout the world and internal parasites are recognized by these communities as having an impact on livestock health. Parasitic infections are among those infections that traditional healers confidently treat and against which an enormous variety of remedies exist. Many of these are based on the use of plant preparations. Although various methods have been used for the validation of traditional phytomedical preparations, there is a lack of standardization of these procedures. The present study is aimed at providing an overview of ethnoveterinary deworming preparations, the various methods that have been used in their validation and the future prospects for their use against helminth parasites of ruminant livestock in developing countries, with an emphasis on nematode parasites. Recommendations are made on the procedures that should be followed to conduct in vivo and in vitro assays. Fostering better interaction between traditional healers and scientists is advocated to prevent harmful overexploitation, both of local knowledge and of plant species that may have effects against nematode parasites. 相似文献
3.
Chandrawathani P Jamnah O Waller PJ Höglund J Larsen M Zahari WM 《Veterinary research》2002,33(6):685-696
Approximately 2,800 fresh dung samples from animals, mainly ruminant livestock, were screened for the presence of nematophagous fungi in Malaysia. Arthrobotrys spp. was noted on numerous occasions, but only one isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans was made. For the purposes of producing sufficient quantities of this fungus for feeding trials in sheep, various, commonly available, cheap plant materials were tested as possible growth substrates. This showed that cereal grains (wheat, millet and rice) were the best media for fungal growth. Pen feeding trials were carried out using sheep, both naturally and experimentally infected with nematode parasites (predominantely Haemonchus contortus), to test the efficiency of D. flagrans when administered either in a grain supplement, or incorporated into a feed block. These showed that the fungus survived gut passage in sheep and that dose rates of approximately 1 x 10(6) D. flagrans spores / animal / day, reduced the percentage of infective larvae developing in faecal cultures by more than 90%. These results indicate that using D. flagrans as a biological control agent of nematode parasites, is a promising alternative to nematode parasite control of small ruminants in Malaysia, where anthelmintic resistance is now a major problem. 相似文献
4.
用嗜线虫真菌防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简要论述了嗜线虫真菌种类及其捕捉器官和国内外生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展。国内外防治该病主要是用各种驱虫药物定期驱虫，由此造成寄生虫抗药性、动物组织残留药物、环境污染、线虫反复感染等诸多负作用。用线虫天敌嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病成为该领域研究的重点课题之一。实验室和野外的大量研究结果证明，嗜线虫真菌在通过动物胃肠道时能不被消化，从而保持活性，在粪便中能有效捕食营自由生活阶段的线虫幼虫，使放牧草场中感染性线虫幼虫明显减少，呈现出良好的生物防治效果。文章重点介绍了嗜线虫真菌Duddingtonia flagrans，对用嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的前景充满信心。 相似文献
5.
The presence of intracellular bacteria in the body of various species of filarial nematodes, including important parasites such as Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis, and Onchocerca volvulus, was observed as early as the mid-1970s. These bacteria were shown to be transovarially transmitted (from the female worm to the offspring) and to be present in significant amounts in the body of the nematode. As highlighted by their discoverers, the potential importance of these bacteria is fairly obvious: (1) bacteria-derived molecules should be considered as having an immunological and pathological role in filarial diseases; (2) the interaction between the bacteria and the filarial host deserves investigation, in view of the possibility that the bacteria are needed by the host nematode and could thus represent a target for therapy. Other authors, independently from the discovery of these intracellular bacteria, showed that the antibiotic tetracycline (which is well known for its efficacy on intracellular bacteria) had detrimental effects on two species of filarial nematodes (Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides sigmodontis). It is therefore surprising that for more than 20 years, no further investigations focused on the bacteria of filarial nematodes, nor on the anti-filarial properties of tetracycline. Recently, the bacteria of filarial nematodes have been independently "rediscovered" by research groups from the schools of Hamburg, Liverpool and Milan. These bacteria are now classified as Wolbachia, and the basic aspects of their phylogenetic history and relationship with the Wolbachia of arthropods have been reconstructed. In addition, their implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases have started to be uncovered. This paper, which is authored by representatives of the three European schools who reopened this research area, reviews our present knowledge of these fascinating microorganisms, highlighting the complexity of a symbiotic system which involves, in addition to the nematode and its bacterium, the vertebrate host. 相似文献
6.
