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1.
关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。 相似文献
2.
论林木引种与森林可持续经营 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
森林是实现环境与发展相统一的关键和纽带,在实现国家可持续发展中具有不可替代的作用。外来树种是森林遗传资源的重要组成部分,具有一些乡土树种难以替代的优势。外来树种人工林可持续经营的核心问题是树种与种源的正确选择,为此,保存和丰富必要的基因资源就显得极为重要。外来树种具有一定程度的环境风险,但并没有人们想象的那样大。对当地生物多样性的影响有利有弊,关键是如何科学运作,包括确定合适的地域范围,与乡土树种的合理空间布局,以及如何使之在当地生态系统中形成密不可分的生物链。最危险的情况出现于因检疫不严而带来的病虫危害。 相似文献
3.
论多功能森林 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
近一两年来, 在我国关于发展"多功能林业"的舆论日渐兴起。其中有些意见比较中肯, 提出在多年大力发展速丰林和生态公益林的情况下, 今后应当重视多功能森林。而有的意见则把过去存在的一切问题都归咎于没有发展"多功能林业", 认为只要发展多功能林业就可以解决一切问题, 甚至把"多功能林业"杜撰成一个新理论。忽视多功能森林经营, 在强调生态功能的同时弱化经济功能, 把大面积的森林(甚至人工林)划为生态公益林而限制采伐利用, 甚至限制各种抚育性采伐, 的确是我国林业发展上的一个偏差。但是, 如果因此就不再重视发展商品林和生态公益林, 把全国的森林都搞成多功能森林, 那同样也是不妥的。为此, 文中将结合国外的情况介绍, 阐述"多功能森林"的一些问题。 相似文献
4.
Commercial forestry plantations are an important and valuable segment of the South African economy and forest managers are required to maximise and sustain forest productivity. However, various factors such as the outbreak of damaging agents are constantly hampering forest health and thus decrease productivity. It is therefore important to detect the presence and spread of these agents within plantation forests, a task efficiently achieved using remote sensing technology. A wide assortment of sensors with varying resolutions are available and have been extensively used for this purpose. This paper reviews the current status of remote sensing of forest health in South Africa by providing insight on the latest developments on the use of the technology in forest plantations. A systematic search was executed on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect® and EBSCOhost® databases that identified 627 articles of which 29 made reference to remote sensing of forest health in South Africa. Four key results were found: (1) the latest technology is capable of detecting and monitoring forest health with great accuracy, especially with the adoption of machine learning methods; (2) studies employing remote sensing to characterise forest health have burgeoned since 2006 with even more applying hyperspectral data; (3) most studies were spatially concentrated in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands region around Pietermaritzburg with only a few over the Western Cape; and (4) the remote detection of pest outbreaks and pathogens have received much attention followed by alien invasive plants and a few studies directed to fragmentation. Present and future partnerships may open up opportunities for exploit- ing remote sensing further; this should address growing expectations from government and industry for more detailed and accurate information concerning the health and condition of South Africa's plantation forests. 相似文献
5.
广西国营林场租赁林业用地发展速丰桉浅议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“十五”以来,广西不少国营林场特别是区直林场除在场内发展速丰林外,利用林场的技术、管理和资金优势,在社会租地积极营造速丰桉,发展势头迅猛。经过几年的种植,一方面发展呈现一定规模,另一方面租赁林地的问题日益凸显。在对广西国营林场租赁林业用地发展速丰桉实际情况比较全面了解的基础上,分析了国营林场对外发展速丰桉存在的主要问题,提出了解决问题的建议、对策和措施,以期为解决租地造林中存在的问题,促进国营林场和广西林业产业的发展提供参考。 相似文献
6.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
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8.
