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1.
李超  饶勇  陈静  肖华贵  刘作易 《种子》2006,25(7):24-27
用杂交油菜黔油12号的父母本及杂交种作材料,对亲本和杂交种的产量、经济性状考察和DNA多态性标记,进行杂种优势的研究和比较。结果表明:产量、经济性状中亲优势、超亲优势、杂种优势指数与DNA多态性预测杂种优势的中亲优势、超亲优势、杂种优势指数结果趋势基本一致。笔者认为大多育种者在一定时期内,一般以核心亲本或骨干(系)亲本作为育种的主要材料,利用DNA多态性表达亲本的遗传差异的显著特点,提出以核心亲本建立1个DNA多态性图谱库,不断补充新材料和新引物的DNA多态性结果,用分子标记预测杂种优势值得进一步研究和探讨。  相似文献   

2.
以与中棉所12及其2个选系为亲本组配的4个杂交棉中棉所28、中棉所29、湘杂棉2号和冀棉18苗期的根和顶端叶为研究材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析苗期杂交棉与亲本的根和叶基因差异表达,并用QuantitativeReal-Time技术加以验证.结果表明:(1)在4个杂交组合中,中棉所12选系是营养生长杂种优势高值亲本;(2)杂交种和亲本间存在显著的基因表达差异,可分为杂交种上调、单亲显性、单亲沉默、杂交种下调4种表达型.4个杂交组合在三叶期根和叶中差异表达基因的4种类型比例趋势基本一致,单亲差异表达型(包括显性和沉默表达)在根和叶中所占比例较高,杂种下调表达型所占比例较低,反映出苗期单亲差异表达型在杂种优势形成中起主要作用;叶部差异表达基因数目和比例(29.20%~46.09%)比根(15.65%~22.49%)高的多,说明叶中基因差异表达可能比根中基因差异表达对杂种优势形成作用更大;(3)高值亲本中棉所12选系与杂交棉共同表达的基因多于低值亲本与杂交棉共同表达的基因,从分子水平上证明中棉所12选系在杂交棉冀棉18、中棉所29和中棉所28的苗期营养生长杂种优势产生中起优势亲本的作用;(4)4种杂交组合差异表达基因(包含叶和根)占总表达基因的27.00%~34.56%,分析差异表达基因类型和4个杂交组合的关系发现,超显性效应占3.30%~7.17%,超低亲效应占2.62%~4.14%,低亲效应占5.65%~13.03%,显性效应和加性效应是主要的杂种优势效应,占79.52%~83.79%.多种杂种优势效应的并存说明杂种优势可能是多基因共同作用产生多种效应的结果;(5)超亲优势组合中棉所28的超显性效应占7.17%,明显高于其他3个表现中亲优势组合,说明杂交种上调表达型可能对苗期杂种优势产生起重要作用.  相似文献   

3.
为了解析玉米粒重性状杂种优势的产生原因,对籽粒胚乳细胞数目、细胞大小开展了研究。以玉米品种‘郑单958’‘、先玉335’及其亲本为试验材料,分析了杂交种与亲本在单籽粒重量、单籽粒胚乳细胞数目及胚乳细胞面积的杂种优势关系。结果表明,‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’胚乳细胞数目的中亲优势分别为40.81%和36.03%,超亲优势分别为33.09%和23.82%;百粒重的中亲优势分别为27.22%和28.89%,超亲优势分别为19.72%和18.34%;而胚乳细胞面积的中亲优势分别为-44.42%和-24.79%,超亲优势分别为-45.75%和-37.30%。单籽粒胚乳细胞数目与粒重呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.796。综上所述,玉米杂交种籽粒的胚乳细胞数目多于亲本是粒重杂种优势产生的重要原因,选育籽粒胚乳细胞数目多的自交系进行杂交组配利于提高杂交种的粒重。  相似文献   

