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1.
No knowledge regarding the peripartum changes in mammary secretions in the jenny are presently available in literature. In the mare, instead, several studies report the role of these changes as indicators of foetal readiness for birth and impending parturition. This experiment was designed to determine calcium, sodium, potassium concentrations, and the value of sodium/potassium ratio in mammary fluids during prepartum in the jenny. Samples were daily collected by hand milking, after mammary gland size increased noticeably, from 17 Martina Franca jennies. Prepartum mammary secretions were analysed every other day between day 10 and day 2 antepartum, and then once a day from the day before to the day of parturition. Calcium concentration showed a significant increase between day 10 and day 6 antepartum and then between day 6 and days 4 and 2. Afterwards, another statistical significant increase was observed at parturition. Sodium concentration significantly decreased from day 10 to day 2 prepartum. Potassium concentration significantly increased between day 10 and day 8 before parturition, then showed a further increase at day 4, followed by none significant changes until foaling. All jennies showed a reversal in sodium/potassium ratio between 2 days antepartum and the day before. In conclusion, the evaluation of mammary fluid calcium concentrations and the reversal of sodium/potassium ratio could be used as good indicators of foetal maturity in the jenny. As far as the prediction of parturition is concerned, the reversal of sodium/potassium ratio is the best parameter, since it was detected 48–24 h before parturition in all considered animals.  相似文献   

2.
The changes in the plasma levels of oestrone sulphate and oestradiol-17β during the oestrous cycle, gestation and puerperium in the goat are described. The oestrone sulphate concentrations remained fairly constant (250–350 pg/ml) throughout the oestrous cycle until day 20 when a sharp increase of the oestrone sulphate plasma levels occurred in pregnant goats which became significantly different at day 38 of gestation from nonpregnant values. Oestradiol-17β plasma levels were significantly lower at days 17–20 in pregnant than in nonpregnant does. Oestrone sulphate and oestradiol-17β concentrations rose until the 12th week of gestation and then declined to about 50% of the former ranges of concentrations before rising again to high values at weeks 17–20 of gestation. Increasing plasma levels of oestrone sulphate and oestradiol-17β were determined during the last ten days preceding parturition. The concentrations of oestrone sulphate returned to basal levels by the 2nd—4th day post partum whereas oestradiol-17β values reached base values 24 hours after parturition. Both oestrogen concentrations remained constant during the puerperium until day 51 post partum .  相似文献   

3.
In the present study, 48 crossbred does (Nubian × Baladi) were used to investigate physiological (mucus and hormonal) traits as affected by gestation pattern (pre‐, full‐ and post‐term parturitions). The incidence of full‐term (does with a gestation length of 146–152 days) was the highest (54.5%), followed by pre‐term (does with a gestation length of 140–145 days; 36.9%) and post‐term (does with a gestation length of 153 days; 8.9%), respectively. Prediction of gestation pattern by using some body measurements was also studied. Cervical mucus samples were collected during estrus to determine spinnbarkeit (i.e. strength, viscosity or stretchability) and pH values of the mucus. Mucus was also collected pre‐parturition daily from day 140 of gestation until delivery, to evaluate the ferning arborization. Blood samples were collected on the day before mating (0 time), 1 (at mating), 30, 60, 90 and 145 days after mating. The results showed that spinnbarkeit and pH in cervical mucus at estrus, serum estradiol‐17α (E2) at day 5 before delivery, and progesterone (P4) levels differed insignificantly according to gestation pattern. The fern degree between day 140 of gestation and day of delivery was the highest in pre‐term does, while it was the lowest in post‐ and full‐term does. The gestation length was the highest in post‐term does (157.5 days), and the lowest in pre‐term does (141.5 days). During winter, the incidence of pre‐term deliveries was the highest (54.5%), but in spring, full‐term deliveries were the most common (58.3%). Most of the traits studied were insignificantly affected by season of birth. Post‐term delivery can be estimated by doe weight and wither height, while full‐term delivery can be anticipated using by hip height and abdomen girth. Pre‐term does can be detected by cervical mucus fern between day 140 of gestation and day of delivery. Post‐term does can be defined by doe weight and wither height, while full‐term deliveries can be defined by hip height and abdomen girth, during pregnancy.  相似文献   

