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1.
Effects of harrowing and fertilisation on tree growth, understory vegetation, forest floor litter and soil properties were studied in a field experiment installed in a 5-year-old first rotation eucalypt plantation. The treatments were harrowing (H), fertilisation (F), harrowing and fertilisation (HF) and a control without any treatments (C), with four replicates. Tree growth, root mass, tree nutrition status, understory vegetation, mass of forest floor litter and soil physical and chemical properties were monitored till the end of the rotation (stand was 14-year old). Effects of treatments on tree growth, root mass and timber production were not significant. Root nutrient concentration differed between treatments only few months after the beginning of the experiment, while differences regarding specific root length and area were observed during the first year. Harrowing (H and HF) led to significantly smaller biomass of understory vegetation (<13.4 g m−2) than other treatments (33−61 g m−2) during the first 3 years, but at the end of the experiment differences were less important. Forest floor litter mass after 3 years and at the end of the experiment were similar among treatments. Soil bulk density significantly decreased by harrowing (H and HF treatments), but 16 months after treatments were similar. Although soil chemical properties were not significantly affected by treatments, a decrease in base cations occurred during the rotation period. Fertiliser application is a questionable practice under the economic point of view, whereas harrowing can reduce the fuel load only during a short period, without negative effects on productivity and soil quality.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of harvest residue management options on biomass and nutrient accumulation in understory vegetation, as well as the contribution of understory to nutrient cycling, were assessed during the early rotation stage of a Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantation in Central Portugal. The effects of residue management options on early tree growth were also evaluated. Treatments established at the time of plantation and replicated four times in a simple completely randomised design included removal of harvest residues (R), incorporation of residues into the soil by harrowing (I) and maintenance of residues on the soil surface (S). Understory biomass was sampled in the spring between 2002 and 2006, and every 2 months between March 2006 and March 2007. The latter samples were stratified into biomass, standing dead mass and litter for net above ground primary production (NAPP) assessment. Samples were oven dried, weighed and analysed for nutrient contents. Results showed that understory standing biomass strongly increased from the first to the third year and that quantities of nutrients accumulated in ground vegetation followed similar patterns between the three treatments. Nutrient accumulation in ground vegetation was greater than in tree biomass until at least the second spring after plantation. Bimonthly sampling revealed treatment R to have the largest amounts of standing biomass, standing dead mass, litter and nutrient immobilisation, while treatment S exhibited the lowest values. NAPP (4th–5th year) was 639, 511 and 362 g m−2 year−1, respectively in R, I and S, corresponding the standing biomass increase to 277, 183 and 143 g m−2 year−1. These values are comparable to those observed for litter fall in similar stands (age and tree density) in the same area. The contribution of ground vegetation to nutrient accumulation in the system was unaffected by harvest residue management methods, but further research is necessary in order to establish whether slash management options influence long term tree growth and vegetation dynamics.  相似文献   

3.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different slash management practices on understory biodiversity and biomass in Eucalyptus globulus coppices in Central Portugal. The experiment consisted of four treatments: (a) removal of slash (R), (b) broadcast over the soil (S), (c) as in S but concentrating woody residues between tree rows (W) and (d) incorporation of slash into soil by harrowing (I). Understory vegetation was surveyed during 1–6, 9, and 10 years, the proportion of soil cover by plant species estimated, and diversity and equitability indexes determined. Above ground understory biomass was sampled in years 2–6, 9, and 10. The highest number of species in most years occurred in plots where slash was removed. Differences between treatments in the proportion of plant soil cover were never significant, whereas differences in diversity index were only occasionally significant and apparently related to the number of species. Thus, differences in the equitability index were not significant. Understory biomass did not decrease during the rotation period, and was usually highest in R and I, and lowest in S, but not significantly different. At the end of the rotation period, understory biodiversity indices and biomass were apparently independent of slash treatment.  相似文献   