4.
水分胁迫对不同根型小麦幼苗水分利用率和导水率的影响   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3  
以旱地小麦晋麦47和高水肥小麦石4185为试材,比较分析了充分供水和模拟干旱胁迫条件下小麦幼苗水分利用效率(WUE)和根系导水率(Lpr)的差异。结果表明:正常供水条件下,晋麦47单株耗水量、根系干质量和单株干质量皆低于石4185,但根系水分利用率(WUEr)、茎叶水分利用率(WUEs)、单株水分利用率(WUE)以及根系导水率均高于石4185。轻度干旱胁迫下,石4185根系干质量稍有增加,晋麦47变化不明显,两者单株干质量均降低;两品种根系、茎叶和单株水分利用效率均显著提高,石4185根系水分利用效率反而高于晋麦47;但两品种根系导水率呈显著下降趋势,晋麦47下降幅度大于石4185并最终低于石4185。以上说明:水分充足条件下,晋麦47表现出“奢侈”利用水分,干旱条件下,表现出以降低水分消耗而维持地上部生长的耐旱节水机制;石4185在水分充足条件下耗水量大,表现出水地品种特点,胁迫条件下,水分利用率均升高且根系水分利用率升高相对更大,体现出干旱胁迫下依赖根系进一步发展增大吸收水分表面积来适应缺水环境。两者相比较,体现了不同根型小麦品种根系在干旱胁迫调节中的重要性和差异性。  相似文献   

5.
非生物胁迫对玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系产量性状的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以抗逆性较强玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本(郑58、昌7-2)和抗逆性较差的杂交种陕单902及其亲本(K22、K12)为材料, 在不同种植密度(45 000株 hm-2和75 000株 hm-2)、施氮量(112.5 kg hm-2和337.5 kg hm-2)和灌水量(正常灌水和前期干旱控水)条件下, 分析了2个杂交种及其亲本产量及相关生理特性的变化规律。结果表明, 在非生物胁迫条件下(高密度、低氮和前期干旱控水), 与陕单902相比, 品种郑单958叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲优势值分别增加18%、9%、28%和22%; 与陕单902亲本(K22、K12)比, 郑单958亲本(郑58、昌7-2)叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲值分别增加45%、36%、51%和45%; 郑单958产量的中亲值和中亲优势显著高于陕单902, 且中亲值增幅高于杂种优势值。玉米杂交种郑单958较陕单902增产的同时, 增强了对非生物逆境适应的能力。玉米杂交种的抗逆性来自亲本自交系。玉米杂交种抗逆性强在于增强了花后叶片光合能力(较高的LAI和SPAD值), 促进了花后干物质积累。  相似文献   

6.
【目的】深入研究棉花陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状杂种优势遗传规律,为培育高产优质陆海杂交种奠定理论基础。【方法】使用12份陆地棉材料和5份海岛棉材料配制陆海杂交种,对海南三亚和浙江临安种植的亲本及F_1进行纤维品质和产量性状测定。【结果】陆海杂交种纤维长度、纤维强度普遍具有显著的中亲优势,部分杂交组合具有较强的超亲优势,纤维长度性状在两地间变异系数较小,可以稳定遗传;在产量方面,部分陆海杂交种籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分等性状具有中亲优势,但仍显著低于陆地棉亲本。【结论】获得2个5A级优质长绒棉杂交组合T035和T044,筛选到1个海岛棉骨干亲本塔10-280,可为探讨陆海杂交种棉纤维品质杂种优势遗传规律提供有价值数据。  相似文献   

7.
徐世英  王宁  程皓  冯万军 《作物杂志》2022,38(4):90-301
以玉米杂交种先玉335及其亲本(PH6WC、PH4CV)和豫玉22及其亲本(综3、87-1)为试验材料,通过水培方法,设置低氮(0.04mmol/L,LN)和正常氮素(2mmol/L,CK)水平2个处理,分别在培养3、7和14d后,对其幼苗生物量积累、叶片和根系表型、叶绿素及氮素含量等进行分析,探究低氮胁迫下玉米杂交种及其亲本幼苗性状的动态变化。结果表明,玉米苗期根系对低氮的响应要早于地上部,且杂交种对低氮的响应比亲本更为迅速。在CK和LN处理下,杂交种幼苗的多个性状均存在中亲和超亲优势,豫玉22的根尖数、根系氮积累量占比和先玉335的总根长、根表面积及根尖数的杂种优势在3个时间点与CK处理相比均有较大幅度提高。通过耐低氮指数分析发现,杂交种的耐低氮能力介于2个亲本之间或与其中1个亲本接近。  相似文献   