4.
Two experiments were conducted to determine when a placental source of progestin was sufficient for maintaining pregnancy in the mare. In the first study, embryos were transferred into ovariectomized mares and pregnancy was maintained with altrenogesta Altrenogest treatment was terminated at either day 100 (n=6) or day 150 (n=6). Twelve ovarian-intact mares were assigned to a second experiment on day 100 of gestation. On day 160 of gesta- tion, these mares were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) ovariectomy on day 160 and given altrenogest to day 200 (n=4); 2) ovariectomy on day 180 and given altrenogest to day 250 (n=4); or 3) ovariectomy on day 200 and given altrenogest to day 300 (n=4). Blood samples were collected every 2 weeks from all mares in both experiments from day 100 to parturition and assayed for concentrations of pro- gestins. Pregnancy loss from day 100 to parturition was not different among groups in either experiment. Serum con- centrations ofprogestins in ovary-intact mares were greater (P<0.05) than those in ovariectomized pregnant mares until day 130, after which they were similar. Serum con- centrations of progestins in the ovariectomized pregnant mares rose gradually from day 100 until near parturition. Serum concentrations of progestins in the ovary-intact pregnant mares declined from day 100 to day 157, did not vary significantly from day 157 to day 245, then rose until near parturition. Serum concentrations ofprogestins tended to decrease the sixth day prior to parturition. From these  相似文献   

5.
Our previous research has demonstrated moderate exercise can be detrimental to early pregnancy in the mare, but little work has examined exercise after pregnancy has been detected. We exercised mares (n = 8) 6 days a week for 45 min from Day 16 until Day 80 of gestation. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to evaluate embryonic vesicle size, fetal length, and uterine blood flow. Blood was sampled every other day to analyze cortisol and progesterone concentrations. Results indicated that exercising pregnant mares (n = 4) led to greater (P < .01) cortisol concentrations 30 min after the exercise period. No overall treatment effect could be detected in progesterone concentrations; however, following Day 60 of gestation, progesterone concentrations were lower (P < .05) in exercised mares. Additionally, progesterone concentrations peaked earlier in exercised mares at Day 52 of gestation compared to peak levels at Day 68 of gestation for control mares. No significant effects were detected in embryonic vesicle size. Fetal length tended (P = .06) to be longer in the conceptus of exercised mares. Uterine blood flow did not differ between groups but increased as pregnancy progressed (P < .001) in both groups. All mares in this study went on to deliver healthy foals and suffered no difficulties during parturition. These results indicated that moderate exercise was not detrimental to mare pregnancy.  相似文献   

6.
The uterine effects of oxytocin, the prostaglandins dinoprost and cloprostenol as well as clenbuterol, ergometrin, xylazine and Utrorale were investigated in 8 cows during late pregnancy, parturition and early puerperium (until 4th day p. p.). Uterine motility was measured by means of pressure microsensors and electrodes which were surgically implanted 3 to 4 weeks before parturition. Hysterograms were characterized by means of pressure amplitude, frequency and duration of uterine contractions and also by electromyography. Oxytocin (2-5 IE) given intravenously always provoked strong uterine contractions until the 4th day p.p. From the prostaglandins examined during early puerperium only dinoprost (15 mg i.v.) produced uterotonic effects, while the synthetic analogue cloprostenol (0.25 mg i.v.) had a weak stimulatory activity only on day 1 p.p. Both prostaglandins were ineffective when injected intramuscularly. Clenbuterol (0.3 mg i.v.) a beta 2-mimetic compound effectively induced long lasting tocolysis during parturition, which could be abolished by oxytocin. Xylazine (10 mg i.v.) was able to significantly increase uterine motility during late gestation. Following intravenous administration of ergometrin (1 and 10 mg), bunitrolol (1-16 mg) and Utrorale (0.1-4 ml) including its compounds oleum sabinae, oleum terebinthinae, balsamum copaivale and Styrax no uterokinetic activity was recorded at any time.  相似文献   

