首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In a field experiment with fertilized and irrigated winter wheat the above-ground crop was sampled once a week. Phenological development, plant density and canopy height were recorded and the green surface areas of leaves, stems and ears were measured. Soil mineral nitrogen was sampled and the field climate monitored. There were four treatments. The daily irrigated/fertilized (IF) and daily irrigated (I) treatments were both irrigated by a drip-tube system. Liquid fertilizer was applied to IF following a logistic function according to calculated plant uptake. A total of 200 kg N ha−1 was applied. Treatment I, control (C) and drought (D) were all fertilized once in spring with 200 kg N ha−1. In treatment D transparent screens were used to divert rainwater. Dry matter production ranged between 1400 in D and 2352 g m−2 in IF. The corresponding amount of nitrogen uptake ranged between 15.8 and 24.6 g m−2. After harvest, soil mineral nitrogen was lowest in IF.
An increase in the availability of nitrogen and water enhanced total biomass production as well as grain yield and leaf area. The daily supply of nitrogen according to crop demand delayed nitrogen uptake and increased total uptake. The results suggest that when the nitrogen is supplied in accordance with crop demand, the efficiency with which the applied fertilizer is utilized increases and the risk for nitrogen leaching decreases.  相似文献   

2.
Effects of a tillage-surface crop residue combination on nitrogen (N) accumulation by maize were examined using a replicated field experiment. Crop residues, < 70 % surface cover, were applied a few days aftei planting conventional- and ridge-tillage treatments. With < 30 % surface cover, total accumulated-N decreased from about 4 to 2 g plant−1 as the plant population density (PPD) increased from 4 to 7 plants m−2 With < 70 % surface cover, total N accumulated averaged about 3 g plant−1 over the PPD range of 4 to / plants m−1. At a PPD of about 5.5 plants m−2, equal amounts of N were accumulated by plants in al treatments. Nitrogen accumulation was periodically monitored and fitted to a diphasic tanh(k[time]) model About 1.8 to 2.6 g of N and about 0.70 to 1.4 g of N were accumulated before and after anthesis respectively. Maximum N accumulation rates averaged about 92 and 60 mg plant−1 day−1 during vegetativt and reproductive growth-stages, respectively. Total N accumulation during the vegetative growth-stag declined exponentially as PPD increased; this may reflect a crop demand-soil supply relationship.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of varying seed rates (100–1000 seeds m−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (0–60 kg N ha-1) applied either in a single basal dose or in splits was investigated on a tall elongating, photosensitive rice variety, Nalini, under semi-deepwater conditions (0–100cm) during 1993 and 1994 at Cuttack, India. Seedling emergence was higher in 1993 (53.9 %) than in 1994 (44.1 %) and it increased proportionately with increasing seed rate, Increase in the number of tillers and panicles m−2 at higher seed rates was associated with a corresponding decrease in panicle weight. Regression analysis indicated a decrease of 0.91–1.28g in panicle weight for an increase of 100 panicles m−2. The grain yield of rice was significantly higher at 400 seeds m−2 in 1993 and at 600 seeds m−2 in 1994 than at low seed rates but further increase in seed rate did not increase the yield. Application of N fertilizer increased the panicle number and thereby grain yield significantly. The effect of basal and split applied N at active or maximum tillering stages as well as between 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 was not significant on the grain yield. The results suggest that a basal dose of 30kg N ha−1 and seeding density of 400–600 seeds m−2, resulting in 40–50 % seedling emergence and 150–200 panicles m−2, each with 2.0–2.5 g weight, may be adequate for optimum productivity of rice under semideepwater conditions.  相似文献   

4.
Aspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha−1) and ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha−1) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg−1, as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike−1, and/or 1000-grain weight, although the number of spikes m−2 was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The absorption and utilization of nitrogen (N) by plants are affected by salinity and the form of N in the root medium. A hydroponic study was conducted under controlled conditions to investigate growth and N uptake by barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) supplied with five different NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratios at electrical conductivity of 0 and 8 dS m−1. The five NH4+-N/NO3-N ratios were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0, each giving a total N supply of 100 mg N l−1 in the root medium. A mixed N supply of NH4+ and NO3− resulted in greater accumulation of N in plants than either NO3− or NH4+ as the sole N source. Plants produced a significantly higher dry matter yield when grown with mixed N nutrition than with NH4+ or NO3− alone. Total dry matter production and root and shoot N contents decreased with increasing salinity in the root medium. The interaction between salinity and N nutrition was found to be significant for all the variables. A significant positive correlation (r=0.97) was found between nitrogen level in the plant shoot and its dry matter yield.  相似文献   