Following the introduction of planned forestry and the regular high forest system more than 250 years ago, forests in Central Europe became increasingly shaped by plantation silviculture. Many natural woodlands were replaced by planted forests, and forest plantations are still being established through afforestation of extensive land areas. Nowadays, forests are managed for many different purposes, including wood production, recreation, ecological, cultural, and amenity values, biodiversity, and soil and groundwater protection. This brings new challenges to forest management and silviculture. To reach a sustainable forestry, in the sense of Brundtland (WCED 1987), we are now reshaping European forestry toward a more nature oriented silviculture. Maybe forestry in the United States and elsewhere can benefit from the mistakes made in Europe during the last two centuries and take a shortcut toward sustainable forestry. 相似文献
9.
现代林业建设是林业发展方向的必然选择。论述了现代林业建设的迫切性及现代林业的主要理论 ,从实际出发 ,阐明了安徽林业“点”、“线”、“面”建设的重点 ,并就安徽现代林业建设中关于万里绿色长廊工程 ,林业发展规划及调查设计技术标准 ,森林经营方式 ,林业产业体系建设 ,建设森林生态网络体系框架 ,创造现代林业建设的良好外部环境等方面提出建议。 相似文献
10.
Tree plantations are often used to compensate for the destruction and conversion of natural forests in the tropics. An important question is whether these plantations allow for the regeneration of indigenous tree species and are expected to transform into more natural forests in the future. To evaluate the potential of differently managed forest types for seedling recruitment of indigenous tree species we studied structural characteristics as well as tree and seedling communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. Forest types differed considerably in structural characteristics and tree composition with stands of natural forest significantly differing from all other forest types in vertical foliage height diversity and number of late-successional tree species. By contrast, total seedling species richness and number did not differ among the forest types. Yet, number of seedlings of late-successional species decreased from natural forest and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species towards monocultures and secondary forests while number of seedlings of early-successional species increased in the same order. A joint Principal Component Analysis (PCA) corroborated higher similarity among seedling communities than among tree communities. Our results indicate a convergence of recruiting seedling communities in different forest management types suggesting that tree plantations might buffer forest loss to a certain extent and may have the potential to develop into more natural forest over time. 相似文献
11.
Therese Sigurdsen Åshild Ø. Pedersen Nigel G. Yoccoz Voitto Haukisalmi Rolf A. Ims 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(2):389-400
Shrews (Soricomorpha) are among the most numerous small forest dwelling mammals in boreal forests ecosystems. In Norway large areas of sub-Arctic
birch (Betula pubescens) forests have gradually been replaced by non-native spruce (Picea abies) plantations during the last century. This conversion has led to changes in forest floor vegetation and soil conditions which
negatively influence invertebrates serving as prey for shrews and intermediate hosts for shrew endoparasites (helminths).
In this trapping study we assessed if abundance and individual condition of common shrews (Sorex araneus) and prevalence and species richness of associated helminths, responded to spruce plantations in a manner that could indicate
community level changes. Shrews colonized plantations in autumn, but never attained abundances comparable to the birch forest
types. Shrews in plantations had lower body mass compared to those trapped in the birch forests. We identified 15 helminth
species, and detected large differences in prevalence. Only one common helminth had significantly higher prevalence in the
birch forest. By analysing prevalence of all species jointly, the highest prevalence was in moist birch forests and lowest
in spruce plantations. Species richness estimates were lower in plantations, however not statistically significant. Although
prevalence and species richness of helminths in common shrews were affected by tree species conversion, we judge the responses
to be too weak and uncertain and the sampling and analysis too laborious to make shrew endoparasites suitable for monitoring
purposes. However, monitoring abundance of common shrews is likely an efficient way of detecting changes in the forest floor
fauna resulting from modern forestry practices. 相似文献
12.
我国热带林资源现状与发展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国热带林主要分布在海南、云南西南以及福建、广东和广西沿海地区,面积约１１４０．７６万ｈｍ＾２。尽管热带林面积仅占全国森林面积的８．５３％,但其在生态环境保护方面却发挥着重要作用,国家先后采取禁止天然林采伐、建立热带林自然保护区、加强热带人工林和沿海防护林基地建设、加大资金和科技投入等一系列政策和措施加以保护,使其能够持续发展。到２０１０年,我国热带林将得到恢复和发展,面积将达１４９２．８万ｈｍ＾２,其中商品林、公益林及兼用林面积将分别为８１１．５万ｈｍ＾２、６１０．８万ｈｍ＾２和７０．５万ｈｍ＾２,沿海防护林体系及林业生态和产业两大体系基本建成。 相似文献
13.