7.
Supplementing diets with l-Arginine (Arg) improves female reproductive performance and reproductive blood flow in other species. The objectives of this study were to investigate uterine artery blood flow changes before and after parturition, and evaluate blood flow in Arg supplemented and control mares by Doppler ultrasonography. Sixteen light-horse mares began Doppler ultrasonography evaluation, 21 days before expected foaling date (EFD) and continued until day 7 postparturition. The mares under treatment (n = 8) were supplemented with 100 g Arg, once daily, beginning with 21 days before EFD. Blood flow measurements were calculated as pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) for both uterine arteries, either ipsilateral or contralateral; to uterine horn of established pregnancy; defined gravid uterine artery (GUA) and non-gravid uterine artery (NGUA), respectively. The mares under treatment had a shorter gestation length (337 ± 1.7 days) as compared to control (345 ± 2.1 days; P ≤ .05). No differences in gestation length were observed between groups when examined by age, parity, EFD, or sex of foal. Both GUA and NGUA uterine artery diameter decreased from the day before parturition to day 7 after parturition (P ≤ .001). During this time period, both PI and RI increased (P ≤ .01); indicating less blood flow. A treatment effect was observed with Arginine-treated mares having greater blood flow prepartum in the NGUA (P ≤ .001) and postpartum in the GUA (P ≤ .05), for both indices. The data demonstrated that supplementing mares with Arg shortened gestation length and increased uterine arterial blood flow before and after parturition.  相似文献   

8.
In order to study rapid changes in 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha, cortisol and progesterone in the period preceding parturition in cattle, pre-term parturition was induced in 4 late pregnant heifers. Parturitions were induced by 2 intramuscular injections of 20 mg dexamethasone with a 24-h interval. The first injection was made on days 254, 258, 264 and 265 in gestation, respectively. Twenty-four h before the first injection an intravenous polyurethane cannula was inserted. Blood samples were collected at least every hour until 12 h after parturition and during the second stage of labour at least 6 times per hour. Plasma was analysed for 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha and progesterone by radioimmunoassays, and for cortisol by an ELISA. The average time from injection to parturition was 7.7 (6.6-8.9) days (mean (range)). Two of the heifers had retained foetal membranes (RFM). At the start of the experiment the levels of PGF2 alpha metabolite were low (< 300 pmol/L) and increased slowly to levels between 1000 and 2000 pmol/L at one day before parturition. During the last day, however, the levels increased rapidly and the highest levels (> 10,000 pmol/L) were reached at the time of delivery. No pulsatile release was seen. Immediately after foetal expulsion the PG-metabolite levels decreased rapidly in all animals. In the 2 animals with RFM, however, this decline ceased within a few h. The PG-metabolite levels in these animals then started to increase and reached levels as high as during parturition. Luteolysis occurred between 1.6 and 0.4 days before parturition in all animals. The cortisol profile showed a distinct peak at the time of parturition in the RFM heifers. This peak was absent in the non-RFM heifers. This study shows that the PGF2 alpha release at prepartal luteolysis and parturition is not pulsatile in cattle and that cortisol profiles in heifers with retained foetal membranes might differ from the profiles in non-RFM heifers at the time of parturition.  相似文献   

9.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Anecdotal speculation suggests that prognosis for survival of mares and foals following correction of uterine torsion has improved over the past 30 years. OBJECTIVES: To determine statistically the outcome of uterine torsion according to duration of clinical signs, stage of gestation, parity, physical examination findings, method of correction, prognosis for survival and reproductive health of the mare, and prospects for the foal within the neonatal period. METHODS: This retrospective study combined cases from 4 equine referral hospitals. RESULTS: The stage of gestation at which uterine torsion occurred was a risk factor for survival of mare and foal. Overall mare survival was 53/63 (84%); when uterine torsion occurred at < 320 days gestation, 36/37 (97%) of mares survived compared to 17/26 (65%) survival rate when uterine torsion occurred at > or = 320 days gestation. Overall foal survival was 54% (29/54). When uterine torsion occurred at < 320 days gestation, 21/29 (72%) foals survived compared to 8/25 (32%) when uterine torsion occurred at > or = 320 days gestation. Thirty mares were discharged from the hospital carrying a viable fetus following uterine torsion correction and 25/30 (83%) of these mares delivered live foals that survived beyond the neonatal period. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis for survival for mares and foals following uterine torsion is good and improves if torsion occurs < 320 days compared to > or = 320 days gestation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Gestational timing of uterine torsion should be considered when advising clients about the prognosis for survival of the mare and foal. The prognosis for a mare delivering a live foal is good if the mare is discharged from the hospital following uterine torsion correction with a viable fetus.  相似文献   

