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1.
晋中盆地热量资源丰富,后期可供春玉米立秆脱水时间充足,抗倒性是该区域实施春玉米机械粒收的关键因素。增密种植与立秆延期收获是机械粒收技术发展和推广的重要措施,而玉米生长后期倒伏是限制种植密度进一步提升的重要因素,如何合理选择种植密度同时兼顾高产和抗倒就成为该区域实施春玉米机械粒收技术面临的重要问题。为此于2017—2019年在山西省农业科学院东阳试验示范基地,以29个玉米主栽品种和已审定、待审定、有潜力的宜机收品种为材料,分析了春玉米3个种植密度(6.0万株·hm~(-2)、7.5万株·hm~(-2)和9.0万株·hm~(-2))下生理成熟后倒伏情况。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,春玉米生理成熟期平均倒折率分别为0.4%、1.2%和2.5%,生理成熟后平均倒折率呈显著(P0.05)增加,且每推迟10 d玉米倒折率分别平均增加0.2个、0.7个和1.5个百分点。根据拟合方程,以GB/T 21962—2008规定的玉米机械粒收条件倒折率小于5%为标准, 9.0万株·hm~(-2)仅可立秆至10月2日, 7.5万株·hm~(-2)和6.0万株·hm~(-2)可充分利用当地积温立秆脱水至11月。根据收获期产量和倒折率双向平均法, 3年都稳定表现出高产抗倒的品种为‘金科玉3306’(7.5万株·hm~(-2))、‘金科玉3306’(9.0万株·hm~(-2))、‘迪卡517’(7.5万株·hm~(-2))和‘华农887’(7.5万株·hm~(-2)),收获期平均产量为14 091.8kg·hm~(-2),平均倒折率为1.7%,可推荐为该区域春玉米适宜机械粒收的品种和密度。一般可根据降水年型、灌溉条件以及品种耐密性等,合理选择6.0万株·hm~(-2)或7.5万株·hm~(-2)两种种植密度,以实现高产抗倒,最终提高春玉米机械粒收产量和质量。 相似文献
2.
播期对川中丘区玉米干物质积累与产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以川中丘区主推玉米品种‘正红505’和‘成单30’为材料,15 d为间隔,从3月26日至5月25日设置5个播期,研究播期对川中丘区玉米干物质积累与产量的影响,以期为本区域玉米的适期播种提供理论依据。结果表明,随播期推迟,玉米的生育期尤其是播种到吐丝期缩短,吐丝后干物质积累量及其对产量的贡献减少,收获指数降低;早播有利于增加花后干物质积累,晚播的产量形成需要更多地调运花前积累的光合产物;‘正红505’的产量随播期推迟而降低,‘成单30’的产量随播期推迟先略升高后降低,早夏播(5月10日播种)与春播(4月10日)玉米产量差异不显著,但夏播(5月25日播种)与‘正红505’一样因生育期缩短、干物质积累减少、收获指数降低而较春播显著减产;早春播‘正红505’产量较‘成单30’高,夏播‘成单30’产量高于‘正红505’,表明‘成单30’耐夏播能力较‘正红505’强。播期对‘正红505’干物质积累和产量及其构成因素的影响程度较‘成单30’大,生产上更应注意适期播种。该地区春播适宜的播期相对较宽,生产上应解决耕作制度与机械化生产的矛盾;夏播应注重耐夏播品种的选择,并争取在5月中上旬完成播种。 相似文献
3.
品种和播期对华北春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
华北平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植制度主要受水资源的约束,发展休耕轮作是实现该区域农业可持续发展的途径之一。春玉米高效生产是提升休耕轮作产能的关键因素,如何利用品种特性进行播期调整以适应区域生产特点提高产量是该区春玉米生产中面临的主要问题。为此,于2016年5—9月在中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站以5个玉米品种(‘华农887’、‘胡新338’、‘郑单958’、‘华农866’和‘联创1号’)为材料,比较分析了3个播期(5月1日、5月15日和5月30日)下春玉米生育时期、产量及产量要素、耗水和水分利用效率的变化情况,并结合气象因子分析探讨了春玉米产量及其构成要素与环境因子的关系。结果表明:随着播期推迟,不同春玉米品种的生育期总天数均呈显著减少趋势(P0.05),生育期总天数的减少主要是播种到抽雄天数减少所致。不同春玉米品种的生育期总天数也存在较大差异,在各播期处理下均相差5~7 d。在产量方面,5月1日和5月15日播种的5个玉米品种间平均产量没有显著差异,5月30日播种的平均产量显著高于前2个播期,其产量提升主要是百粒重增加所致。随着播期的推迟,春玉米的耗水量变化不大,水分利用效率呈增加趋势,这主要与降水的分布有关。通过气象因子分析,不同播期下百粒重与抽雄前后的积温和降水呈显著相关(P0.05)。综合产量、耗水和水分利用效率分析,在该区域推荐5月30日左右为春玉米的适宜播种日期,‘华农866’和‘华农887’是适宜该区生产的潜力品种。 相似文献
4.