8.
类芦根系对不同强度干旱胁迫的形态学响应   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
为了探讨类芦根系对干旱胁迫逆境的响应规律,为其在水土流失区推广和应用提供科学理论依据,以水土保持先锋植物类芦为研究对象,通过4个不同干旱强度胁迫的盆栽试验,测定不同干旱处理对类芦根系生物量和根系形态指标。结果表明:不同干旱强度胁迫处理,类芦根系总长度、表面积、平均直径、根系生物量的差异明显,而根体积差异较小。在不同程度干旱胁迫下,根体积、根平均直径随着干旱胁迫程度增加逐渐减小,且均比充足供水的小;而类芦根系总长度、根表面积、根系生物量、根冠比均比充足供水的大,中度干旱胁迫条件下(田间持水量40%±5%),类芦的根系长度、根表面积、根系生物量、地上部生物量、根冠比均为最大。类芦具有庞大的根系,抗旱和耐旱能力强;类芦根系增强延伸能力、扩大与土壤接触面积是对干旱逆境的形态学响应机制之一。  相似文献   

9.
不同苗龄期黄瓜根系生理生化及形态指标的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了确定黄瓜秧苗适宜的定植时间,为黄瓜穴盘苗的生产提供科学依据,本试验以‘津育五号’黄瓜为试验材料,采用穴盘育苗方法,研究了不同育苗时间对黄瓜根系的形态及生理生化指标的影响。这些指标包括根系的形态、根冠比、根系活力、根系保护酶活性及根系结构。本研究根据直径将黄瓜根系分为细根(<0.05 mm),中根(0.05~0.45 mm)和粗根(>0.45 mm)。结果表明,三叶一心处理秧苗各直径根系的根长和根表面积虽然在绝对数量上占优势,但是吸收能力较强的细根的根长和根表面积占总根系的比例均低于两叶一心处理和一叶一心处理,吸收能力较差的中根比例明显高于两叶一心处理和一叶一心处理。相对于其他两个处理,三叶一心处理的秧苗鲜重增加,根冠比减小,根系活力降低,SOD、POD酶活性均升高;秧苗中导管数目增多,但单个导管直径相对较小。总之,一叶一心秧苗和两叶一心秧苗的各项指标差异不大,均可进行秧苗的定植;三叶一心秧苗由于秧龄过大,已不适宜作为适龄苗龄进行定植。  相似文献   

10.
光子棉花的产量杂种优势研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用综合性状较好的5个光子材料作亲本,与17个优良毛子棉花新品种(系)组配19个光子杂交组合,研究具有光子标记性状杂交组合的产量杂种优势表现.结果表明:光子杂交组合皮棉产量表现正向中亲优势和正向超亲优势,籽棉产量光子作母本的杂交组合杂种优势高于光子作父本的杂交组合;衣分和单铃重表现正向中亲优势,单株铃数光子作母本的杂交组合优势率高于作光子父本的杂交组合;籽指表现负向中亲优势、负向超亲优势和负向竞争优势,筛选出产量竞争优势5%以上、综合性状突出的优势组合8个.  相似文献   

11.
Increase in drought conditions during the oilseed rape (OSR) reproductive phase is predicted to occur more often in the temperate zone, leading to significant yield losses. Crop management solutions such as film antitranspirant (AT) applied at key drought‐sensitive growth stages on both wheat and oilseed rape have recently been shown to alleviate drought‐induced yield losses. However, there is a lack of information regarding potential AT effectiveness to reduce drought damage on OSR plants at different soil moisture regimes. Therefore, two similar experiments were performed in a computer‐controlled glasshouse/phenotyping centre to investigate the physiological responses of OSR to well‐watered (WW), moderate water stress (MWS), water stress (WS) and severe water stress (SWS) conditions. Stress treatments were imposed at the initiation of flowering and treated with an AT or water onto the leaf canopy. Stress limited the gas‐exchange and increased leaf temperature, leaf‐to‐air temperature, bud‐to‐air temperature and ABA concentrations which increased with stress intensity in all tissues analysed. Yield components were significantly reduced by WS and SWS treatments when compared to the WW plants. Application of AT counteracted the detrimental effect of WS and SWS by decreasing water use over the first few days of stress application thus improving relative water content and leaf water‐use efficiency, decreasing ABA accumulation in leaf and all the reproductive organs analysed (buds, flowers and pods) and avoiding bud‐to‐air temperature increases. AT application sustained pod formation and seed production under WS but only seed production under SWS conditions. These data suggest that leaf‐canopy application of AT at key phenological stages under particular magnitudes of soil moisture deficit may sustain OSR reproduction and reduce yield losses.  相似文献   