10.
Equine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in the serum obtained from pregnant mares, bled daily, from up to 17 days before parturition until the first ovulation after parturition. LH was at baseline levels until 2 days before ovulation when it started, and continued, to rise until after ovulation. FSH surges occurred at approximately 24 and 14 days before this post-partum ovulation (12 and 2 days before parturition), thus showing a similar pattern to the cyclic mare, consistent with the hypothesis that 2 surges at these times prepare and prime follicles for subsequent ovulation. The high plasma oestradiol levels that occurred during and immediately before these FSH surges did not show a negative feedback, or the inverse relationship between FSH and oestradiol which occurs in the cyclic mare, and in other species.  相似文献   

11.
Pregnancy loss in mares is thought to be a main problem associated with reproductive efficiency. To clarify the situation of pregnancy loss in Thoroughbred mares in Japan, the occurrence of pregnancy loss before and after 35 days of gestation was investigated with 1,476 Thoroughbred mares in Hidaka, Japan, from 2007 to 2009. Pregnancy loss on days 17-35 was determined by ultrasound examination between 17 and 35 days after the last mating. Follow-up surveys were conducted between 35 days and foaling to determine pregnancy loss on day 35 until foaling in 843 of these mares. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we assessed the influence of mare age, reproductive status, twin pregnancy reduction, body condition score (BCS), estrus type in foaling mares (foal heat or not), progesterone therapy, and endometrial cysts on pregnancy loss rates on days 17-35 and on day 35 until foaling in this population of mares. The pregnancy loss rates on days 17-35 and on day 35 until foaling were 5.8% and 8.7%, respectively. The overall pregnancy loss rate (day 17 until foaling, including parturient losses) was 14.7%. Risk factors for pregnancy loss included decrease in BCS between 17 and 35 days, <5 BCS at day 35, mating during foal heat, and endometrial cysts. In all, 14.7% of pregnancies were lost between day 17 and birth, contributing significantly to reduced reproductive efficiency in Thoroughbred mares in Japan. These observations indicate that mares should be maintained at high BCS and should be prevented from mating in foal heat to decrease the pregnancy loss rates.  相似文献   

12.
Ten gestations in six domestic shorthair cats (Europeans) were monitored daily during the foetal phase of gestation, from the 28th day after the first mating until parturition, using ultrasound with a 12.5‐MHz probe. The development of the various organs over this period was recorded. The diameters of the head (HD) and abdomen (AD) were measured. Skeletal calcification visible on ultrasound occurred in a defined order between the 34th and 40th day of gestation. During the last 30 days of gestation, there was a significant correlation between HD and days before parturition (DBP) (r2 = 0.99) and between AD and DBP (r2 = 0.98). The following equations were obtained: DBP = ?2.10*HD (mm) + 50.74; DBP = ?1.01*AD (mm) + 42.19. The confidence intervals were stable over the last 30 days of gestation. For the HD, the confidence interval was ±1 day in 53% of cases and ±2 days in 85% of cases. For the AD, the confidence interval was ±1 day in 45% of cases and ±2 days in 77% of cases. A table obtained by combining the HD and AD measurements made it possible to estimate the date of parturition within 2 days with a reliability of over 85%.  相似文献   

13.
This study evaluated ovarian activity in late gestation and post‐partum in guanacos in captivity. Follicular dynamics was monitored every second day from 40 days before and other 40 after delivery by transrectal sonography and by plasma steroids concentrations. Seven out of eight (87.5%) of gestating females presented ovarian follicular activity under progesterone levels >3 nmol/l with maximum follicular size of 8.42 ± 0.83 mm from days 23 to 1 before delivery. After delivery, all females have follicular wave development from day 0 to 38, with larger follicular size and longer follicular wave phases and interwave interval when compared with pre‐partum data. During post‐partum period, there was a close relationship between follicle size and estradiol‐17β concentration, with r = 0.69 at the beginning of growth phase and r = 0.86 in association with the largest dominant follicle. Plasma estradiol‐17β concentration varied from 11.92 to 198.55 pmol/l. Plasma estrone sulfate, free estrone and progesterone returned to baseline concentrations during peripartal period and remained basal thereafter. The results described follicular activity during late gestation and early post‐partum period. These findings provide relevant information to understand physiological changes occurring during this reproductive key period in seasonal breeders with long gestation duration as New and Old World camelids.  相似文献   

