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1.
B. N. Zolotareva L. A. Fominykh A. L. Kholodov L. T. Shirshova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(5):496-506
The humus characteristics in buried Holocene and Late Pleistocene paleosols of the tundra zone have been studied. It is shown that the paleosol sequences encompassing the time span from 55 to 2.5 ka BP contain paleosols with analogous types of humus, attesting to the cyclic repeatability of the corresponding stages of soil formation. A tendency for an increase in the degree of humification in the course of soil development has been revealed. Within the ultracontinental areas of East Siberia, the accumulation of salts accompanied soil formation in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. 相似文献
2.
T. Cruz‐y‐Cruz S. Sedov G. Sánchez T. Pi‐Puig K. Pustovoytov H. Barceinas‐Cruz B. Ortega‐Guerrero E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(4):455-469
Red palaeosols of the late Pleistocene‐early Holocene, both buried and non‐buried, were studied recently in Sonora (NW Mexico) to reconstruct their pedogenesis as well as the palaeoenvironmental conditions. The alluvial palaeosol‐sedimentary sequence of the La Playa archaeological site is a key locality for the buried San Rafael palaeosol, which exhibits a 2Ah‐2Bw‐2BCk‐3Bgk profile and was defined as a Chromic Cambisol. Radiocarbon dates from pedogenic carbonates and charcoal set the soil formation interval between > 18 000 and 4300 calibrated years before present (cal. year BP). Micro‐morphological observations together with profile distribution of clay, carbonates, organic carbon, pedogenic iron oxides and rock magnetic properties indicated a strong eluvial‐illuvial redistribution of carbonates, moderate silicate weathering and gleying in the lower horizon. Although this soil was much more developed than the overlying syn‐sedimentary late Holocene Fluvisols, clay mineral composition and stable carbon isotope signatures of humus and carbonates were similar in both soils. We suggest that pedogenesis of the San Rafael palaeosol took place under a slightly more humid climate and relative geomorphic stability. This agrees with the regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, which indicates a moister climate during the Late Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). An abrupt termination of the San Rafael pedogenesis marked by disturbance and aridization features in the Ap horizon of the palaeosol could be linked to a global drought around 4200 years cal. year BP. Surface Chromic Cambisols in northern Sonora show similar pedogenetic characteristics to the buried red palaeosols of La Playa. They appear to be a relict component of the present day soil mantle. 相似文献
3.
L. V. Zakharikhina 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(9):938-952
The use of tephrochronological data on the ages of volcanic eruptions and the corresponding ash layers buried in the profiles of forest soils in Kamchatka makes it possible to distinguish between two groups of volcanic soils related to different stages of the volcanic activity. In the Holocene, the southern group of volcanoes was characterized by the ejection of acid pyroclasts typical of the mature stage of volcanism (the stage of caldera formation). The northern group of volcanoes ejected basic pyroclasts typical of the early (basaltic) stage of volcanism. Thus, the effect of the full cycle of volcanism on the soil formation can be traced in the soil profiles. It is shown that soil formation in volcanic areas depends on the frequency and intensity of ash falls and on the composition of the pyroclastic material. 相似文献
4.
《CATENA》2005,61(1):49-62
The paper presents a sedimentological, palynological, and phytolith record from a 13 m deep Holocene sedimentary sequence, located in the Tsoaing River valley, southwestern Lesotho. Six conventional radiocarbon and two AMS dates provide a relatively high resolution Holocene record for the sedimentary sequence, ranging from ca. 12 000 to 4000 years BP. Pollen is absent in the upper section but present in the lower 2 m, confirming terminal Pleistocene/Holocene conditions reported in previous published pollen and charcoal records from the region. The absence of pollen in the upper layers of ca. 9000 years BP and younger suggests that conditions over southwestern Lesotho throughout much of the Holocene was typified by a seasonal climate that prevented long-term preservation of plant remains, although other plant material like robust spores, microscopic charcoal, and phytoliths withstood oxidation. Sedimentological and phytolith results suggest that the period from ca. 8600 to 8450 years BP experienced rapid environmental change towards drier conditions. Phases of chemical disintegration with organic input (including local swamp phytoliths) are suggested at ca. 7000 years BP and again after 4500 years BP. 相似文献
5.