捕食线虫性真菌的分离培养及分布规律 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
对自然界中的捕食线虫性真菌进行了分离和种属区分，并对分布规律进行了研究。从土壤、粪便等材料中获得了2类活性较强的捕食线虫性菌株：即套捕型(hooping)捕食线虫性真菌和粘捕型(sticking)捕食线虫性真菌。主要的代表种类有3种。这些捕食线虫性真菌在捕食性结构分生孢子形态及某些生物学特性上有一定差异。套捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospara)和梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)，它们以菌环、菌网作为捕食性结构(器官)，以套捕方式杀灭线虫幼虫。梨形指环菌可产生多量厚垣孢子(chlamyalospore)。粘捕型捕食线虫性真菌代表种为纺锤隔指孢菌(Dactylella ellipsospora)。可形成菌结捕食线虫性结构，以粘捕的方式杀灭线虫幼虫。结果表明：捕食线虫性真菌在土壤和家畜粪便中的分离率是40．41％；此类菌适合于生存在阴暗、潮湿、富含腐植质的环境中。在温暖季节时，采用0．4g／L玉米粉琼脂培养基(CMA)易于对其进行分离培养。 相似文献
7.
For oral applications, biocontrol of animal parasitic nematodes in ruminants, ion beam implanted nematode-trapping fungi must have the capacity to survive the passage through the digestive tract and be efficient in reducing infective larvae of nematodes in the faeces.Ion beams induced mutation in the spores of nematode-trapping Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mutants with genetic stability were bred. The fungi were cultured in bottles with corn kernels as growth media, and spores of different doses were, respectively, administered orally to each group of sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The control group did not receive fungi. The faeces of these experimental animals were collected and faecal cultivations carried out. The fungal germination, growth, reproduction and predation of livestock parasitic nematode larvae were tested in laboratory. The efficacy of an A. oligospora N mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep was tested. The results indicated that the ion beam implantation induced mutation of the nematode-trapping fungi is a positive mutation. The mutant spores through the digestive tract of sheep can kill livestock parasite nematode larvae in vitro. These results indicate the potential of the A. oligospora N mutant as a biological control agent for sheep nematodes.This study showed that such biotechnology could be explored for improving the effectiveness of the use of fungal infections to control livestock parasitic nematodes. This work represents the first application of nematode-trapping fungi in eukaryotic microorganisms. 相似文献
8.
Morris CA 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2007,174(3):481-491
Cattle show considerable variability in their responses to a wide range of disease challenges, and much of the variability is genetic. This review highlights genetic variation in disease susceptibility in Bos taurus cattle, with variation found at the breed level and also within breeds. Disease challenges come from bacteria and viruses, parasites and feed-borne toxins. For an animal to survive, it needs its own mechanisms for resisting these challenges, or for being resilient to them, or it must be protected artificially from them. Disease challenges have been classified as 'diseases from without', but there is also another class of genetic diseases resulting from inborn errors of metabolism, which might be called 'diseases from within'. Degrees of inheritance (heritabilities) are reviewed for a range of economically important traits including resistance to mastitis, ketosis, lameness, nematode parasites, external parasites, eye disease, respiratory disorders, tuberculosis, brucellosis, Johne's disease, foot-and-mouth disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, metabolic disorders caused by toxins found on the feed, and threshold levels of minerals and metabolites. Many, but not all, of the above require an immune response as part of the fight against an external challenge, and measurements have been made of general immune response as a way of describing or predicting how an animal will respond. There are now some examples of industry or breed societies applying selection for resistance to one or more diseases as part of a complete breeding objective in dairy cattle, beef cattle or dual purpose livestock. In most cases, industry and breed societies are in the early stages of applying effective selection pressure for resistance to specific cattle diseases, with the notable exceptions of Scandinavian cattle schemes, which lead the world in this respect. 相似文献
9.
分剐采集马属动物(马、骡)、反刍动物(牛、羊)的新鲜粪便，进行捕食线虫性真菌的分离培养，调查了捕食线虫性真菌在家畜粪便中的分布情况；并对分离到的捕食线虫性真菌做了详细的形态学观察，进行种属鉴定。结果表明：从上述家畜新鲜粪便中均分离出捕食线虫性真菌——梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)，但该菌株在不同家畜粪便中的分布情况不同，马属动物粪便的分出率为10．0％(骡粪：13．3％。马粪：6．7％)；反刍动物粪便的分出率为26．7％(牛粪：23．3％，羊粪：30．0％)；总分出率为18．3％。 相似文献
10.