为探讨不同品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响，给河西地区玉米高产栽培提供依据。以主栽玉米品种先玉335、郑单958、农华101为供试材料，设置5个播期处理。结果表明，播期对玉米生长发育影响显著，播期推迟，生育进程逐渐加快，生育期逐渐缩短。播期对株高、穗位影响显著，平均播期每推迟5 d，株高增加11.6～14.8 cm，穗位高增加1.2～4.8 cm。播期对穗长、穗粗和秃尖长影响不明显，对穗粒数影响显著，最高穗粒数对应产量最高指标值。播期对玉米产量影响显著，先玉335、农华101于4月26日播种较5月6日播种产量分别提高了14.8%、7.6%；郑单958于4月21日播种产量较5月6日播种产量提高了14.0%；先玉335、农华101、郑单958在河西地区最适宜的播期分别为4月26日、4月26日、4月21日。 相似文献
5.
为探究春玉米(Zea mays L.)干物质积累和产量对播期调控下水热变化的响应,在河北科技师范学院试验基地,于2017—2020 年进行了4年的播期试验,以京农科728和MC812为材料,分析了播期(5月1日、5月10日、5月20日、5月30日)引起的春玉米干物质积累量、产量构成因素、产量以及水分利用率的变化。结果表明,受温度与降水影响,春玉米干物质积累量在生育前、中期随播期的推迟而下降,而灌浆后期至成熟期以5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累量最多。春玉米干物质积累动态符合Logistic模型,5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累的总持续时间和快增期持续时间均最长。有效穗数、穗粗、轴粗、穗行数和出籽率不受温度与降水的影响,但穗粒数、千粒重、穗长、行粒数受其影响显著,各指标随播期延迟先下降再上升,并以5月20日播种的春玉米最低。产量与千粒重呈显著正相关,5月30日播种的春玉米产量最高。另外,随播期的推迟,总耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高。综上可知,合理安排播期,重视降雨对春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响,是冀东地区春玉米获得高产的重要措施。本研究为冀东地区春玉米播期选择提供了理论依据和技术支持。 相似文献
6.
基于作物模型与最佳季节法的锦州地区玉米最佳播种期分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了探究锦州地区平均气候状态下玉米最佳播期,同时检验作物模型法和最佳季节法确定最佳播期的适用性,利用辽宁锦州农田试验站3a分期播种试验数据,在对作物生长模型CERES-Maize进行参数校正与模拟效果检验的基础上,应用模型模拟不同播期下玉米30a（1981-2010年）的产量,同时应用最佳季节法分析该地区的玉米最佳播期,结合作物模型法的研究结果,提出对最佳季节法的改进办法。结果表明：CERES-Maize模型能够较好地模拟不同播期玉米的物候期和产量,其归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）小于10.3%,对不同播期下30a的产量模拟结果显示,当播期从4月10日推迟至5月10日,玉米平均产量增加6%,当播期从5月10日推迟至5月30日,玉米产量中值从9112kg·hm-2降至8619kg·hm-2,4月25日和4月30日播种玉米的平均产量与5月10日播种的玉米产量无显著差异。结果显示最佳季节法确定的锦州地区玉米最佳播期较为滞后,与作物模型法的研究结果及实际生产的播期有较大出入,因此,提出了对最佳季节法的改进办法即将灌浆期间的不利气温条件考虑在内,改进后得到的最佳播期与作物模型法研究结果较一致。从30a平均气候状况看,该地区玉米的最佳播期在4月25日-5月10日,作物模型法有较好的适用性,最佳季节法经过改进后也可实际应用。 相似文献
7.
乙烯利和激动素对玉米茎秆抗倒伏和产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
倒伏是影响玉米产量的主要原因之一,为了探明不同时期喷施不同生长调节剂对玉米抗倒伏性和产量的影响,选用玉米品种‘德美亚1号’和‘德美亚2号’为试验材料,在5、7、9展叶期分别喷施乙烯利(ETH)和激动素(KT),以喷施清水为对照,测定灌浆期基部茎秆形态、力学、化学组分及成熟后的倒伏率和产量。结果表明,与对照相比,‘德美亚1号’5展叶期喷施KT,节间直径显著增加21.11%,节间密度增加13.23%;与对照相比,‘德美亚2号’7展叶期喷施ETH,使基部节间总长度显著降低14.41%,节间直径显著增加10.70%,节间密度显著增加15.46%。‘德美亚1号’和‘德美亚2号’7展叶期喷施ETH,分别与对照相比,折断力显著增加26.04%和16.77%,穿刺强度显著增加22.77%和14.62%。‘德美亚2号’9展叶期喷施ETH,节间半纤维素、纤维素和木质素组成的化学组分总含量比对照显著增加25.49%。KT对两个品种茎秆力学影响表现不同,ETH对两个品种茎秆力学调控效果优于KT处理。两种调节剂处理均降低了两种玉米收获期的倒伏率。节间直径与折断力呈极显著正相关(r=0.905**),节间化学组分总含量和节间直径与倒伏率呈显著或极显著负相关。两个品种9展叶期喷施KT,产量比对照极显著增加22.24%和19.98%,喷施ETH对产量影响不显著。综上,KT于两个品种9展叶期喷施可显著增加产量,ETH于两个品种7展叶期喷施对抗倒伏性调控效果较好。 相似文献
8.
