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1.
Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the cold tongue of the eastern equatorial Pacific exert powerful controls on global atmospheric circulation patterns. We examined climate variability in this region from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present, using a SST record reconstructed from magnesium/calcium ratios in foraminifera from sea-floor sediments near the Galápagos Islands. Cold-tongue SST varied coherently with precession-induced changes in seasonality during the past 30,000 years. Observed LGM cooling of just 1.2 degrees C implies a relaxation of tropical temperature gradients, weakened Hadley and Walker circulation, southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and a persistent El Ni?o-like pattern in the tropical Pacific. This is contrasted with mid-Holocene cooling suggestive of a La Ni?a-like pattern with enhanced SST gradients and strengthened trade winds. Our results support a potent role for altered tropical Pacific SST gradients in global climate variations. 相似文献
2.
A two-tiered approach to long-range climate forecasting 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bengtsson L Schlese U Roeckner E Latif M Barnett TP Graham N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5124):1026-1029
Long-range global climate forecasts were made by use of a model for predicting a tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) in tandem with an atmospheric general circulation model. The SST is predicted first at long lead times into the future. These ocean forecasts are then used to force the atmospheric model and so produce climate forecasts at lead times of the SST forecasts. Prediction of seven large climatic events of the 1970s to 1990s by this technique are in good agreement with observations over many regions of the globe. 相似文献
3.
Beck JW Edwards RL Ito E Taylor FW Recy J Rougerie F Joannot P Henin C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,257(5070):644-647
Seasonal records of tropical sea-surface temperature (SST) over the past 10(5) years can be recovered from high-precision measurements of coral strontium/calcium ratios with the use of thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The temperature dependence of these ratios was calibrated with corals collected at SST recording stations and by (18)O/(16)O thermometry. The results suggest that mean monthly SST may be determined with an apparent accuracy of better than 0.5 degrees C. Measurements on a fossil coral indicate that 10,200 years ago mean annual SSTs near Vanuatu in the southwestern Pacific Ocean were about 5 degrees C colder than today and that seasonal variations in SST were larger. These data suggest that tropical climate zones were compressed toward the equator during deglaciation. 相似文献
4.
A tropical Pacific climate state resembling that of a permanent El Ni?o is hypothesized to have ended as a result of a reorganization of the ocean heat budget approximately 3 million years ago, a time when large ice sheets appeared in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We report a high-resolution alkenone reconstruction of conditions in the heart of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) cold tongue that reflects the combined influences of changes in the equatorial thermocline, the properties of the thermocline's source waters, atmospheric greenhouse gas content, and orbital variations on sea surface temperature (SST) and biological productivity over the past 5 million years. Our data indicate that the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 3 million years ago did not interrupt an almost monotonic cooling of the EEP during the Plio-Pleistocene. SST and productivity in the eastern tropical Pacific varied in phase with global ice volume changes at a dominant 41,000-year (obliquity) frequency throughout this time. Changes in the Southern Hemisphere most likely modulated most of the changes observed. 相似文献
5.
A sea surface temperature (SST) record based on planktonic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios from a site in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool reveals that glacial-interglacial oscillations in SST shifted from a period of 41,000 to 100,000 years at the mid-Pleistocene transition, 950,000 years before the present. SST changes at both periodicities were synchronous with eastern Pacific cold-tongue SSTs but preceded changes in continental ice volume. The timing and nature of tropical Pacific SST changes over the mid-Pleistocene transition implicate a shift in the periodicity of radiative forcing by atmospheric carbon dioxide as the cause of the switch in climate periodicities at this time. 相似文献
6.
Tropical pacific forcing of decadal SST variability in the western indian ocean over the past two centuries 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A 194-year annual record of skeletal delta(18)O from a coral growing at Malindi, Kenya, preserves a history of sea surface temperature (SST) change that is coherent with instrumental and proxy records of tropical Pacific climate variability over interannual to decadal periods. This variability is superimposed on a warming of as much as 1.3 degrees C since the early 1800s. These results suggest that the tropical Pacific imparts substantial decadal climate variability to the western Indian Ocean and, by implication, may force decadal variability in other regions with strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation teleconnections. 相似文献
7.
Climate impact of late quaternary equatorial pacific sea surface temperature variations 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Magnesium/calcium data from planktonic foraminifera in equatorial Pacific sediment cores demonstrate that tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were 2.8 degrees +/- 0.7 degrees C colder than the present at the last glacial maximum. Glacial-interglacial temperature differences as great as 5 degrees C are observed over the last 450 thousand years. Changes in SST coincide with changes in Antarctic air temperature and precede changes in continental ice volume by about 3 thousand years, suggesting that tropical cooling played a major role in driving ice-age climate. Comparison of SST estimates from eastern and western sites indicates that the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient was similar or somewhat larger during glacial episodes. Extraction of a salinity proxy from the magnesium/calcium and oxygen isotope data indicates that transport of water vapor into the western Pacific was enhanced during glacial episodes. 相似文献
8.