14.
Killer whales were used to evaluate peripartum changes and interactions between body temperature and circulating progesterone concentration. Daily body temperature was measured between 0800 h and 0830 h before activity. Body temperature clearly increased during the first phase of pregnancy, and this was followed by a gradual decline until full term. The initial increase was paralleled by circulating levels of progesterone. A decrease in body temperature was first detected on day 5 (p < 0.01) before parturition, and body temperature decreased significantly every 2 days until delivery. Five days before delivery, body temperature was 0.3 C lower than the mean value during the pregnancy period, and the decrease was more marked on day 1 before delivery (0.8 C). Serum progesterone levels during pregnancy showed a general pattern of initial rapid elevation (increasing phase), followed by a gradual decline (decreasing phase) throughout the remainder of pregnancy. However, statistically significant correlations between body temperature and progesterone pattern were only found only during the increasing phase. These results suggest that monitoring body temperature variation can be considered valuable for predicting impending parturition in killer whales.  相似文献   

15.
Peripheral plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha(PGFM), progesterone, prolactin and oestrone were determined in 20 sows for two days before and three weeks after parturition. Groups of four sows each received one of the following five treatments post partum: 30 ml sterile 0.9 per cent saline solution intrauterinely; ovariectomy and 30 ml saline solution intrauterinely; 10 ml Lugol's iodine plus 20 ml saline solution intrauterinely; ovariectomy and 10 ml Lugol's iodine plus 20 ml saline solution intrauterinely, or progesterone (0.5 mg [kg bodyweight]-1 intramuscularly). Saline solution and iodine were administered every 48 hours, starting immediately after parturition, for one week. Ovariectomy was performed within eight hours of delivery. Progesterone was given every third day for 12 days. Piglet weight gains were used as a reflection of milk yield. In all sows, oestrone values were elevated before parturition, but fell by the end of delivery and were very low during lactation. PGFM concentrations rose during the last two days of pregnancy to reach maximal values at the time of delivery. Plasma progesterone levels declined concomitantly with the rise in PGFM values before parturition. Basal values of progesterone were achieved within 24 hours after delivery in control sows receiving saline treatment. Progesterone values fell immediately after ovariectomy in sows receiving saline or iodine treatment but were slightly elevated for one week in sows that received only intrauterine iodine treatment, suggesting that complete regression of corpora lutea is prevented by suppression of post parturient uterine prostaglandin production. Sows injected with progesterone maintained plasma values of about 5 to 15 nmol litre-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
Consumption of Ponderosa pine needles by late-pregnant beef cows results in the premature delivery of a viable calf. We have demonstrated the presence of a factor(s) in plasma from cows fed pine needles that specifically increased uterine arterial tone (i.e., decreased arterial diameter) in vitro. This study was designed to investigate changes in uterine blood flow and steroid secretion/uptake by the gravid uterus of cows fed pine needles to induce premature parturition. Sixteen beef cows were laparotomized on d 240 of gestation, and an electromagnetic blood-flow probe was placed around the uterine artery supplying the gravid horn. Cows were randomly assigned on d 250 of gestation to a control (n = 8; 8.2 kg/d of alfalfa hay) or pine needle (n = 8; 2.7 kg/d of pine needles + 5.5 kg/d of alfalfa hay) diet. Uterine blood flow was monitored, and systemic blood (uterine arterial and[or] jugular venous) and uterine venous blood samples were collected daily between 0630 and 0800, just before feeding. Five of eight cows fed pine needles calved prematurely (average day of gestation = 260.2 +/- .6) compared with cows fed the control diet, which calved on 287.6 +/- 3.4 d of gestation. Uterine blood flow in the control cows remained constant from d 250 through the day of parturition. In contrast, uterine blood flow of cows fed pine needles that calved early decreased progressively (P less than .01), declining to 25.2% of its original value by the day of parturition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.
Abortion and preterm birth of foals are major reasons for reproductive losses in the horse. Risk pregnancies require close supervision so that adequate treatment can be initiated in time. The aim of this study was to determine normal values in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of the pregnant mare compared to her foetus and to detect physiological changes during ongoing gestation. In mares, the RR interval decreased from 1480±29 ms on day 270 of pregnancy to 1190±58 ms on day 330 of pregnancy (p<0.05). In contrast, foetal RR interval increased during the same time period from 611±23 ms on day 270 of gestation to 756±25 ms on day 330 of gestation (p<0.05). Concomitantly, maternal HR increased and foetal HR decreased. No further changes in RR interval occurred during the last 10 days before foaling, neither in the mare nor the foetus. In the last hours preceding parturition, maternal RR interval was lower than at all times earlier in pregnancy (average of 1037±13 ms) but did not change during this time. Maternal HRV did not change during gestation. Marked changes in HRV occurred only during the last minutes of foaling. Then, all HRV variables increased significantly (standard deviation of beat-to-beat interval: p=0.01, root mean square of successive beat-to-beat differences: p<0.01). The cardiovascular system of pregnant mares adapted to the demands of ongoing pregnancy with an increase in HR. We have no evidence that in healthy mares, pregnancy is a major stressor.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to test whether low dose oxytocin i.v. injection once a day to mares diagnosed as being ready for birth by mammary secretion calcium strip test measurements could be used as a reliable method to induce parturition and/or predict the mare would not foal during the following night if parturition did not occur within 2 h of treatment. Fifty-one near-term Haflinger mares were used and a single injection of 2.5 iu oxytocin was given between 1700 and 1900 h, including 10 mares used as controls which were administered a placebo. Administration of oxytocin resulted in the delivery of a normal foal within 120 min in 95% of mares. Twenty-four out of 38 (63%) treated animals foaled in response to the first oxytocin injection, 9 out of 38 (24%) in response to the second injection and 3 out of 38 (8%) in response to the third treatment. Two out of 38 (5%) treated mares foaled during the night irrespective of treatment whereas 7 out of 10 (70%) control mares foaled during the night. It was concluded that the major advantage of injecting a daily low dose of oxytocin appears to be that such a low dose induces delivery only in mares carrying a mature fetus and which are ready to foal.  相似文献   