The relative resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection of three British sheep breeds 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The relative resistance of Manx Loaghtan, Shetland and Southdown sheep to naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infection was assessed over a ten week period. Thirty shearling ewes, ten from each of the three breeds, were co-grazed on an infective pasture. The animals were initially treated with an anthelmintic to minimise previous nematode infection, and faecal samples were collected from individual animals every two weeks. Southdown sheep had significantly higher faecal egg counts (FEC) than Shetland by week 6, and than Manx Loaghtan by week 10. After ten weeks there was an 86-fold difference in FEC between Shetland and Southdown sheep, and a 14-fold difference between Manx Loaghtan and Southdown sheep. These preliminary results suggest that primitive Shetland and Manx Loaghtan sheep may have greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites, a trait that could be of value to the UK livestock industry. 相似文献
11.
Gregor W. Yeates Sten-Olof Dimander Peter J. Waller Johan Höglund 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(4):233-242
Management of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is essential, but there is concern about the potential environmental risk from agents used in their control. In this experiment, parasites in young cattle were controlled, using ivermectin boluses or the predacious fungus Duddingtonia flagrans , over 3 years. Treatment differences were sought among the soil nematodes recovered from soil samples collected from the paddocks on which treated animals grazed, and compared with similar samples taken from an untreated control paddock. Analysis of the soil nematode fauna on 21 occasions failed to demonstrate any impact of parasite management on soil nematodes. In 0-22 mm soil total nematode abundance averaged 524 000 m -2 , with 18 nominal taxa and H' diversity 2.41. There were both underlying paddock and year-to-year, climate-related, differences. The results of this trial not only confirm the lack of any adverse environmental impact of D. flagrans , a promising biological control agent, on soil nematodes, but also fail to show any impact arising from the use of ivermectin boluses. 相似文献
12.
The factors that control the demography of European hare Lepus europaeus populations are poorly understood, but it has been recognized that the decline of hares in Europe is associated with an increasing intensity of agricultural activity. Many mechanisms have been suggested. We propose another mechanism; a negative impact arising from ingestion of the infective larvae of ruminant livestock. We dosed juvenile hares from a worm-free colony with a conservative dose from a mixed culture of infective larvae of the nematode parasites of sheep and cattle. We examined the hares post-mortem for the establishment of those ruminant nematodes, differences in weight changes, and the shedding of eggs. 相似文献
13.
Lucy M.I. Webster Paul C.D. Johnson Aileen Adam Barbara K. MableLukas F. Keller 《Veterinary parasitology》2008
Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance is widespread in nematode parasites of livestock, but very little is known about the levels of BZ resistance in parasites with avian hosts. We investigated BZ resistance in Trichostrongylus tenuis, a nematode parasite of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scotica. BZ anthelmintics had been in use in this system for up to 15 years, yet existing phenotypic evidence for resistance was inconclusive. We screened 1530 individuals from 14 populations at the principal β-tubulin locus for BZ resistance (isotype 1, residue 200) and 940 of these at two further resistance sites (isotype 1, residue 167; isotype 2, residue 200). No BZ resistant genotypes were found. Alternative mechanisms may be responsible for BZ resistance in this system, or the method and timing of treatments may reduce selection pressure for BZ resistance by creating substantial refugia for susceptible genotypes. 相似文献
14.
R.V. Brunsdon M.Sc. Ph.D. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(10):161-167
The development of new anthelmintics for use in livestock has been probably the most rapidly expanding area in the field of pharmaceutical research of recent years. Scarcely a month goes by without the reporting of yet another new compound being introduced for its novel anthel-mintic activity. The real revolution in nematode therapy began in essence with the discovery of Thiaben-dazole in the early 1960s. This success stimulated considerable research activity and heralded the onset of the modern era of anthelmintic compounds. Since that time great strides have been made in the discovery of nematocides, fasciolicides and cestocides, all possessing increasing potency and broad-spectrum activity. Modern research has provided us with a considerable array of highly effective and highly selective drugs with which to attack helminth parasites. It is of paramount importance that these agents be used correctly and judiciously if a favourable clinical response to treatment is to be obtained. 相似文献
15.
Biological control of parasitic nematodes of livestock is currently under development and represents another tool that may be integrated into helminth parasite control strategies. This paper presents a brief introduction to commercial sheep farming in South Africa and currently available nematode parasite control methods. These include the FAMACHA clinical assay, strategies of pasture management, dilution of resistant worm species by introduction of susceptible worms, breed resistant sheep and nutritional supplementation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the principles of biological control using nematophagous fungi and how it may be applied on sheep farms in South Africa. 相似文献
16.