Tierney JE Russell JM Huang Y Damsté JS Hopmans EC Cohen AS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5899):252-255
The processes that control climate in the tropics are poorly understood. We applied compound-specific hydrogen isotopes (deltaD) and the TEX(86) (tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms) temperature proxy to sediment cores from Lake Tanganyika to independently reconstruct precipitation and temperature variations during the past 60,000 years. Tanganyika temperatures follow Northern Hemisphere insolation and indicate that warming in tropical southeast Africa during the last glacial termination began to increase approximately 3000 years before atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. deltaD data show that this region experienced abrupt changes in hydrology coeval with orbital and millennial-scale events recorded in Northern Hemisphere monsoonal climate records. This implies that precipitation in tropical southeast Africa is more strongly controlled by changes in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and the winter Indian monsoon than by migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. 相似文献
9.
Amazon deforestation and climate change 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A coupled numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere has been used to assess the effects of Amazon deforestation on the regional and global climate. When the tropical forests in the model were replaced by degraded grass (pasture), there was a significant increase in surface temperature and a decrease in evapotranspiration and precipitation over Amazonia. In the simulation, the length of the dry season also increased; such an increase could make reestablishment of the tropical forests after massive deforestation particularly difficult. 相似文献
10.
Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sedimentary time series of color reflectance and major element chemistry from the anoxic Cariaco Basin off the coast of northern Venezuela record large and abrupt shifts in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the past 90,000 years. Marine productivity maxima and increased precipitation and riverine discharge from northern South America are closely linked to interstadial (warm) climate events of marine isotope stage 3, as recorded in Greenland ice cores. Increased precipitation at this latitude during interstadials suggests the potential for greater moisture export from the Atlantic to Pacific, which could have affected the salinity balance of the Atlantic and increased thermohaline heat transport to high northern latitudes. This supports the notion that tropical feedbacks played an important role in modulating global climate during the last glacial period. 相似文献
11.
Meckler AN Clarkson MO Cobb KM Sodemann H Adkins JF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6086):1301-1304
Records of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (P(CO(2))) and Antarctic temperature have revealed an intriguing change in the magnitude of interglacial warmth and P(CO(2)) at around 430,000 years ago (430 ka), but the global climate repercussions of this change remain elusive. Here, we present a stalagmite-based reconstruction of tropical West Pacific hydroclimate from 570 to 210 ka. The results suggest similar regional precipitation amounts across the four interglacials contained in the record, implying that tropical hydroclimate was insensitive to interglacial differences in P(CO(2)) and high-latitude temperature. In contrast, during glacial terminations, drying in the tropical West Pacific accompanied cooling events in northern high latitudes. Therefore, the tropical convective heat engine can either stabilize or amplify global climate change, depending on the nature of the climate forcing. 相似文献
12.
Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the subtropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present a 271-year record of Sr/Ca variability in a coral from Rarotonga in the South Pacific gyre. Calibration with monthly sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite and ship measurements made in a grid measuring 1 degrees by 1 degrees over the period from 1981 to 1997 indicates that this Sr/Ca record is an excellent proxy for SST. Comparison with SST from ship measurements made since 1950 in a grid measuring 5 degrees by 5 degrees also shows that the Sr/Ca data accurately record decadal changes in SST. The entire Sr/Ca record back to 1726 shows a distinct pattern of decadal variability, with repeated decadal and interdecadal SST regime shifts greater than 0. 75 degrees C. Comparison with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific, as represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (1900-1997), indicates that several of the largest decadal-scale SST variations at Rarotonga are coherent with SST regime shifts in the North Pacific. This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacific Ocean. 相似文献
13.
利用1900～2011年的海表面温度(SST)和海平面气压场资料,研究了太平洋地区海表面温度及全球大气的年代际持续性分布特征,结果表明,SST在北太平洋和西太平洋地区存在较高的年代际持续性,这些区域SST持续性平均在10年左右,最高达18年以上,低值区主要在热带中太平洋,持续性在4年以下。北太平洋的高持续性与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)有密切联系,而热带中太平洋的低持续性主要是受到ENSO的影响;大气持续性具有明显的纬向分布特征,在高纬度地区的持续性较高,在20°S和60°N附近持续性较低。 相似文献
14.