4.
桉树人工林在全世界的发展迅速,没有比在中国南部地区更需要一种新的木材和木纤维产品的需求。在桉树迅猛的扩张过程中,人工林可持续的生产力和合理的生态系统管理将扮演至关重要的角色。以往非可持续的农业经营导致了东门林场的土地严重退化,东门项目期间,在这些立地上重新造林证明了土壤营养的缺乏严重影响了退化立地的潜在生产力。1988年在东门进行了一个巨桉(E.grandis)早期施肥试验林植株地上部分不同器官的生物量和养分库的研究,以便更好地了解一些经营管理措施的养分结论。另一方面,林木采伐过程中养分的丧失,枯枝落叶的收集和燃烧使得土壤表面裸露,并加剧了土壤侵蚀。目前,在东门第3代、第4代集约经营的人工林的高生产力证明是高标准的经营管理的结果,林地上枯枝落叶和采伐剩余物的保留,细致的整地,土壤侵蚀的控制以及科学的施肥是关键因素;另外加上改良的遗传材料增强了生产力和收益,也增强了东门桉树人工林土壤可持续经营。一个国际林业研究中心网络得以建立,为了调查研究在同一立地上是否有可能进行连续的种植速生丰产林而对立地土壤和水资源没有损害,研究提供了大量的热带人工林有关立地管理的信息。为了优化集约经营人工林的生产力、收益率及可持续性,在华南地区有必要继续进行土壤和养分研究。  相似文献   

5.
立地管理措施对2代4年生杉木林生长的影响   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  
在福建省南平峡阳国有林场开展5种不同立地管理措施对1片29a生第1代杉木人工林采伐后营造的4a生第2代杉木人工林生产力影响的研究。研究结果表明,5种处理的第2代杉木林地位指数与第1代相比均略有下降。BL3BM0(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理的4a生2代杉木林生长最好,地位指数仅比1代下降0．67;其次为BL0BM0(收获地上所有有机质)处理,地位指数比1代下降0．85;BL1BM0(清走树木的所有部分)处理杉木生长最差,地位指数下降1．67。炼山处理(BL2BM1)与保留相同数量采伐剩余物而不炼山的处理(BL2BM0)相比,杉木生长没有显著差异。  相似文献   

6.
The impacts of wood harvest, biomass removal and inter-rotation site management practices on productivity of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra were studied over 12 years across successive rotations. The productivity measured as MAI increased from 29.4 m3 ha?1 year?1 in the first to 48.0 m3 ha?1 year?1 in the second rotation. Whole tree harvesting (total stem, branches and leaves) caused a 21 % reduction in volume compared to harvesting merchantable wood alone in the next rotation. The rates of nutrients accumulation in trees were highest during the first year of growth, and declined from age 2 years. Significant amounts of nutrients were recycled through litter fall from 1 year after planting. Results highlight the importance of management which promotes nutrient supply on stand growth. Removal of slash and litter lowered soil pH, by about 0.1 unit. A small reduction was also found in soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the top soil during the first 3–4 years but values returned to pre-harvest levels by the end of the rotation. Extractable soil phosphorus and exchangeable cations decreased by the end of second rotation but these measures underestimate the nutrient pools available for A. mangium. These findings along with results from other studies have helped to implement operations which promote conservation of site resources for sustainable production in the region.  相似文献   

7.
立地管理措施对2代6年生杉木林生长的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
在福建省南平峡阳国有林场进行5种不同立地管理措施对29年生第1代杉木人工林采伐后营造的6年生第2代杉木人工林生产力影响的研究.结果表明:BL3(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理的6年生2代杉木林生长最好,其次为BL1(全树收获)和SB(收获树干和树皮,炼山)处理,BL2(收获树干和树皮,不炼山)和BL0(收获地上所有有机质)处理杉木生长最差.5种处理的第2代杉木林地位指数与第1代相比,BL3和BL0处理分别上升0.56和0.27,其余3种处理则有下降.BL1、SB和BL2处理地位指数分别比1代下降0.39、045和0.63.不同处理之间的差异均未达到统计上的显著水平.  相似文献   

