首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Prophylactic medication of feedlot calves with tilmicosin   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The parenteral administration to calves of the antibiotic tilmicosin either on arrival at a feedlot or 72 hours later was evaluated in a group of 308 steer calves. The calves were allotted to 24 pens so that there were eight replicates of the two medicated groups and eight replicates of the control group. The need for veterinary treatment was reduced significantly (P less than 0.05) during the first month of the feeding period in the two medicated groups. The medicated groups had an improved average daily weight gain (P less than 0.01) over the trial period compared with the non-medicated animals. This improved average daily gain by the medicated groups was not reduced when animals with respiratory disease were excluded from the calculations. The medicated groups also had an improved feed conversion efficiency (P less than 0.01) over the first 60 days of the feeding period compared with the non-medicated animals.  相似文献   

2.
The treatment of an outbreak of acute pneumonia in 50 four- to eight-month-old Friesian and Friesian cross calves is described. At the first visit (day 0) 16 calves received 20 mg/kg bodyweight of oxytetracycline dihydrate intramuscularly and 15 received 10 mg/kg of the macrolide tilmicosin subcutaneously. The remaining 19 in-contact animals were not considered ill enough to be included in the trial and received 20 mg/kg of oxytetracycline dihydrate. The rectal temperature, demeanour, respiratory rate and respiratory effort of each calf was assessed on days 1, 2, 3, 9, 14, 21 and 28, and calves which had not responded were given repeat injections of the same antibiotic. All the calves recovered from the outbreak and of the 19 calves treated strategically, three required a second injection. Among the calves with clinical pneumonia, fewer treatments (P less than 0.01) were required by those treated with tilmicosin. The rectal temperatures of both groups decreased (P less than 0.05) after the first injection, but on day 3 the decrease was greater (P less than 0.05) in the group treated with tilmicosin. Respiratory rates varied widely but respiratory effort was less (P less than 0.05) on day 2 in the calves treated with tilmicosin. When long-acting antibiotic injections are used to treat enzootic pneumonia it is suggested that a second visit should be made on day 3 to assess the animals' response to treatment.  相似文献   

3.
Three experiments were conducted to determine preliminary efficacy of sustained release needle-less implants in effecting cure in calves with bovine respiratory disease. One hundred and twenty beef calves with a rectal temperature > or = 40 degrees C and shallow or labored respiration and coughing were used in these experiments. Four groups (1-ceftiofur sodium injections [days 1, 2, and 3], 2-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [days 1, 2, and 3], 3-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [days 1 and 3], and 4-ceftiofur sodium needle-less implants [day 1] were included. All treatments contained 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium and were administered intramuscularly in the neck after diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease. Experiment 1 included 20 calves (group 1-10 calves and group 3-10 calves; 213 to 255 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Experiment 2 included five calves per group (all four groups; 164 to 192 kg) and calves were bled frequently after treatment for desfuroylceftiofur (the primary ceftiofur metabolite) concentrations. Experiment 3 included 20 calves per group (all four groups; 160 to 205 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Blood desfuroylceftiofur concentrations remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus for 24 hours after injection and 72 hours after implantation (P < 0.05). Mortalities and the number of calves with a positive response and relapse response were similar (P < 0.25) among the four groups. In summary, the administration of one-250 mg ceftiofur sodium needle-less sustained release implant was as efficacious in treating bovine respiratory disease as three daily 250 mg injections of ceftiofur sodium.  相似文献   

4.
The protective effect of an inactivated whole-virion bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) immunising inoculum, without adjuvant, against viral-bacterial respiratory disease was studied in three experimental treatment groups of five calves each. One group was boosted 14 days after the first vaccination and at this time the second group received their initial inoculation. Seven days later, calves were challenged with BHV-1 in aerosol and four days after this challenge all calves were exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in aerosol. Among the three groups, differences in rectal temperature responses four days after viral challenge (P less than 0.01) did not relate to protection. However the main response variable, viral-bacterial pneumonia, was reduced in boosted calves (P less than 0.05).  相似文献   

5.
Efficacy of tilmicosin in treatment of pulmonary infections in calves.   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The efficacy of tilmicosin in the treatment of respiratory infections in calves was evaluated. According to a randomised block design, 58 calves with naturally occurring respiratory infections were treated with one of the following products: a single subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin (10 mg/kg liveweight) or daily intramuscular injections of 5 mg lincomycin and 10 mg spectinomycin/kg liveweight, for a minimum of three days. Both treatment groups initially showed similar clinical signs and their initial responses to the treatments were good. However, the tilmicosin treated calves improved more rapidly. Significantly greater improvements (P less than or equal to 0.05) were observed in their demeanour and appetite during the first 10 days after treatment began, and in their respiratory condition between five and 10 days after treatment began.  相似文献   