Large-scale climate fluctuations reflected in the alternation of glacial and interglacial epochs have resulted in structural
changes in the landscape shell. Differences in heat and moisture supply have accounted for specific features of soil-forming
processes, zonality structure, and the ratio of soil formation and sedimentation processes. The sequence of types of soil
formation epochs is most completely reflected in the structure of loess-soil cryogenic formations, where specific features
of soil formation and sedimentation during no less than seven natural climatic macrocycles (over the past 800 ka, the Brunhes
paleomagnetic epoch) have been revealed and analyzed. Within macrocycles, three main types of soil formation epochs have been
distinguished: interglacial, interstadial, and pleniglacial (interphasial). Interglacial soil formation evolved from subtropical
in the Eopleitocene and Early Pleistocene to subboreal and boreal in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Interstadial dark-colored
soils developed during early interstadial warmings at the beginning of glacial epochs and formed complexes with interglacial
soils. Pleniglacial soil formation was characteristic of the coldest phase of the Valdai glaciation, when sedimentation and
physical weathering absolutely prevailed over soil formation, leading to the development of specific synlithogenic soils.
In the periods of climate softening, interstadial soils of cryo-gley genesis were formed. 相似文献
6.
7.
Daniela Sauer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(6):822-842
Soil‐chronosequence studies are useful to assess relationships between land‐surface ages and stages of soil formation. Such relationships may then be applied to establish relative chronologies of development of land surfaces of unknown ages, contributing to landscape‐history reconstruction. For this purpose, it is important to identify those soil properties that are most closely related to soil age. This article reviews soil‐chronosequence studies from Mediterranean regions in Europe and California. Soil properties described in the field and soil‐development indices based on field criteria that have been used in the studies are evaluated. The properties total texture, rubification, clay films, dry consistence, and soil thickness are identified as useful and easy‐to‐obtain soil parameters, which are generally closely related to soil age. Most soil properties exhibit their greatest changes during certain phases of soil development, e.g., soil structure in soils < 10,000 y and rubification in soils > 100,000 y. The specific time spans of major changes of soil properties need to be considered, when looking for appropriate parameters to study a particular chronosequence. Indices, which combine several soil properties having their greatest changes in different phases of soil development, are useful to study soil chronosequences comprising large time spans, e.g., from Holocene to Middle Pleistocene. It is important to be aware that soil chronofunctions obtained from Pleistocene soils integrate rates of soil‐forming processes over periods of very variable climate and environment, and that soil development crossed internal and external pedogenic thresholds that are not reflected in soil chronofunctions. 相似文献
8.
The Pleistocene volcanic paleosols of Armenia and Mexico combine the features of both arid and humid pedogeneses. They were
studied in order to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the period of the initial settlement of humans in these
areas. The main attention was paid to the micromorphological analysis of the pedogenic features. The pedocomplexes studied
in Armenia have been forming since the Early Pleistocene. They bear evidences of humid (weathering, clay illuviation, and
gleying) and arid (calcification) pedogeneses alternating in different soil layers and pointing to climatic cycles. The nonuniform
lithology of the soil profiles is related to pulsating volcanic activity. Mexican paleosols of the Late Pleistocene period
are similar to the lower layers of the soils in Armenia with respect to the features characteristic of the humid and arid
phases of pedogenesis. This allows us to suggest that the early stages of the formation of the Armenian pedocomplex proceeded
under warmer paleoclimatic conditions similar to those of a tropical climate. It is shown that the arid pedogenesis may erase
the features produced during the previous stage of humid pedogenesis. The studied paleosols are characterized by the destruction
of the features inherited from the humid phase (the clayey groundmass and illuviation coatings) by the newly forming calcite.
Paleopedological records point to the fact that the paleoenvironmental conditions during the periods of the initial settlement
of humans in both regions differed significantly from the modern environmental conditions in these regions. 相似文献
9.