8.
Understory vegetation is an important component in forest ecosystems. However, the effects of understory on soil properties in subtropical forests are not fully understood. We thus conducted an experimental manipulative study in two young fast-growing plantations—Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia crassicarpa—in southern China, by removing understory vegetation in both plantations, to estimate the effects of understory vegetation on microclimate, soil properties and N mineralization. Our data showed that, after 6 months, understory removal (UR) in both plantations had greatly increased soil surface luminous intensity (90–500 cd) and temperature (0.5–0.8 °C); soil moisture was reduced in the Eucalyptus plantation but not in the Acacia plantation. Understory removal also reduced soil organic matter (SOM), but had little impact on other soil chemical properties, including total phosphorus, C/N, pH, exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg), available P, ande extractable NH4–N and NO3–N. We found a significant decline of soil N mineralization and nitrification rates in the 0–5 cm soils of UR in both plantations. The decline of SOM in UR may contribute to the lower N transformations rates. This study indicates that a better understanding of understory vegetation effects on soil N cycling would be beneficial to forest management decisions and could provide a critical foundation for advancing management practices.  相似文献   

9.
立地管理措施对2代5年生杉木林生长影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文
在福建省南平峡阳国有林场开展5种不同立地管理措施对1片29年生第1代杉木人工林采伐后营造的5年生第2代杉木人工林生产力影响的研究结果表明,BL3(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理的5年生2代杉木林生长最好,其次为SB(收获树干和树皮,炼山)处理和BL2(收获树干和树皮,不炼山)处理,BL1(全树收获)和BL0(移走地上所有有机残留物)处理杉木生长最差.除了BL3与BL1处理的树高生长量差异显著外,其余任何处理间杉木生长指标的差异均未达到统计上的显著水平.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Eucalypt plantations in India are an important source of fiber for paper making and fuel for local villagers. Large areas of land have supported eucalypt plantations for several rotations, and productivity has generally been declining through successive rotations. In 1997, we initiated a project to examine site management options as a way to improve the productivity of these sites. We established a large experimental infrastructure at each of four sites in Kerala, consisting of up to five separate fully randomized block experiments at each site, examining interrotation management options (organic matter manipulation, N and P fertilizer input, legume cover cropping, weed control). Two of the sites were typical lowland plantations with Eucalytus tereticornis, and the other two sites were typical upland plantations with Eucalytus grandis. Following treatments, we monitored plantation productivity and impacts on soil and nutrient cycling for one full rotation (6.5 years). We found it is possible to increase the volume growth of E. grandis by up to 48%, and E. tereticornis by up to 268% through a combination of optimum site practices (mostly weed control and nutrient addition), but productivity responses are dependent on site-specific factors. Key outcomes of this research are presented, with special reference to application in the broader context of tropical eucalypt plantations.  相似文献   

11.
立地管理措施对7年生2代杉木林生长的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
对福建省南平峡阳国有林场29年生1代杉木人工林采伐迹地,采取5种不同立地管理措施营造的第2代杉木人工林7年生时的生长量进行调查分析,结果表明,BL3(收获树干和树皮,加倍采伐剩余物)处理对7年生2代杉木林的生长最为有利,其次为BL2(收获树干和树皮,不炼山)处理、BL1(全树收获)处理和BL0(收获地上所有有机质)处理,而SB(收获树干和树皮,炼山)处理杉木生长最差。炼山处理的7年生杉木蓄积量仅为不炼山处理的85.73%,但不同试验处理之间杉木生长量的差异均未达到显著水平(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

12.
The effects of five different site management treatments on the productivity of a six-year-old and secondrotation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations planted after harvesting a 29-year-old and first-rotation Chinese fir plantation in Xiayang State Forest Farm, Nanping, Fujian Province, were studied. Results showed that the Chinese fir grew best on plots treated with the double slash treatment (BL3), followed by the whole tree harvest (BL1) and the slash burning treatment (SB), and poorest on treatment BL2 (normal slash retention) and BL0 (removal of all organic matter aboveground). The site index of the second rotation Chinese fir plantations in BL3 and BL0 treatments increased by 0.56 and 0.27, respectively, compared with the first rotation, and decreased in the rest of the three treatments. Compared with the first rotation, the site index of the second rotation treated with BL1, SB and BL2 treatments decreased by 0.39, 0.45 and 0.63, respectively. Differences among the treatments were not statistically significant. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(11): 47–51 [译自: 林业科学]  相似文献   