H Elderfield P Ferretti M Greaves S Crowhurst IN McCave D Hodell AM Piotrowski 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6095):704-709
Earth's climate underwent a fundamental change between 1250 and 700 thousand years ago, the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when the dominant periodicity of climate cycles changed from 41 thousand to 100 thousand years in the absence of substantial change in orbital forcing. Over this time, an increase occurred in the amplitude of change of deep-ocean foraminiferal oxygen isotopic ratios, traditionally interpreted as defining the main rhythm of ice ages although containing large effects of changes in deep-ocean temperature. We have separated the effects of decreasing temperature and increasing global ice volume on oxygen isotope ratios. Our results suggest that the MPT was initiated by an abrupt increase in Antarctic ice volume 900 thousand years ago. We see no evidence of a pattern of gradual cooling, but near-freezing temperatures occur at every glacial maximum. 相似文献
15.
利用东北地区1971-2006年43个气象台站大风、气温以及全球气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、滑动T检验和Yamamoto法、差值T检验等方法分析了东北地区大风的多时间尺度和空间的气候变化特点、变化趋势、突变特征及其与全球气温、东北地区气温变化的关系。结果表明,东北地区大风气候趋势为显著下降趋势,气候倾向率为-12.3 d/10 a,且在1988年发生了气候突变,由大风偏多期转为大风偏少期。东北地区大风与全球气温、东北地区气温变化呈相反的变化趋势,大风偏多期与冷期相对应,大风偏少期与暖期对应,东北地区大风由多转少与东北地区气温由低转高同步发生。 相似文献
16.
为了研究气候变暖对天水极端温度的影响,利用天水观测站1951年至2013年逐年的极端温度资料,运用气候倾向率、趋势系数、百分位法、滑动T检验等统计方法,分析极端温度对气候变暖的响应特征。结果表明：天水年极端最高（低）温度均呈显著性升高趋势,极端最高气温上升0.2℃/10a,极端最低气温上升0.3℃/10a,都通过了α=0.01的显著性检验;通过百分位法定义了极端温度的阈值,分析发现：极端最高气温与阈值的差值随时间序列的增加逐步增大,极端最低气温与阈值的差值随时间序列的增加逐步减少,对极端最高温度和极端最低温度利用滑动T检验法进行突变检验,在α=0.01显著性水平下,极端最低温度没有发生突变,而极端最高温度在1983年和1993年发生了两次十分明显的突变。 相似文献
17.
Broecker WS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5625):1519-1522
Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the large and abrupt climate changes that punctuated glacial time. One attributes such changes to reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation and the other to changes in tropical atmosphere-ocean dynamics. In an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses, two lines of evidence are examined. The first involves the timing of the freshwater injections to the northern Atlantic that have been suggested as triggers for the global impacts associated with the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events. The second has to do with evidence for precursory events associated with the Heinrich ice-rafted debris layers in the northern Atlantic and with the abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger warmings recorded in the Santa Barbara Basin. 相似文献
18.
Abrupt tropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Identifying leads and lags between high- and low-latitude abrupt climate shifts is needed to understand where and how such events were triggered. Vascular plant biomarkers preserved in Cariaco basin sediments reveal rapid vegetation changes in northern South America during the last deglaciation, 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. Comparing the biomarker records to climate proxies from the same sediment core provides a precise measure of the relative timing of changes in different regions. Abrupt deglacial climate shifts in tropical and high-latitude North Atlantic regions were synchronous, whereas changes in tropical vegetation consistently lagged climate shifts by several decades. 相似文献
19.
基于1961-2016年内蒙古科尔沁地区12个气象站的日平均温度资料,分析了近55 a来该地区冷暖天数及其过渡期的变化特征。结果表明,1961-2016年内蒙古科尔沁沙地气候变暖趋势明显,其气温突变年份为1988年。在全球气候日益变暖的趋势下,气温突变后在冬季里寒冷以上的天数不但没有显著减少,反而呈微弱上升的趋势,高温增加的天数要明显多于低温减少的天数。科尔沁沙地冷暖、寒冷温暖、严寒炎热过渡期在55 a时间尺度上基本无明显的变化,但在突变前后呈相反的变化趋势,特别是在气温突变以后,科尔沁沙地在冷暖两极的日数明显增多,过渡期变短,冷暖急转现象非常明显。 相似文献
20.
The ocean currents connecting the western tropical Pacific Ocean with the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are driven by surface winds. The surface winds are in turn driven by the sea-surface temperature (SST) differences between these two regions. This dynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean may limit the SST in the tropical Pacific Ocean to below 305 kelvin even in the absence of cloud feedbacks. 相似文献