19.
The objectives of the study were to characterise the peripheral plasma oestrone (E1) and oestradiol-17beta (E2) concentrations throughout gestation in the cow and to correlate this with the stage of gestation and fetal number. Cows (n = 10) were equally divided into two groups after non-surgical embryo transfer of in-vitro matured and in-vitro fertilised (IVM - IVF) embryos; Group 1 received a single embryo, Group 2 received twin embryos. Blood was collected about every third day from day 0 (day 0 was defined as first day of standing oestrus), then daily for the last 10 days of gestation and sampling was stopped one day post partum. Plasma E1 concentration exceeded that of E2 throughout gestation in both groups of cows. The time trend concentrations of plasma E1 were significantly affected by the stage of gestation (P < 0.01) and fetal number (P < 0.01) in the last two trimesters of gestation. The time trend concentrations of plasma E2 were significantly affected by the stage of gestation (P<0.01) but not foetal number (P = 0.09). In both groups there was marked preparturient increase in E1 and E2 concentrations. Plasma E2 profile between days 10 prepartum to parturition paralleled E1 in cows carrying a single foetus but was disparate during the same period in the twin-bearing cows.To conclude, our results indicate that although plasma E1 concentration was greater than E2 throughout gestation, both were related to the stage of gestation and that fetal number was correlated with circulating E1 levels in the last two trimesters of gestation.  相似文献   

20.
Detomidine was administered throughout 10 pregnancies in eight mares. An intravenous injection of 20 micrograms/kg body weight was given weekly from Day 14 to Day 60 of gestation and thereafter every four weeks until parturition. One mare suffered torsion of the large colon and was destroyed on Day 86; the foetus was normally developed. A further mare aborted at 167 days. The remaining eight pregnancies continued to full term. One foal was delivered by caesarean section because of torticollis and, of the seven foals born spontaneously, one had bilateral upward patellar fixation at one month old. Therefore, although only six of the 10 foals developed normally, the other four cases showed no pathological similarities to suggest a common cause. Although these data were based on a small number of mares, they did not suggest that the repeated administration of detomidine had specific adverse effects on the pregnancies.  相似文献   

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