13.
The effects of woody residues from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations on N losses were assessed through a lysimetric experiment. Treatments were: (NW) forest floor litter and non-woody residues (leaves, bark, twigs) incorporated into the soil; (IP) as NW plus woody residues (branches) cut in 20-cm long pieces and incorporated into the soil; (IC) as IP, but with branches chopped into chips; (SP) non-woody and woody residues (pieces) placed on the soil surface; (SC) as SP plus branches chopped into chips; and (CT) absence of organic residues. Leaching of N-NO 3 ? and N-NH 4 + was followed during a six-year period and N mineralization was evaluated at the end of the experiment. Non-woody residues enhanced N leaching as compared with the control. Conversely, woody residues decreased N losses. Although differences between treatments were not significant at the end of the experiment, incorporation and fragmentation of woody residues resulted in the more favourable management option regarding the reduction of N leaching observed at short-term. As high amounts of residues were used, the effect observed on decrease N leaching could be higher than that existing in Portuguese eucalypt plantations.  相似文献   

14.
Soil environmental conditions were investigated in nine stillwater swamps dominated by pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) in north central Florida. Three swamps were left unharvested (control); three were harvested, but surrounding slash pine plantations were left intact (swamp harvest); and three were harvested along with the surrounding slash pine plantations (swamp+upland harvest). Measurements of soil redox potential (Eh) and other soil and water properties were collected for 5 months before harvesting (December 1993–April 1994) and for 2 years after harvesting (May 1994–May 1996). No significant differences in water level resulted from harvesting, although control swamps became dry and harvested swamps remained flooded shortly after harvesting. Eh in the swamp+upland harvest treatment was lower than in the control treatment for only 1 month (July 1994) after logging but was also lower in areas where the soil was compacted by skidder equipment. Short-term increase in water level and soil compaction by skidder trafficking appear to have minimal long-term effects on soil environmental conditions.  相似文献   

15.
We examined tree growth and dynamics of organic matter and soil nutrient pools annually for 7 years under contrasting harvest residue management treatments in south-western Australia. Two second rotation Eucalyptus globulus sites were established on soils of contrasting fertility and productivity. Harvest residues were either (i) burnt, (ii) removed, (iii) retained, or (iv) retained at double the normal quantity. More than 31 and 51 Mg ha−1 of harvest residues resulted from harvesting of 8-year-old first rotation stands at a low fertility Grey Sand site, and a higher fertility Red Earth site, respectively. Harvest residue retention increased tree growth at the lower fertility Grey Sand site, but had no effect on plantation productivity at the Red Earth site up to 7 years. Burning resulted in a direct loss of most of the organic material, and up to 200, and 350 kg ha−1 of N at the Grey Sand and Red Earth sites, respectively. Significant quantities of organic material in harvest residues (>50 Mg ha−1 C in the double residues treatment at the Red Earth site) had a limited effect on soil C pools during the 7 years of this study. Retention of residues limited immediate losses of nutrients, and resulted in higher quantities of soil exchangeable K, Ca and Mg during the 7 years after establishment. However, the content of soil exchangeable cations, especially K, decreased during the first 4 years of establishment in all treatments, including those where residues were retained. After 4 years, cation quantities in soil started to increase again, probably due to the decomposition of leaves and twigs from litterfall.  相似文献   

16.
在福建省南平峡阳国有林场选择20地位指数级、29 a生第1代杉木人工林建立固定标准地并调查其生长量,随后采伐,设置5种不同立地管理措施进行试验并营造第2代杉木林,开展杉木人工林连栽后的生产力变化研究.研究结果表明,加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的8 a生2代杉木林生长最好,平均胸径、平均树高、平均立木蓄积生长量分别为13.01 cm、9.20 m、16.23 m3/(hm2.a),而炼山(火烧采伐剩余物)处理的生长最差,其生长量分别为11.68cm、8.61 m、11.61 m3/(hm2.a).炼山处理的8 a生杉木林立木蓄积生长量分别为不炼山(保留采伐剩余物)和加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的90.03%和71.50%,但各处理杉木生长量均无显著差异.8 a生第2代杉木林立木蓄积量与采伐前的第1代的无显著相关,但与第1代的地位指数有极显著的正相关.  相似文献   