6.
The effect of salinity on the nodulation, N-fixation and plant growth of selected chickpea- Rhizobium symbionts was studied- Eighteen chickpea rhizobial strains were evaluated for their growth in a broth culture at salinity levels of 0 to 20 dS m−1 of NaCl + Na2SO4. Variability in response was high. Salinity generally reduced the lag phase and/or slowed the log phase of multiplication of Rhizobium. Nine chickpea genotypes were also evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and early seedling growth in Petri dishes at five salinity levels (0–32 dS m−1). Chickpea genotypes ILC-205 and ILC-1919 were the most salt-tolerant genotypes. The selected rhizobial strains and chickpea cultivars were combined in a pot experiment aimed at investigating the interactive effect of salinity (3, 6 and 9 dS m−1) and N source (symbiosis vs. inorganic N) on plant growth. Symbiotic plants were more sensitive to salinity than plants fed mineral N. Significant reductions in nodule dry weight (59.8 %) and N fixation (63.5 %) were evident even at the lowest salinity level of 3 dS m-1. Although nodules were observed in inoculated plants grown at 6 dS m-1, N-fixation was completely inhibited. The findings indicate that symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than both Rhizobium and the host plant, probably due to a breakdown in one of the processes involved in symbiotic-N fixation. Improvement of salinity tolerance in field grown chickpea may be achieved by application of sufficient amounts of mineral nitrogen.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of increased yield and grain number per unit area in barley in response to nitrogen application are well known. However, the influence of applied nitrogen on the rates and durations of developmental phases in barley are less well understood. Our objective was to investigate the effect of applied nitrogen on the duration of pre-anthesis development in barley and the number of spikelets per spike in two barley cultivars, Franklin and Schooner, in two studies. We found no effect of nitrogen on the duration of the pre-anthesis period in Schooner, when applied to pots at a rate of 0 or 55 kg N ha-1, or when applied in the held at 0, 40 or 160 kg N ha-1. However, this duration was extended in Franklin in the first study by an application of 55 kg N ha-1. Both plant biomass and grain yield at maturity were increased between 0 and 55 kg N ha-1, and 0 and 160 kg N ha-1. Meld increase was largely associated with an increase in the number of tillers per plant.  相似文献   

8.
A lysimeter study was conducted to investigate how nitrogen uptake of spring wheat and oats and N leaching losses are differing when either oilseed rape or faba bean are grown as green manure. The experiment was conducted during 1982–1988, and fertilizer applied to the cereals was either farmyard manure, FYM, (6 and 12 g N/m2/year) or mineral fertilizer, MiF, at a rate of 6 g N/m2. On average of the 7 year period faba bean increased N uptake of the cereals fertilized with FYM at harvest by 3–4 g/m2. Differences between the two application rates were negligible. N-leaching losses increased twofold when faba bean was grown instead of oilseed rape. Growing faba bean after cereals supplied with MiF, too, increased N uptake of the cereals and significantly increased leaching losses.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover nodules limits nitrogen supply and hence clover growth by repeated defoliation at two cutting heights. Other possible factors governing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the field were also elucidated. Using 15N, a 2-year field experiment including white clover ( Trifolium repens L. cv. Ladino) and perennial ryegrass ( Loliumperenne L. cv. Bastion) in monocultures and in mixtures was conducted in Eschikon, Switzerland. The effect of two cutting heights (4 cm and 10 cm above ground level) on the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation of white clover in the different sward-types was investigated. After each harvest, the plots were fertilized with 3 g N m-2(equivalent to 30 kg N ha-1 cut-1 or 210 kg N ha-1 year-1). In both years, white clover grown in a mixture with grass received a significantly higher percentage of nitrogen from symbiotic fixation compared with clover grown in monoculture. This phenomenon is attributed to the strong competitiveness of ryegrass in soil nitrogen uptake. Consequently, white clover in the clover-ryegrass mixture was more dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation than that grown in monoculture. The cutting height did not preferentially influence symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as opposed to the uptake of mineral nitrogen from the soil. From this finding it is suggested that symbiotic nitrogen fixation did not limit the supply of nitrogen to clover and hence its growth. It is proposed that symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover is regulated by the demand for nitrogen rather than by the availability of carbohydrate reserves in the stolons. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation should thus be looked upon as an integrated plant growth factor and not as an isolated phenomenon.  相似文献   