12.
Fine roots (roots with a diameter of less than 2 mm) and root hairs are the primary absorbers of water and nutrients; however, the morphology of cotton fine roots and root hairs in response to drought stress has not yet been defined. To solve this problem, this study characterized a self-made in situ root observation device (RhizoPot) with a scanner with a resolution of up to 4,800 DPI was used to observe the roots of cotton plants grown indoors under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. RhizoPot provided healthy growth conditions for cotton, and fine roots as well as root hairs were successfully observed. Root length density increased significantly under drought stress, whereas the average root diameter decreased gradually with the extension of treatment time. Drought stress accelerated fine root death, and the diameter of the fine roots was positively correlated with root lifespan. Additionally, the root hair lifespan was negatively regulated by soil drought stress and was associated with the growth stage. This result suggests that cotton developed more slender fine roots and longer root hairs under drought stress, which accelerated the death process of both, in order to develop new fine roots. This process helps cotton absorb as much water as possible under drought stress.  相似文献   

13.
刘小芳  张岁岐  山仑  杨晓青  吴安慧 《作物学报》2007,33(10):1625-1629
在人工气候室水培条件下,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种F1户单4号及其亲本478和天四为材料,用根压力探针技术研究了正常供水和PEG-6000模拟-0.2 MPa水分胁迫条件下,玉米单根吸水能力及渗透吸水过程中水和溶质相互作用的基因型差异,结果表明,3个玉米品种在静水压驱动下的单根水流导度(包括径向导度和轴向导度)以及在渗透压驱动下的单根水流导度均为F1户单4号>母本天四>父本478,而水分胁迫普遍降低了单根水流导度;溶质NaCl存在条件下,根的透过系数为F1>母本>父本,而反射系数则趋势相反,水分胁迫并未显著降低根的透过系数,但显著提高了其反射系数。试验证明杂交种F1的单根吸水能力优于亲本,体现了杂种优势。  相似文献   

14.
[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F1 in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F1 (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.  相似文献   

15.
土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根苗生长的效应   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
梁银丽  陈培元 《作物学报》1996,22(4):476-482
在模拟田间原状土容重的条件下土培,研究了土壤水分和氮磷营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用的效应。结果表明:在SRWC为40%-70%范围内,土壤水分亏缺严重,RψW和ET显著降低,根苗生长严重受阻,RL变短,RDW降低,LA和PDW减少;随着土壤水分趋于良好,RψW、ET和LA明显增加,RDW和PDW在STWC为55%-62%之间时最大,而SRWC在55%上下时RL达最长;土壤轻度干旱有利根系下扎,土壤  相似文献   

16.
辽宁苗期玉米根叶对水分胁迫的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了提炼辽宁春玉米苗期干旱胁迫影响的定量化评价指标,以‘丹玉39’为试验材料,采用盆栽称重控水法,对不同水平土壤含水量对春玉米苗期根叶生长的影响进行研究。结果表明:正常(75%)和偏湿(85%)水分条件下玉米具有较高的株高,茎粗和叶面积。干旱胁迫下,玉米生长发育受到抑制,株高降低、茎粗变细、根系和地上部的生物量降低,叶片光合面积减小,根冠比增大。但一定程度的干旱(55%)有利于根系下扎,增大根冠比。干旱胁迫对玉米的株高和根系的生长发育有较大的影响,地上生物量受干旱胁迫影响大于根系。  相似文献   