17.
Growth and nutritional status of young plants of Eucalyptus were assessed in a field trial, under different scenarios of harvest residue management and nutrient availability. Treatments were as follows: incorporation of harvest residues into the soil by harrowing (I); I with N fertiliser application (IF); I with leguminous, Lupinus luteus L., seeding (IL); removal of harvest residues (R); R with N fertiliser application (RF); R with leguminous seeding (RL); distribution of harvest residues on the soil surface (S); S with N fertiliser application (SF). Treatments were replicated four times in four blocks with a fully randomised design. Tree growth (height and diameter at breast height) was measured and understory biomass destructively recorded. Tree nutritional status was assessed by foliar analysis (N, Ca, Mg, P, K and leaf area). Significant differences in growth between I, R and S treatments were only detected at early stage. Intercropping with Lupinus decreased tree growth during the early phase, but after 5 years growth was similar to that measured in the I and R treatments. Application of fertiliser enhanced tree growth especially when harvest residues were retained on the soil surface. Combining incorporation of harvest residues with fertiliser application (IF) was the best option to increase tree growth, which was significantly greater than in the R and S. Initially, leaf N was positively affected by the leguminous (RL and IL), but, after the first fertiliser application (1 year after planting), greater N was observed in the IF, RF and SF, the difference decreasing gradually over the following years.  相似文献   

18.
A large proportion of plantations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in southern Australia have been established on podzolized coastal sands with low nutrient reserves. Inter-rotational management of the forest floor and harvesting residues has been shown to be critical to maintain the productive capacity of these soils. In 1974 a study was initiated at the end of the first rotation to evaluate the long-term sustainability of fast-growing plantations on these podzolized sands. Growth was measured at 5, 10 and 20 years and prior to clear-felling at age 30. Soil sampling at the end of the first rotation in 1974 was repeated in 2004 prior to clear-felling to determine changes in carbon and nutrients in profiles after 30 years. Forest floor and tree biomass were measured to determine sequestration of carbon and nutrients in mature radiata pine.  相似文献   

19.
Eucalypts are very popular for revegetation in many parts of south China because of their capacity to tolerate degraded sites and unfertile soils,and their fast growth potential to coppice. This paper reviews a decade of field trials in china, undertaken as part of several bilateral researchprograms in plantation forestry, concerning the use of fertilizers, harvest residue management and inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. One of the key questions addressed is whether the productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China can be increased to the world average by nutrient management across a rotation.  相似文献   

20.
Replantation of degraded forest using rapidgrowth trees can play a significant role in global carbon budget by storing large quantities of carbon in live biomass,forest floor,and soil organic matter.We assessed the potential of 20-year old stands of three rapid-growth tree species,including Alnus subcordata,Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum,for carbon(C) storage at ecosystem level.In September 2013,48 replicate plots(16 m × 16 m) in 8 stands of three plantations were established.36 trees were felled down and fresh biomass of different components was weighed in the field.Biomass equations were fitted using data based on the 36 felled trees.The biomass of understory vegetation and litter were measured by harvesting all the components.The C fraction of understory,litter,and soil were measured.The ecosystem C storage was as follows: A.subcordata(626.5 Mg ha~(-1)) [ P.deltoides(542.9Mg ha~(-1)) [ T.distichum(486.8 Mg ha~(-1))(P \ 0.001),of which78.1–87.4% was in the soil.P.deltoides plantation reached the highest tree biomass(206.6 Mg ha~(-1)),followed by A.subcordata(134.5 Mg ha~(-1)) and T.distichum(123.3 Mg ha~(-1)).The highest soil C was stored in theplantation of A.subcordata(555.5 Mg ha~(-1)).The C storage and sequestration of the plantations after 20 years were considerable(25–30 Mg ha~(-1) year~(-1)) and broadleaves species had higher potential.Native species had a higher soil C storage while the potential of introduced species for live biomass production was higher.  相似文献   

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