6.
A study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Fifteen calves were allotted at random to 3 treatment groups. One group of 6 calves was vaccinated with attenuated BRSV vaccine before live-virus challenge exposure, another group of 6 was not vaccinated before challenge exposure, and the remaining 3 calves served as controls (nonvaccinated, nonchallenge exposed). Calves of the 2 experimental groups were exposed to 2 live-virus aerosolizations (challenge exposure) 35 days apart. Histamine and BRSV-specific IgE (BRSV-IgE) concentrations in serum, lung lavage fluid, and nasopharyngeal exudate, as well as clinical signs of disease, were evaluated for 14 days after each challenge exposure. Vaccination before challenge exposure with live BRSV appeared to have little or no effect on the severity of the disease, but did appear to affect disease persistence. A correlation (P less than 0.02) existed between signs of disease and BRSV-IgE concentration measured in lung lavage fluid, but this was only true for vaccinated calves. Although no other correlations were found between clinical signs of disease and IgE concentration, analysis of the results additionally revealed a strong correlation (P less than 0.002) between disease signs and histamine concentration in nasopharyngeal exudate from calves of both experimental groups. Thus, indirect evidence implicated IgE in BRSV infection pathogenesis.  相似文献   

7.
During 1969 to 1971, 78 preconditioned (PC) and 79 non-preconditioned (NPC) beef calves were purchased at the same auction and mixed in a feedlot. Preconditioned calves were weaned 30 days before the sale, used to drinking from a tank, and vaccinated against blackleg, malignant edema, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza-3 (PI3) and bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in 1970 and 1971, and Pasteurella hemolytica and multocida in 1971. All vaccinations were completed two to three weeks before the sale. PC calves were given thiabenzadole. PC calves had significantly less shrink after shipment and in 1971 significantly more rapid daily gain during the first weeks of the feeding period. In 1969 more PC calves were treated for acute respiratory disease than NPC calves during an outbreak of PI3 and BVD infection. In 1970 and 1971 fewer PC than NPC calves were treated for acute respiratory tract disease during outbreaks of PI3 infection. The differences in clinical respiratory disease were significant in 1971. Inclusion of two doses of P. hemolytica and P. multocida bacterin before the sale in 1971 and use of an intranasal PI3 vaccine was considered to improve the PC program. Fecal egg counts for gastrointestinal nematodes were much lower in PC calves treated with thiabenzadole than untreated NPC calves.  相似文献   

8.
The effectiveness of a feed-additive antimicrobial combination for improving feedlot performance and health was tested using 4325 high-risk feeder calves randomly allocated to a control group or an experimental group. The experimental group received the conventional ration plus a feed additive containing 700 mg per head/day of chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine from arrival at the feedlot to day 56 of the feeding period. The inclusion of the feed additive to the ration significantly improved average daily gain for days 0-28 (P = 0.0163) and 0-56 (P = 0.0001), and the feed conversion for days 0-28 (P = 0.0061) and 0-56 (P = 0.0004). Additionally, the use of the feed additive significantly reduced the rate of bovine respiratory disease morbidity for days 0-28 (P = 0.0014) and 0-56 (P = 0.0001), the rate of relapses and mortality for days 0-56 (P = 0.0151 and P = 0.0209, respectively), and the rate of animals diagnosed with chronic respiratory disease for days 0-28 and 0-56 (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Performance and health improvements produced by the use of the feed additive were cost-effective.  相似文献   

9.
We investigated the effect of vaccination of male beef calves (mean age+/-S.D.: 158+/-31 days) against bovine herpes virus (BHV-1 or IBR virus), bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus and para-influenza (PI(3)) virus on the incidence of respiratory disease during the first forty days after weaning and entering a feed-lot in Portugal. In May 2003, Mertolenga, Preta and mixed-breed calves from 10 different beef herds, were systematically assigned (by order of entrance in a chute) to two treatment groups, before moving to a common feed-lot. One hundred and twenty five male calves were vaccinated with a quadrivalent vaccine (Rispoval 4) and revaccinated after 21-27 days while 148 herdmates were injected with saline (0.9% NaCl) on the same occasions. The incidence and severity of clinical cases of "bovine respiratory disease" (BRD) were evaluated every day during the first 40 days after entering the feed-lot. Morbidity (3% vs. 14%) and mortality (0% vs. 4%) due to BRD were significantly lower in the vaccinated group. Ten days after revaccination, the calves were treated with an antimicrobial - ending the study - after an outbreak of BRD caused a high incidence of disease in the non-vaccinated group. In conclusion, our results showed that Rispoval 4, a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory viruses, under field conditions, reduces morbidity and mortality due to BRD in beef calves after weaning.  相似文献   