10.
Sorghum hybrid CSH-6 was grown in fields in Delhi, India between July–November 1986 in order to study the effect of nitrogen nutrition and irrigation on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and water use. The treatments included 40 Kg Nha−1 combined with two irrigations (30 DAS, 60 DAS), one irrigation (60 DAS) and no irrigation respectively. Rainfall during the crop season was only 17 cm. The unirrigated plants were considerably water stressed and exhibited very low leaf water potential, less leaf area, delayed anthesis, longer crop duration but shorter grain filling duration. The ears showed sterility and yield was only 0.41 t ha−1 without nitrogen fertilization. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on yield in unirrigated plants. A single irrigation 60 DAS increased yield due to increase in both grain number and grain weight per ear in fertilized and unfertilized crop respectively. Two irrigations in the unfertilized crop increased the yield to 2.2 t ha−1 while similar treatment in the fertilized crop did not increase the yield significantly. Irrigation increased the WUE for grain yield. The results indicate that nitrogen stress and water stress reduced grain yield primarily through grain number rather than grain weight. Irrigation relieved both water stress and nutrient stress. Nitrogen nutrition was not beneficial under severe water stress conditions but was considerably helpful under mild stress. Biomass, grain yield and harvest index show significant correlation with preanthesis water use.  相似文献   

11.
Field beans of indeterminate (cv. Nadwiślański) and determinate (cv. Tibo) growth habits were grown on field plots with a density of 20, 40 and 80 plants m−2 at two levels of nitrogen fertilization: low (20 kg N ha−1) and very high (150 kg N ha−1). At the phase of intense pod growth the number and the dry matter weight of root nodules as well as their nitrogenase activity and some features of the plants growth were determined, and in the period of ripeness the components of seed yield were established.
It was found that increased density of sowing as well as the high level of nitrogen fertilization inhibited the growth and development of root nodules and limited their nitrogenase activity in both cultivars. Plants of both varieties were characterized by a similar potential of forming the root nodules, however, in plants of the cv. Tibo the nitrogenase activity of nodules was much lower than in the cv. Nadwiślański.
Increased population density of the plants has in both varieties given increased seed yield when calculated per m2 of the soil, compensating in excess the depression of the seed yield from one plant. Such compensation did not occur in the case of the depression of nitrogen fixation under intense nitrogen fertilization.  相似文献   

12.
Two field experiments were conducted during] 994-95 to study the effect of spray of 10−5 M GA3 at 40 days after sowing on mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna grown with basally applied 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1 (Expt. 1) and 0,15, 30 and 45 kg P ha−1 (Expt. 2) on pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and fatty acid composition of oil. No significant difference between water and GA3 spray was found when basally applied nitrogen was 0 or 40 kg N ha−1. N80 proved to be the best for yield characteristics. In another experiment on phosphorus, GA3 and 30 kg P ha−1 individually enhanced the yield, but interaction of GA3 and P remained non-significant. The fatty acid composition of oil in both experiments was significantly affected only by nitrogen and phosphorus treatments for oleic acid and erucic acid. It was found that return in the form of yield was more for every kg applied fertilizer under GA, spray treatment. The response was more for N fertilizer in comparison to P. GA3 at a low level of fertilization significantly increased the return from fertilization.  相似文献   

13.
Effects of chlormequat chloride (CCC), ethephon and mixtures of CCC and ethephon, applied at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 30 (the beginning of stem elongation) on the number of spike-bearing shoots and their contribution to grain yields of four spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were studied in 1987 and 1988 at McGill University, Quebec, Canada. The results varied between years and among cultivars. The mixtures of CCC and ethephon or ethephon alone, produced significant increases in the number of spikes m−2 in cultivars Joly and Laurier , in both years, and in Leger only in 1988. Ethephon and ethephon containing mixtures reduced the yields of Joly and Leger in 1988. In both years CCC had no effect on spikes m−2 for all cultivars. Increases in spikes m−2 were accompanied by decreases in 1000-grain weight, and/or grains per spike, which offset or more than offset potential benefits from increased spikes m−2. These results indicate that under continental climatic conditions such as those prevalent in Quebec, Canada, application of PGRs to spring barley at ZGS 30 does not increase grain yield through an increased number of spikes m−2.  相似文献   

14.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m−2. The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square- and zigzag- (an equilateral triangle-planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m−2).
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m−2. Seed number m−2 due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m−2 (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m−2 and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m−2).  相似文献   

15.
Little is known about the effect of fertilization on the N uptake of sunflowers. A 42 factorial trial with 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1 and 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg P ha−1 was conducted over three years. The N content and concentration of leaves, stems and capitula were determined at three growth stages. High N levels increased the N content and concentration of all plant parts at all growth stages sharply. High P levels increased the N content of all plant components through better growth. P has an inconsistent effect on N concentration but tended to decrease it. After flowering the crop assimilated 20 to 25 % of the total N. This implies that N applied can still be applied and utilized by the crop at a late stage. This should be substantiated by further research.  相似文献   

