共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
石油化工厂加工、储藏、运输过程以及储油罐的泄露等造成的柴油污染土壤普遍存在。热处理技术具有快速高效的特点,但加热可能会改变土壤理化性质,因此本文综合评价了低温热处理对柴油污染土壤的修复效率及其对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示：低温热处理技术可以快速高效地修复柴油污染土壤,对污染土壤在250 ℃加热10 min,就可以达到修复目标。低温热处理后土壤pH、土壤质地、阳离子交换量、田间持水量和总氮等理化性质变化较小,土壤有机碳、硝态氮和铵态氮加热后大幅升高。加热前后的土壤元素分析结果和土壤颜色变化说明加热过程中烃类炭化转化为“热解炭”,这是污染土壤中柴油去除的主要反应机制,与热解吸处理汽油或者可挥发性污染物等过程中,污染物通过脱附挥发的去除机制不同；同时这种“热解炭”可能起到一种类似生物炭的缓冲作用,缓冲了加热对土壤pH和田间持水量等的改变。本研究对低温热处理前后关键土壤理化性质变化的综合评估表明：合理优化低温热处理的加热温度和加热时间是使低温热处理成为一修复柴油污染土壤的绿色可持续性修复技术的关键。 相似文献
2.
土壤气相抽提技术修复柴油污染场地示范研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
土壤气相抽提(SVE)是一种广泛应用于石油类污染土壤修复工程中的原位修复技术,在广东某柴油污染场地开展SVE技术修复示范工程,探讨SVE技术对此类污染场地的修复效果。结果表明:经过3个多月的修复,土壤中总石油烃的最高去除率达64.88%,在试验进行50d后高浓度的挥发性有机物基本被去除,中低浓度污染物仍然存在,土壤中有效磷和速效氮含量与污染物的生物降解作用相关。为缩短修复时间、降低成本,应将SVE与生物通风技术相结合,并采用相应的强化措施(如添加菌剂和营养物质等),以期获得更高的修复效果。 相似文献
3.
石油烃污染土壤已经成为我国一个严重的环境问题,污染后的土壤理化性质发生改变,直接影响土壤的持水特性及水分有效性,确定石油烃污染对土壤持水特征和水分有效性的影响及其程度可为揭示石油烃污染对土壤性质的影响提供新的科学认识。通过人工配置柴油和原油不同污染浓度污染的黄绵土,利用离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线,分析了土壤的持水特征与水分有效性。结果表明:(1)不同浓度柴油与原油污染土壤后,水分特征曲线均位于未污染土壤的下部,其中原油污染的影响更甚。(2)水分特征曲线van Genuchten模型参数θs、θr随着污染浓度的增加呈现指数衰减,参数α值呈幂函数减小、n值出现随污染浓度对数增加的特点。(3)土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量以及凋萎含水量均随柴油、原油污染浓度的增加出现下降趋势,表观土壤有效含水量随污染浓度表现出先降后升的U字形的变化模式。无论原油还是柴油污染土壤,均会影响土壤的持水特征和水分有效性,影响的大小与石油烃的类型和浓度密切相关。 相似文献
4.
为探讨不同微生物菌群对华北地区中度石油污染土壤的修复效果,在实验室模拟条件下分别进行优势外源石油降解菌群的筛选和优势菌群与植物联合修复试验。结果显示:4种外源石油降解菌群中,PDC-3菌群对中度石油污染土壤总石油烃(TPH,total petroleum hydrocarbons)去除率为84.07%,在各菌群中效果最优;该优势菌群与植物联合修复中度石油污染土壤比单独使用优势菌群修复可获得更好的效果,优势菌群与黑麦草联用及优势菌群与紫花苜蓿联用120 d TPH的去除率分别为91.58%和89.30%,修复后土壤中TPH含量均小于500 mg/kg;同时优势菌群与黑麦草联合修复在90 d即可去除89.32%的土壤TPH,相比选用紫花苜蓿可有效缩短修复周期;优势菌群对土壤TPH的去除起主要作用,其贡献率远高于土著微生物菌群或植物的贡献率;植物对土壤TPH去除的贡献率为4.09%～6.48%,且其作用主要发生在修复过程的中后期;优势菌群单独使用或与植物联合修复中度石油污染土壤120 d均可有效去除C10～C12及C22～C40石油烃组分,去除率为85.14%～100.00%;然而,C13～C21石油烃组分含量表现出阶段性的积累效应;除对土壤石油烃的去除作用外,使用优势菌群进行生物修复存在一定的调节土壤pH、增加土壤肥力,且有利于恢复修复后的土壤功能。 相似文献
5.