10.
An experiment was conducted to reproduce respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in one-month-old, colostrum-fed calves. The hypothesized role of viral hypersensitivity and persistent infection in the pathogenesis of BRSV pneumonia was also investigated. For BRSV inoculation a field isolate of BRSV, at the fifth passage level in cell culture, was administered by a combined respiratory tract route (intranasal and intratracheal) for four consecutive days. Four groups of calves were utilized as follows: Group I, 6 calves sham inoculated with uninfected tissue culture fluid and necropsied 21 days after the last inoculation; Group II, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at the time of maximal clinical response (4-6 days after the last inoculation); Group III, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at 21 days after the last inoculation; Group IV, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV, rechallenged with BRSV 10 days after initial exposure, and necropsied at 21 days after the initial inoculation. Clinical response was evaluated by daily monitoring of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas tensions, hematocrit, total protein, white blood cell count, and fibrinogen. Calves were necropsied and pulmonary surface lesions were quantitated by computer digitization. Viral pneumonia was reporduced in each principal group. Lesions were most extensive in Group II. Disease was not apparent in Group I (controls). Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen tension, and pneumonic surface area were demonstrated between control and infected calves. Results indicate that severe disease and lesions can be induced by BRSV in one-month-old calves that were colostrum-fed and seropositive to BRSV. BRSV rechallenge had minimal effect on disease progression. Based on clinical and pathological response, results did not support viral hypersensitivity or persistent infection as pathogenetic mechanisms of BRSV pneumonia.  相似文献   

11.
Objective To compare the efficacy of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, diclofenac sodium and flunixin meglumine as adjuncts to the antibiotic treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Procedure We randomly allocated 80 Holstein calves with BRD to three groups. All the calves received a dose of 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin by single subcutaneous injection and two of the groups received, in addition, either 2.5 mg/kg diclofenac sodium as a single intramuscular injection (diclofenac group, n = 30) or 2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine as an intravenous injection on the first three consecutive days after tulathromycin administration (flunixin group, n = 30). All calves were given a clinical score prior to initial treatment (day 0) and after treatment (days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14) by observing appetite, demeanour, rectal temperature, the rate and type of respiration, presence or absence of coughing, and nasal discharge. Results During the first 48 h, improvement of adverse signs of respiratory disease, such as pyrexia and elevated respiratory rate, and of a high clinical index score was significant in the two adjunct groups compared with the calves receiving antibiotic alone. The reduction in pyrexia was greatest in the diclofenac group. There were no statically significant differences between treatment groups with regard to eventual perceived recovery from respiratory disease in 14 days. Conclusion In this trial, a single intramuscular dose of diclofenac sodium was equally effective as three intravenous injections of flunixin meglumine given on consecutive days as adjunctive therapy for BRD.  相似文献   

12.
Tilmicosin, a new macrolide antibiotic, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-l-yl)desmycosin, formerly identified as EL-870, has been evaluated in three experiments as a single subcutaneous injection at dosages of 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg for the treatment of naturally occurring pneumonia in neonatal calves. Male Holstein calves, under five days of age, were shipped from Wisconsin and housed in pens. They were assigned sequentially to a treatment group when their temperature was greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C for two consecutive days or greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C and signs of respiratory disease were present. Clinical signs were evaluated daily for 14 days after the tilmicosin treatment. Calves that died and those that survived for the 14 day experimental period were examined post mortem. Treatment with tilmicosin was effective at all dosage levels, as determined by significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reductions in body temperature within 24 hours, in the number of animals that died, in the incidence and severity of clinical signs, in the number of Pasteurella species found in lung tissue and in the severity of the pneumonic lesions. In two of the three experiments severe outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis resulted in significant mortalities within a few days after the arrival of the calves. Treatment with tilmicosin was effective against respiratory disease even in the presence of this severe concurrent disease.  相似文献   