16.
Twenty wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in plant height were grown in soil culture and evaluated for differences in nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) at limited (40 kg N ha−1) and normal (120 kg N ha−1) nitrogen supply. Nitrogen uptake showed 1.4- and 1.5-fold varietal variation at harvest for limited and normal N supply, respectively. NUE for dry matter production (NE1) exhibited 1.28- and 1.38-fold genotypic variation while NUE for grain production (NE2) varied by 1.25- and 1.21-fold at limited and normal N supply, respectively. Tall varieties were found to have higher N uptake and NUE for dry matter production, while dwarf cultivars had greater NUE for grain production. Nitrogen uptake was found to be strongly positively associated with dry matter production (r=0.85 and r =0.77 at limited and normal N supply, respectively), indicating an important effect of growth rate on N uptake. NUE for biomass production, as well as for grain production, was reduced as the supply of nitrogen was increased.  相似文献   

17.
A field study was conducted to estimate the nitrogen fixation by soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], using the A-value and the N-difference methods, and to examine the N partitioning within the plant. The cultivar Clark and its non-nodulating isoline (as reference crop) were grown in a silty clay (Typic Xerothent) soil, in 1991 and 1992. 15N-Labelled fertilizer was surface applied in solution, at rates of 20 and 100 kg N ha−1 to the nodulating and non-nodulating soybean, respectively. Plant samples were taken at full bloom (R2), beginning of seed growth (R5) and physiological maturity (R7). There was little nitrogen fixation at the early growth stages but it increased rapidly during the seed filling period. At R7 nitrogen fixed was estimated by the A-value method as 155 kg N ha-1 in 1991 and as 240 kg N ha−1 in 1992. The corresponding estimates by the N-difference method were significantly smaller. The seeds had a higher, and the vegetative parts smaller, proportion of fixed nitrogen compared to the whole plant. During the seed filling period, the translocation efficiency for fixed nitrogen was greater (93 % in 1991 and 85 % in 1992) compared to the N derived from soil (75 and 56 %, respectively). It was estimated that, after the harvest of pods, the soil was depleted by a net amount of 121 kg N ha−1 in 1991 and 90 kg N ha−1 in 1992.  相似文献   

18.
Influence of light quantity on growth and biological nitrogen fixation of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.)
The influence of photon irradiance (Ep; 100 to 500 μmol m−2 s−1) and of the photoperiod (16 or 11 h) on growth and nitrogenase activity of nodulated white clover plants was studied in growth chambers at two nitrate levels (1.0 and 7.5 mM NO3−).
Total dry mass production, the root proportion and nitrogenase activity increased with increasing Ep and photoperiod. Nitrogenase activity generally increased proportionally to root mass. Only at low Ep (100 μmol m−2 s−1) and under a short photoperiod (11 h) was the specific nitrogenase activity per unit root mass reduced. An abrupt change in Ep led to a rapid and parallel change in nitrogenase activity and relative growth rate.
A higher NO3− concentration in the nutrient solution (7.5 mM) led to a marked decrease in specific nitrogenase activity, but increased growth between 200 and 500 μmol m−2 s−1 during early development only. At 100 μmol m−2 s−1, there was no growth response to nitrate, although its effect on nitrogenase activity was more marked than at a higher Ep.
The results show that with changing light quantity, biological nitrogen fixation of white clover adapts to the existing demand for nitrogen and does not limit growth except during early development, even when light supply is low.  相似文献   

19.
A field experiment was conducted at the Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 1983-84 and 1984-85 to study the effect of lentil residues on the yield and response of succeeding rice to nitrogen. Lentil residues benefitted the succeeding rice and gave longer and heavier panicles, more grains per panicle, higher 1000-grain weight and higher grain and straw yield of rice as compared to fallow. Rice responded well to applied nitrogen both in the absence and presence of lentil residues. The effect of lentil root residues and root residues plus incorporation of lentil straw was equivalent to 11 and 33 kg N ha−1 when 60 kg N ha−1 was applied to rice; the corresponding values being 54 and 60 kg N ha−1 when 120 kg N ha−1 was applied to rice.  相似文献   

20.
A field experiment was conducted for 2 years during 1991–93 at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Bangalore, India to study the effect of plant spacings (60 × 60, 60 × 45, 60 × 30 and 45 × 45 cm) and nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1) on growth, herb and oil yield of lemongrass. A closer plant spacing of 45 × 45 cm resulted in higher herb and oil yields compared to wider spacing of 60 × 60 cm. Application of 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 resulted in higher herb and oil yields. Higher nitrogen applications also increased the plant height and number of tillers per clump. The oil content and quality-was not influenced by spacing and nitrogen levels.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号