以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明：（1）该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;（2）土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;（3）地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。 相似文献
6.
以安塞石油开采区梁峁和沟坡石油污染草地为研究对象,在测定土壤石油烃含量和土壤抗蚀性指标的基础上,采用主成分分析法综合分析评价不同石油污染草地土壤抗蚀性。结果表明:当石油污染土壤石油烃含量达1g/kg以上时,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油污染土壤抗蚀性;石油污染土壤石油烃含量小于1g/kg时,石油污染土壤抗蚀性强于无污染土壤抗蚀性;在相同立地条件下,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油烃含量在1g/kg以上的中度污染土壤,强于石油烃含量在13g/kg以上重度污染土壤;无污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为铁杆蒿草木樨冰草;污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为草木樨铁杆蒿冰草。 相似文献
7.
8.
为了提升石油烃污染土壤的修复效率，考察了不同表面活性剂(吐温-80 (Tw-80)、曲拉通X 100 (TX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))对过硫酸钠氧化土壤中石油烃的强化效果，并分析了表面活性剂SDS强化修复效果较优的原因。土壤中石油烃的去除率遵循如下趋势：SDS>SDBS>TX 100>Tw-80。SDS强化修复效果较优可能与其在土壤中吸附量较小对石油烃的增溶效果好、上清液中过渡态金属含量较高及对过硫酸钠分解消耗少有关。通过优化反应参数，可以进一步提高SDS强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤的效率，对采自武汉和盘锦的两种石油烃污染土壤都具有较好的修复效果。 相似文献
9.
狗牙根对石油污染土壤的修复效果研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究狗牙根对中原油田地区土壤石油污染的修复效果,通过盆栽实验,设置4组处理,对照组(即不种植狗牙根组)、种植狗牙根组、种植狗牙根并添加尿素组、种植狗牙根并添加有机肥组,分别在15,30,60,90,120 d取样分析.结果表明:经过120 d后,对照组的土壤石油污染去除率为25.40%;种植狗牙根组的土壤石油污染去除率为58.67%,是对照组的2.3倍;添加尿素可以有效的增加狗牙根对石油的去除率,当尿素:土为1:2000时,石油污染去除率达到69.43%;土壤石油污染去除率随着有机肥的增加而增加,施加有机肥水平为12 g/kg时,土壤石油污染去除率达到83.97%,是狗牙根组去除率的1.4倍.因此,种植狗牙根对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,合理施肥对狗牙根修复土壤石油污染影响显著. 相似文献
10.
高羊茅和优良菌群联合作用降解陕北黄绵土中的石油烃 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以长庆油田石油开采区的烃污染土壤作为供试土壤,以高羊茅为供试植物.从陕北石油污染土壤和污染泥浆中分别获得菌群 TJQ 和菌群 JQ1;用原油污染城市花园土,经过 90 天驯化获得菌群 JQ2,3 菌群中主要以细菌和真菌为主,放线菌较少.降解结果表明,与对照组相比,接种菌群 JQ1、JQ2 、TJQ 及其混合体使土壤中石油降解速率加快,30 天内石油烃去除率提高了13.8% ～ 25.4%,微生物 FDA 活性增长 2 ～ 3倍,其中 JQ1+JQ2 组合对石油降解幅度最大,30 天降解率可高达 35.36%.尽管供试土壤中 N、P 和有机质含量少,pH 偏碱性,土壤贫瘠,不利于植物生长,但高羊茅与各菌群及其混合体联合作用,在其出苗、生长的同时,能明显提高土壤中石油降解效率.与未种植高羊茅相比,30 天内,石油降解率最大可提高 14.4%,其中 JQ1+JQ2+高羊茅组合对土壤中石油烃降解幅度最大,30 天降解率最高达 49.81%.且根际微生物的数量也相应高出 1 ～ 2 个数量级, 微生物 FDA 活性高出 0.53 ～ 1.26 倍. 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献