F C Origgi E R Jacobson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2000,3(2):537-49, viii
Diseases of the respiratory tract commonly occur in captive chelonians, and several diseases also have occurred in wild chelonians. Infectious causes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Herpesviruses have surfaced as important pathogens of the oral cavity and respiratory tract in Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanii), spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca), and other tortoises in Europe and the United States. Herpesvirus-associated respiratory diseases also have been reported in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in mariculture in the Cayman Islands. Of diseases caused by bacteria, an upper respiratory tract disease caused by Mycoplasma sp has been reported in free-hanging and captive gopher tortoises in the southeastern United States and in desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States. Mycotic pulmonary disease is commonly reported in captive chelonians, especially in those maintained at suboptimal temperatures. An intranuclear coccidia has been seen in several species of captive tortoises in the United States, and, in one case, a severe proliferative pneumonia was associated with organisms in the lung. The most common noninfectious cause of respiratory disease in chelonians results from trauma to the carapace. Although pulmonary fibromas commonly occur in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis, for the most part, tumors of the respiratory tract are uncommon in chelonians. 相似文献
17.
Bourguinat C Keller K Blagburn B Schenker R Geary TG Prichard RK 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,176(4):374-381
Macrocyclic lactone (ML) molecules have been used for heartworm control for more than 25 years. However, in recent years, there have been reports of loss of efficacy of ML heartworm preventatives against Dirofilaria immitis in some locations in the United States. Macrocyclic lactone resistance is a common problem in nematode parasites of livestock, and more recently, evidence of ivermectin resistance has been reported in the human filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. In this study, four D. immitis sample groups from the United States with different treatment histories were investigated for evidence of ML-driven genetic selection. DNA from individual adult worms and microfilariae was amplified by polymerase chain reaction to investigate a gene encoding a P-glycoprotein, a protein class known to be involved in ML pharmacology. A significant correlation of a GG-GG genotype with ivermectin response phenotype was found. Moreover, a significant loss of heterozygosity was found in a low responder group; loss of heterozygosity is commonly seen in loci when a population has been under selection. Further studies are required to confirm ML resistance in heartworm populations. However, the genetic changes observed in this study may be useful as a marker to monitor for ML resistance in D. immitis. 相似文献
18.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are common enteric parasites of domestic animals, particularly dogs, cats and livestock. Their occurrence is of potential significance from both clinical and public health perspectives yet, until recently, confusion over the taxonomy of these organisms prevented a clear understanding of the epidemiology of infections with both Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The recent application of molecular epidemiological tools has helped to resolve taxonomic issues, allowing cycles of transmission to be determined. In addition, advances have been made in elucidating mechanisms associated with pathogenesis, whereas only limited progress has been achieved in the areas of chemotherapy and prophylaxis. 相似文献
19.
《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(3-4):266-275
The mechanisms involved in anthelmintic resistance (AR) are complex but a greater understanding of AR management is essential for effective and sustainable control of parasitic helminth worms in livestock. Current tests to measure AR are time consuming and can be technically problematic, gold standard diagnostics are therefore urgently required to assist in combatting the threat from drug resistant parasites. For anthelmintics such as ivermectin (IVM), target proteins may be present in the cellular membrane. As proteins usually act in complexes and not in isolation, AR may develop and be measurable in the target associated proteins present in the parasite membrane. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to develop a sub-proteomic assay to measure protein expression differences, between IVM resistant and IVM susceptible isolates in the presence and absence of drug challenge. Evaluation of detergents including CHAPS, ASB-14, C7BzO, Triton ×100 and TBP (tributyl phosphine) determined optimal conditions for the resolution of membrane proteins in Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE). These sub-proteomic methodologies were then translated and evaluated using IVM-susceptible and IVM-resistant Haemonchus contortus; a pathogenic blood feeding parasitic nematode which is of global importance in livestock health, welfare and productivity. We have demonstrated the successful resolution of membrane associated proteins from both C. elegans and H. contortus isolates, using a combination of CHAPS and the zwitterionic amphiphilic surfactant ASB-14 to further support the detection of markers for AR. 相似文献
20.
抗菌肽可抵御细菌、病毒和真菌的入侵,在人类和家畜的先天性防御系统中具有重要的作用,是有望用于预防和治疗的药物,因此,抗菌肽被称为"新一代的抗生素"。抗菌肽是一个阳离子肽,其中的一个大家族就是防御素。防御素的结构中普通带有一个β-片状结构,其中包含3个分子内二硫键,可分为α-防御素、β-防御素和θ-防御素,其中β-防御素是最大的一个家族,在人类和家畜的组织内均有表达。结合已有的研究成果,作者主要对家畜体内防御素的表达、多态性及其作为健康和生产性能的遗传标记的潜在应用作一综述。 相似文献