17.
水杨酸对渗透胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
分别采用不同浓度的甘露醇和水杨酸处理玉米种子。结果表明:水杨酸处理对玉米种子的发芽率以及苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重及根冠比都得到提高,说明水杨酸对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的有促进作用,可以在一定程度上解除渗透胁迫。  相似文献   

18.
黄土高原杨树人工林的细根生物量与碳储量研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
闫美芳  王璐  郭楠 《中国农学通报》2015,31(35):146-151
为了解细根生长、周转及其对土壤碳库的贡献,以太原地区杨树人工林(Populus tomentosa)为研究对象,采用连续取土样法及分解袋法,研究了细根(< 2 mm)的垂直分布、季节动态、年生产量及碳储量。结果表明:0~40 cm土层细根生物量为241.8 g/m2,其中活细根生物量为168.0 g/m2,约占细根总生物量的69.5%。细根主要集中于0~10 cm土层,且随土层加深而递减。细根生物量还具有明显的季节变化,最大值出现在8月,最小值出现在4月。细根年分解量为35.3 g/m2,年死亡量为98.2 g/m2。细根年生产量估计为216.6 g/m2,年周转率为1.29次。0~40 cm土层细根总碳储量为97.4 g?C/m2,每年由于细根死亡向土壤碳库输入的碳量约为39.6 g?C/m2。土壤全氮含量和土壤含水量是影响细根垂直分布的主要因素,而细根季节动态与土壤水分及气候特点密切相关。由于本研究区地处黄土高原,土壤水分短缺是导致细根生产量偏低的主要原因,且影响细根周转及其向土壤有机碳库的碳输入。  相似文献   

19.
缺钾对棉花幼苗根系生长的影响及其生理机制   总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26  
缺钾及因缺钾而导致的早衰已成为当前我国棉花生产的主要限制因素, 而根系的生长发育与钾素营养互相影响、关系密切。本试验在生长室内营养液培养条件下,调查缺钾对棉花幼苗根系性状指标的影响, 测定根系游离吲哚乙酸(IAA)和乙烯释放量。结果显示, 与适钾处理(0.50 mmol L-1)相比, 缺钾处理(0.05 mmol L-1)显著抑制了根系伸长和侧根发生, 而且侧根的减少主要由侧根发生区的缩短所致, 侧根发生密度并无变化, 似乎缺钾减慢了侧根发育的进程, 但不改变可以发育为侧根的中柱鞘细胞的发育状况。此外, 细根(0.05~0.20 mm)生长受缺钾的影响最大, 绝对根长、根表面积、根体积及其占总根系的比例均显著降低;中等根(0.25~0.45 mm)受到影响最小, 粗根(>0.45 mm)居中。由于细根的吸收活性强于中等根和粗根, 因而缺钾幼苗的钾营养状况较根系生长更为恶化, 处理4 d和10 d的整株钾积累量仅分别为适钾处理的25%左右和16%左右, 而其总根长和根系总表面积分别相当于适钾处理的35.7%~38.0%(处理4 d)和47.7%~50.6%(处理10 d)。与适钾条件相比,缺钾使根系的游离吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量降低约50%, 而乙烯释放量提高将近6倍, 这可能是缺钾抑制棉花幼苗根系生长的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

20.
The optimum temperature for maize germination is between 25 and 28 °C. Poor and erratic germination at suboptimal temperature is the most important hindrance in its early sowing. This study was conducted to induce chilling tolerance in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) by seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) and to unravel the background biochemical basis. For seed priming, maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 ppm (mg l?1) aerated solutions of SA for 24 h and were dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Performance of maize seedlings was hampered under chilling stress. But seed priming with SA improved the seedling emergence, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weights, and leaf and root score considerably compared with control both at optimal and chilling temperatures. However, priming in 50 mg l?1 SA solution was more effective, followed by priming in 100 mg l?1 SA solution. Seed priming with SA improved the chilling tolerance in hybrid maize mainly by the activation of antioxidants (including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase). Moreover, maintenance of high tissue water contents and reduced membrane permeability also contributed towards chilling tolerance.  相似文献   

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