B. F. Aparin N. I. Platonova E. Yu. Sukhacheva A. E. Dudin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(12):1329-1343
The morphology and chemical and physicochemical properties of paleosols buried at the Upper Paleolithic multilayered site Kostenki-1 in Kostenki–Borshchevo district of Voronezh oblast were studied. Four in situ paleosols formed 20–40(45) ka ago were separated in the archaeological excavation. Together with the surface soils, they characterized two different epochs of pedogenesis—the interstadial and interglacial (Holocene) epochs—and three shorter cycles of pedogenesis. The traces of human occupation in the studied hollow in the Late Paleolithic were found in the layers corresponding to the interstadial epoch. The buried paleosols had a simple horizonation: A(W)–C. A shallow thickness of the soil profiles could be due to relatively short periods of pedogenesis and to the shallow embedding by the carbonate geochemical barrier. The degree of the organic matter humification in the paleosols varied from 0.6 to 1.5, which corresponded to the mean duration of the period of biological activity of 60 to 150 days per year characterizing the climatic conditions of the tundra, taiga, forest-steppe, and steppe natural zones. In the excavation Kostenki-1 (2004–2005), soil–sediment sequences composed of five series of lithological layers with soil layers on top of them were found. Their deposition proceeded in two phases—the water phase and the aerial phase—that predetermined the morphology and composition of the soil–sediment sequences. The history of sediment accumulation in the studied hollow consisted of five stages. Similar morphologies and compositions of the soil–sediment sequences corresponding to these stages attest to the cyclic pattern of their development. The stages of sedimentation and soil formation corresponded to cyclic climate fluctuations with changes in the temperature and moisture conditions. A comparative analysis of the morphology and properties of the paleosols and soil–sediment sequences made it possible to characterize the environmental conditions of ancient humans and the dynamics of the climate during the past 50 ka. 相似文献
10.
11.
《CATENA》2002,47(1):29-42
The Holocene loess–soil sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau constitutes an excellent record of evolution of soil formation, monsoonal climate, eolian dust accumulation and influences of arable farming of over 8000 years. A high-resolution soil profile on the Zhouyuan loess tableland to the west of Xi'an was studied using particle-size analysis, measurement of magnetic susceptibility, total Fe, TOC and CaCO3. The results provide new insights into the roles of eolian dust deposition and human impact of cultivation on soil development in this environmentally sensitive zone. Several loess layers are found interbedded with cinnamon soils in the profile. This has been caused by changes in rainfall and intensity of dust deposition that is forced by changes in balance between the northwest continental monsoon and southeast maritime monsoon of East Asia during the Holocene. The processes of soil formation were interrupted several times by intensified dust-fall and climatic aridity in the last 11,500 years. The initial clearance of forest for arable farming occurred at ca. 7500 years BP on the loess tableland. It was contemporaneous with the arrival of the wetter and warmer climate of the Holocene Megathermal (8500–3100 years BP). Thereafter, arable farming has been maintained during both the time of soil formation and that of intensified dust accumulation, though there could be temporary cessation or reduced intensity of cultivation in the drier intervals because of lack of rainfall and soil moisture. Increased intensity of dust accumulation has been ongoing since ca. 3100 years BP in the Loess Plateau. A loess deposit of 40–80 cm has overlaid the Multiple or single-welded cinnamon soils on the flat land over the plateau. 相似文献
12.
黄土高原褐土和黑垆土剖面中Rb和Sr分布与全新世成土环境变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对黄土高原 3个土壤剖面Rb和Sr分布规律的研究表明 ,全新世不同阶段的黄土和土壤中Rb和Sr分布存在明显的差异 ,Rb/Sr比值的变化反映了成土环境和成土作用强度的变化。全新世早期 ,气候比较温和干燥 ,风尘堆积速率降低 ,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成土 ;全新世中期 ,气候温暖湿润 ,沙尘暴很少发生 ,风尘堆积速率极低 ,生物风化成土作用达到最强 ,以至于在黄土高原面发育黑垆土 ,在关中盆地形成褐土。到了 3 10 0多年前 ,气候恶化变干 ,风尘堆积速率加快 ,土壤严重退化。从区域上看 ,冬季风对黄土高原南部的环境效应比夏季风对北部的环境效应要强 ;黄土高原南部季风场强的变化较北部大。 相似文献
13.