13.
A streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine was given in 1 or 2 doses to 2 groups of weaned calves; 2 other groups of calves were not vaccinated. All calves in the vaccinated groups and calves in 1 of the nonvaccinated groups were stressed by transport, intratracheally inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (Cooper strain), and then intratracheally inoculated with P haemolytica type A1. The 4th group of calves (nonvaccinated controls) was not stressed and were not intratracheally inoculated with virus or bacteria. Mean daily weight gains, total clinical sign scores, lung lesion scores, plasma fibrinogen concentrations, and antibody titers against P haemolytica were determined at various intervals. Calves that had been vaccinated twice had greater mean daily weight gains and lower total clinical sign scores and lung lesion scores than did nonvaccinated, challenge-exposed calves, but the difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05). Calves vaccinated once had the greatest mean daily weight gains, the lowest total clinical sign scores, and the lowest lung lesion scores when compared with the other 2 challenge-exposed groups of calves. Mean daily weight gains and total clinical sign scores of calves vaccinated once were significantly different (P less than 0.05) than those of calves vaccinated twice. Nonvaccinated, nonchallenge-exposed control calves did not develop clinical signs of disease, did not develop lung lesions, and had consistently positive daily weight gains, and had scores in these areas that were significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of all challenge-exposed groups of calves. Increases in plasma fibrinogen concentrations corresponded to infection with P haemolytica.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
Blood samples were taken from calves with respiratory disease the first day of examination for determination of the serum concentration of haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha-2- and gamma-globulins, and albumin. A clinical examination was performed daily for the duration of the disease. The animals were retrospectively classified in two categories: those animals requiring no treatment or antibiotics alone (group A), and antibiotics associated to anti-inflammatory drugs (group B). The serum proteins were tested in order to check whether they were able to distinguish, on the first day of clinical examination, between calves requiring anti-inflammatory treatment (group B) or not (group A). About 80% of calves were properly classified in both groups by the combined use of the two serum proteins haptoglobin and fibrinogen: these two proteins, and especially haptoglobin, were useful for the identification of calves requiring an anti-inflammatory treatment.  相似文献   

15.
Five 6-month-old calves were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (n = 3) or Pasteurella haemolytica (n = 2) endobronchially with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Five additional calves were inoculated sequentially with BVD virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval. Blood samples were collected daily from the calves for bacterial isolation. Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease in calves were recorded daily. If the calves survived, they were killed for necropsy 3 or 4 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with BVD virus). The extent and nature of pulmonary lesions in the calves were determined, and the lower portion of the respiratory tract (lungs and trachea) was examined for both these organisms. The 3 calves, inoculated with BVD virus only, developed mild clinical signs mainly manifested as fever, nasal discharge, and occasional cough. Approximately 2% to 7% of the total lung capacity of these calves was pneumonic. Mild clinical signs and localized lesions involving about 15% of the lung volume developed in the 2 calves exposed to P haemolytica only. However, severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia and pleuritis involving 40% to 75% of lung volume developed in the 5 calves inoculated sequentially with BVD virus and P haemolytica. The possible role BVD virus may have in bovine respiratory tract disease is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
A field trial to assess the ability of two vaccines to protect calves against respiratory disease was carried out on a large beef rearing unit in southern England over the two winters of 1983 to 1984 and 1984 to 1985. A quadrivalent vaccine containing the killed antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Mycoplasma bovis and M dispar or a vaccine containing only the respiratory syncytial virus component were inoculated into 246 and 245 calves, respectively; 245 calves remained as unvaccinated controls. The calves were reared in seven batches and outbreaks of disease occurred in five; significant protection was achieved in the four batches in which disease was associated with respiratory syncytial virus and M bovis infection, together or independently. The death rate from pneumonia was 9 per cent in the control group, 2 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001), a protection rate of 77 per cent, and 3 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01), a protection rate of 68 per cent. The proportion of calves receiving treatment for respiratory disease was 38 per cent in the control group, 25 per cent in the calves inoculated with the quadrivalent vaccine (P less than 0.001) and 27 per cent in the calves inoculated with the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). The results show that protection against respiratory disease can be achieved by parenteral vaccination of calves with the appropriate inactivated microorganisms.  相似文献   