以鲜食玉米“彩甜糯100”为材料，设置4月1、16日，5月1、16、31日，6月15、30日，7月15、30日和8月14日共10个播期，研究不同播期鲜食玉米的生育期、产量和产值及其与气象因子的关系，以明确安徽省沿江地区露地播种条件下鲜食玉米的适宜播期。结果表明：(1)随播期推迟，鲜食玉米生育期呈长-短-长变化趋势，株高、秸秆鲜重及产量表现为高-低-高，穗粒数呈多-少-多变化趋势。4月1日-5月1日和7月30日播期的鲜食玉米平均产量为20026.56kg·hm-2，显著高于其他播期处理(P<0.05);7月30日播期处理直接销售鲜穗产值为70245.00元·hm-2，较其他处理显著增加68.66%～123.50%(P<0.05)。(2)5月31日-7月15日播种鲜食玉米，生育期内≥32℃日数占全生育期日数的56.25%～60.26%，高温积热较4月1日-5月1日和7月30日播期处理高47.78%～54.46%;5月31日-7月15日播种鲜食玉米生育进程加快，株高降低，物质积累减少，产量降低。8月14日播种鲜食玉米，受灌浆期低温影响，... 相似文献
9.
气候变化背景下播期对东北三省春玉米产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究气候变化背景下东北三省(黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省)春玉米适宜播期的变化程度,本文以东北三省春玉米潜在种植区为研究区域,基于1981—2015年气象资料,1981—2012年农业气象观测站玉米生育期、产量资料以及土壤资料,分气侯区对农业生产系统模型(APSIM)进行调参和验证,建立适用于东北三省10个不同气候区的模型相关参数,在各气候区利用调参验证后的APSIM-Maize模型设置不同播期,模拟各年代不同播期下春玉米潜在产量和气候生产潜力,综合高产和稳产性指标,明确了不同区域各年代不同条件下适宜播期范围。研究结果表明,APSIM模型对于东北三省7个春玉米品种开花和成熟两个关键生育期以及产量模拟结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性,表明APSIM模型能够较好地模拟研究区域春玉米生育期和产量。充分灌溉条件下,研究区域内适宜播期范围从4月16日至5月19日,空间上呈纬向分布南早北迟的特征; 20世纪90年代和21世纪00年代玉米适宜播期较20世纪80年代有提前趋势,其中20世纪90年代提前趋势更明显;第1、第3、第5、第7和第9气候区雨养条件下较充分灌溉条件下适宜播期有推迟趋势,推迟天数为3～6 d。雨养条件下各年代不同气候区理论上的适宜播期较目前生产中实际播期下的产量提高2.84%～9.96%。以上结果为进行未来气候变化对东北三省春玉米影响及其适宜播期等研究提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
10.
播期对春玉米生长发育与产量形成的影响 总被引：32，自引：6，他引：32
以"郑单958"和"鲁单984"为材料,比较研究了两个播期(4月24日和5月15日)条件下春玉米的生长发育和产量形成,探讨了春玉米生长发育与气候条件的关系.结果表明,不同播期的春玉米生长发育和产量都存在显著差异.与4月24日播期相比,5月15日播期的春玉米产量(干重)提高2 157 kg·hm-(郑单958)和1 137 kg·hm-2(鲁单984).粒重在播期间,品种间及播期与品种互作问差异均不显著.穗粒数在品种问不显著,但在播期间差异达显著水平,第2个播期穗粒数提高幅度达37.8%(郑单958)和11.2%(鲁单984).通过对不同播期间气象因子的分析发现,降雨是影响华北平原春玉米生长发育和产量形成的最重要气象因子.降雨主要通过对穗粒数的调节来影响产量.开花期降雨过多所带来的低温寡照影响玉米的受精授粉与结实:拔节至大喇叭口期降雨通过调节叶面积大小影响作物干物质积累,进而影响籽粒的发育情况.本试验中,5月15日是春玉米获得高产的最佳播期.合理安排播期,重视降雨对春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响,是华北平原春玉米获得高产的重要措施. 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献