通过对湖北省郧西县庹家湾黄土剖面的色度参数分析,并结合磁化率、粒度、铷锶比(Rb/Sr)指标揭示汉江上游地区风成黄土的色度特征及其与气候变化的关系。应用X-rite VS450型分光测色仪对庹家湾黄土剖面色度参数进行了测量。结果表明:庹家湾黄土剖面红度a*的变化与沉积物氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,平均值由高到低依次为S_0(6.34)MS(5.52)L_t(5.18)L_0(4.98)L_1(4.82)T_(1-al_2)(3.66);亮度L*的变化与氧化铁含量和有机质含量均呈负相关,其中氧化铁含量对L*的影响更大,L*在黄土层出现了峰值;色调角h*在古土壤层呈现低值(68.64°),黄土层呈现高值,a*/b*与h*特征相反,在古土壤呈现高值(0.39),黄土层呈现低值;其中在马兰黄土L_1中存在两层弱古土壤层L_1-S_2、L_1-S_1,其色度参数特征较L_1具有较高的a*值和a*/b*值及较低的L*值和h*。黄度b*指示该区域气候变化有一定的局限性,h*、a*/b*、L*和a*均可作为良好的气候替代指标,a*值和a*/b*值越大指示气候越暖湿,成壤作用越强,L*值和h*越大指示气候越冷干,成壤作用越弱。h*、a*/b*、L*和a*共同记录了该地区晚更新世以来气候经历了晚更新世末期的干冷、全新世早期逐渐回暖、全新世中期的温暖湿润、全新世晚期气候逐渐干冷,在马兰黄土形成时期,气候出现了短暂的温暖湿润期(27.5~21.5ka B.P.)。 相似文献
14.
Simone Priori Edoardo A. C. Costantini Enrico Capezzuoli Guiseppe Protano Alexandra Hilgers Daniela Sauer Fabio Sandrelli 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(4):509-523
Pedostratigraphic levels (PLs) are typical assemblages of soil‐genetic horizons, formed by materials having the same degree of weathering. The pedostratigraphic approach can be very useful to comprehend the formation of the Quaternary soil cover, the environmental evolution of a territory, and to estimate the age of paleosols. A pedostratigraphic study of a Terra Rossa was carried out to understand the soil–parent material origin and to estimate the time of the beginning of pedogenesis. Besides soil and geomorphological survey, the Terra Rossa was analyzed for Fe forms, geochemistry, clay mineralogy, micromorphology, and with scanning electron microscope. Optical dating was applied to obtain age estimates for the deposition of the parent material of soil formation. The insoluble residue of limestone was obtained and analyzed for geochemistry and clay mineralogy. The bedrock is constituted by Quaternary lacustrine limestone, showing pronounced karst landforms. The soil profile is situated in a little dissolution doline and was divided into three PLs: PL1 (0–110 cm) is constituted by cambic and ochric horizons, formed during Holocene in a mixture of colluvial soil sediments and fresh limestone, with aeolian components; PL2 (110–290 cm) includes two argic horizons, which began to form during Late‐Middle Pleistocene in colluvial soil sediments, with few aeolian additions; PL3 (290–330 cm) is constituted by a red argic horizon, with nitic properties, which developed from the insoluble residue of the limestone. The age of PL3 was calculated through a mass balance and an estimation of the limestone‐dissolution rate during the Quaternary, which led to an approximate age of Middle Pleistocene, between 250 and 500 ky BP. The time of the beginning of pedogenesis on limestone can be used as a reference for the tectonic uplifting of the area and emersion of the plateau. 相似文献
15.
Micromorphology and Late Glacial/Holocene genesis of Luvisols in Mecklenburg–Vorpommern (NE-Germany)
In the German soil science literature, Luvisols formed in Weichselian sediments (except from the Early Weichselian) are normally regarded as purely Holocene soils with the main period of development assumed to have been during the Atlantic phase. Although debated at some length since the 1960s, the genesis of the widespread albic Luvisols, with a simplified Ap/Bw/(Eb)/(EBtb)/Btb(g)/C horizon sequence and developed on the flat and slightly undulating till plains of the north German Mecklenburgian Stage (deglaciation 14 000 BP), has yet to be clarified. Periglacial climate during the Late Weichselian led to the formation of sand-filled wedge-shaped structures penetrating Bt horizons. Systematic micromorphologic investigations of soil profiles with sand wedges revealed the occurrence of numerous fragments of rounded limpid clay coatings within periglacial formed lenticular microplates as well as in and at the margins of the sand wedge infillings. Assuming the Younger Dryas as the latest possible phase of formation, the lenticular microplates and the undisturbed sand wedges postdate clay illuviation. Undisrupted clay coatings next to fragmented clay coatings prove a subsequent Holocene clay illuviation. Clay illuviation must have occurred at least in warmer phases of the Late Glacial, together with the already accepted pedogenic processes of decalcification, organic matter accumulation (Ahb horizons), podzolisation and silicate weathering (Bwb horizons) on sites not influenced by groundwater. 相似文献
16.