17.
In this 90-day study, 60 male Holstein dairy calves were experimentally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Calves were randomly blocked by weight into treatment (N=30) and placebo (N=30) groups. Beginning on study Day 0, calves in the treatment group were administered an oral dose of 5mg/kg of fenbendazole once daily for three consecutive days. Calves in the placebo group received a daily oral treatment of 5 ml of saline for 3 days. These treatments were repeated on Days 30 and 60 of the study. Fecal samples were collected from calves once per week and examined for the presence of Giardia cysts. Calves were monitored daily for clinical signs of intestinal disease and all episodes of diarrhea recorded. Calves were weighed once per week and total feed intake, on a dry matter basis, was calculated daily. Following each treatment, the number of calves shedding Giardia cysts in the fenbendazole group was reduced (p<0.001) compared to the saline group. Also, calves in the fenbendazole group had fewer cysts (p<0.05) detected in their feces following treatment compared with calves that received saline. Within 2 weeks post treatment, the number of infected animals and fecal Giardia cysts returned to placebo levels. This pattern of reinfection was consistent after every treatment period. Calves receiving fenbendazole had fewer total days with diarrhea (p<0.01) and the average number of days each calf had diarrhea was reduced (p<0.05), compared to the placebo group. There were no differences in mean body weight, average daily gain, or feed intake between the treatment or placebo groups. This study demonstrates that fenbendazole is an effective treatment for giardiosis, resulting in a clinical benefit and reducing the number of infective cysts shed by calves. However, this treatment regime had no impact on production parameters and reinfection occurred rapidly in these calves.  相似文献   

18.
[目的] 研究盐酸金霉素超微粉在鸭体内的药代动力学特征。[方法] 采用气流粉碎技术将盐酸金霉素普通原粉制备成800目超微粉,再添加适宜辅料制成含量为20%的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉,通过影响因素试验和加速试验对制备的盐酸金霉素超微粉进行稳定性评价;将30只90日龄绍兴麻鸭随机分为A、B、C 3个试验组,每组10只,分别经口单剂量灌服60目普通原粉制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉、800目超微粉制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉、80目普通原粉制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉,剂量均为15 mg/（kg·BW）（以金霉素计）,比较不同粒径原料制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉在鸭体内的药物代谢过程。[结果] 利用800目超微粉制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉处方、工艺稳定可行,通过稳定性试验考查,质量可靠;不同粒径原料制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉主要药代动力学特征如下：试验B组达峰时间（Tmax）显著（P<0.05）快于A组和C组;试验B组药时曲线下面积（AUC0-t）、达峰浓度（Cmax）均显著（P<0.05）大于A组和C组;试验B组消除半衰期时间（t1/2）显著（P<0.05）长于A组和C组,A组和C组之间无统计学差异（P>0.05）;试验B组体内存留时间（MRT）显著（P<0.05）长于A组和C组。[结论] 鸭灌服相同剂量的金霉素[15 mg/（kg·BW）],相较于普通原粉制备的盐酸金霉素可溶性粉,盐酸金霉素超微粉在体内1.5 h即达到血药峰浓度,吸收迅速且有效血药浓度维持时间长。研究获得的药动学数据可为盐酸金霉素用于动物临床治疗提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on a large beef-fattening farm is described. The outbreak started two days after five- to seven-month-old calves were vaccinated with a modified live BRSV vaccine. The disease ran a very severe course among five- to seven-month-old vaccinated calves, but disease was absent in eight-month-old an older non-vaccinated calves. The presence of IgM antibodies in sera of non-vaccinated calves indicated that BRSV was spreading on the farm between two to 15 days before the day of vaccination. The data indicate that vaccination with modified live vaccine during the course of a natural infection may enhance the severity of disease. The possible pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected calves under field conditions. Fifty Holstein calves with cryptosporidiosis infection were divided into 5 groups: 1 group (10 calves) was unmedicated and served as the control group and was given distilled water only, whereas the other groups (10 animals per group) were medicated orally with azithromycin at the doses of 500 (group 1), 1,000 (group 2), 1,500 (group 3), and 2,000 mg (group 4) PO once daily for 7 days. The animals were examined clinically and fecal samples were collected on the 1st (inclusion day), 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the study. Drug efficacy was assessed by evaluating diarrhea, oocyst shedding, and weight gains from days 1 to 21 (4 assessments). Significant differences were observed in reductions of oocyst shedding (P < .05) and the fecal diarrhea incidence (P < .05) in groups 3 and 4 when compared with groups 1 and 2 and the control group. Weight gain of medicated calves was significantly higher than that of the unmedicated calves throughout the study (P < .05). The drug significantly suppressed oocyst shedding and resulted in significant improvements in clinical signs. Therefore, this suppression may have significant effect on the reduction of environmental contamination by cryptosporidial oocysts. From the economic point view, authors suggest that the most effective dose of azithromycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in calves should be at 1,500 mg/d for 7 days.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号