Liuchiu Island is an uplifted coral-reef island located off southwestern Taiwan. A total of four soil pedons, labeled as LC-1 and LC-2 from the Holocene terraces and LC-3 and LC-4 from the Pleistocene terraces, were sampled on the island for this work. These soils were siliceous, and were characterized by enrichment of clay and free iron (Fed). According to Soil Taxonomy, pedons LC-3 and LC-4 were classified as Paleudults and pedons LC-1 and LC-2 were Dystrudepts. The soil properties showed progressive changes from pedon LC-1 to pedon LC-4 in morphology, physical and chemical properties, and clay mineralogy. The contents of total Fe and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable Fe were significantly higher in pedons LC-3 and LC-4 with high weathering degree than in pedons of LC-1 and LC-2 with less weathering degree. Enrichment of kaolinite and gibbsite in pedons LC-3 and LC-4 also suggested high chemical weathering degree of the soils. The estimated soil ages for all studied pedons were consistent with their degrees in pedogenesis, where pedons LC-3 and LC-4 were located at older terraces and pedons LC-1 and LC-2 were located at younger terraces. Namely, it complied with the geologic interpretation of the continuous and simultaneous uplift and tilt of the island over time. Instead of the in situ weathering from the underlying coral reef limestone, all soils developed from siliceous parent materials deposited onto the surfaces. The SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of soils indicated a component of loess may have been incorporated from continental China as part of the parent material, which confirmed a climate change of strong monsoons or severe dust storms occurred before the Holocene. However, soil development increased by the subsequent warm and humid climates of the interglacial stage over time. 相似文献
17.
B. Schwaighofer 《Geoderma》1976,16(4):285-315
In a weathering profile on pyroclastic material four phases of volcanic activity could be defined by mineralogical analysis. Halloysite in 10 Å- and 7 Å-modifications is the predominant new mineral formed by weathering processes. Various degrees of development of this clay-mineral were found in scanning microscopy.The paragenesis of gibbsite, ilmenite and anatase is characteristic for horizons of most intense weathering. The gibbsite found in distinct layers indicates an alteration of climatic conditions between eruption-stages 3 and 4. Absolute age determinations on potash-felspars from a layer of stage 3 yield 1.53 mio. years (+ 10%). 相似文献
18.
陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。 相似文献
20.
Frank Lehmkuhl Alexandra Hilgers Susanne Fries Daniela Hülle Frank Schlütz Lyudmila Shumilovskikh Thomas Felauer Jens Protze 《CATENA》2011
Mantles of silt- and sand-size particles, paleosols and fluvial deposits preserve valuable information on Holocene environmental change. These archives were used to reconstruct the landscape history in the upper Orkhon Valley close to the former capitals of the Uighurs (Kharbalgasin Tuur) and the Mongolian Empire (Karakorum) near the recent town of Kharkhorin, Central Mongolia. A holistic approach involving the use of high spatial resolution geomorphological mapping, sedimentological and geochemical analysis, palynology, and geochronology shows several phases of landscape activity and stability in the region. This includes phases of fluvial erosion, aeolian sedimentation, and soil formation. By using luminescence and radiocarbon dating, phases of landscape change, indicated by soil formation, occurred mainly at around 6.5–6 ka. Pollen data and a weakly humic horizon at around 1.0 ka probably indicate enhanced moisture supply in the region and a reduction of human activity between the time of the reigns of the Uighurs (8th–9th century AD) and the Mongols (1220–1388 AD). Since 3 ka, especially within the last two millennia of Historical Time (300 B.C.–present), a more intensified human occupation in the Upper Orkhon Valley occurred in this region. This included a more densely grazing of cattle to supply the growing population demands of the Uighurs and Mongols. This overgrazing caused an increase in erosion and the formation and deepening of fluvial gullies, together with soil deflation and subsequent deposition of aeolian sediments. Human activity, in addition to climate, has been dominant in driving landscape evolution of this region since the late Holocene. 相似文献