试论发展我国工业人工林的若干对策 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文从我国林业面临的“生态和资源危机”是由于我国是个少林国家而为满足工业和农村发展需要,长期以来不得不大量采伐木材生产力低而生态效益高的天然林所造成的这一现实出发,支持只有有计划地发展专用工业人工林才能缓解“两危”的论点。提出了发展我国工业人工林的若干对策:制订可行的长、短期配合的发展计划;根据工业需要进行造林树种的调整;进行工业用材林地所有制的改革;林业投资集中于工业用材林;生态效益林由国家投资;发展无性系林业等。 相似文献
14.
The selection of suitable tree species is a prerequisite for successful forestry, and the use of exotic species as an alternative to native species is often a relevant option. In this paper, we discuss this option in relation to the present and future wood production in Nordic forestry. We revisit the vegetation and forest history and its implications for the interest in using exotic species. We review to what extent exotic species can contribute to increased economic returns from forest plantings and the potential negative ecological effects associated with introduction of new species. Considering the expected climate changes, we discuss whether and how the increased use of exotic species can contribute to sustained and increased health and productivity of Nordic forests without jeopardising ecological and social values. 相似文献
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16.
在我国全面停止天然林商业性采伐、国有林场深化改革、推进林业产业结构转型等背景下,森林旅游正在成为国有林场发展的支柱产业之一。将国有林场森林旅游发展与产业减贫及乡村振兴紧密结合,有利于实现国有林场多重效益和乡村振兴。文中分析国有林场森林旅游在减贫中的作用和机制,并总结国有林场森林旅游在促进减贫过程中存在的问题,包括国有林场森林旅游自身发展薄弱、可能抑制社区发展、农户管理参与度低、森林资源产权纠纷严重等。在此基础上,提出了应树立保护重于开发的意识、重视解决国有林场改革遗留问题、注重森林旅游与乡村产业振兴相融合、培养森林旅游专业经营管理人才、拓宽森林旅游金融支持渠道、积极处理林地纠纷等建议,以期推动国有林场森林旅游发展获得新动能,促进周边区域乡村振兴取得新进展。 相似文献
17.
延长桉树人工林轮伐期,培育中大径材林,不仅契合国家储备林的培育理念,也能提升桉树经济、社会和生态效益,促进桉树人工林健康可持续发展。文中阐述广西桉树人工林的培育现状,分析了延长桉树人工林轮伐期的经济、生态和社会效益。在此基础上,提出延长轮伐期的可行性策略:1)金融机构强化桉树人工林认知,适当延长涉林贷款期限;2)林业主管部门澄清桉树种植诸多误解,加大延长轮伐期宣传工作;3)相关国企、国有林场率先延长轮伐期,作好桉树科学经营示范。研究可为推动广西桉树人工林延长轮伐期、加大中大径材林培育力度提供参考。 相似文献
18.
François Lefèvre Thomas Boivin Aurore Bontemps François Courbet Hendrik Davi Marion Durand-Gillmann Bruno Fady Julie Gauzere Cindy Gidoin Marie-Joe Karam Hadrien Lalagüe Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio Christian Pichot 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(7):723-739
Context
Managing forests under climate change requires adaptation. The adaptive capacity of forest tree populations is huge but not limitless. Integrating evolutionary considerations into adaptive forestry practice will enhance the capacity of managed forests to respond to climate-driven changes.Aims
Focusing on natural regeneration systems, we propose a general framework that can be used in various and complex local situations by forest managers, in combination with their own expertise, to integrate evolutionary considerations into decision making for the emergence of an evolution-oriented forestry.Methods
We develop a simple process-based analytical grid, using few processes and parameters, to analyse the impact of forestry practice on the evolution and evolvability of tree populations.Results
We review qualitative and, whenever possible, quantitative expectations on the intensity of evolutionary drivers in forest trees. Then, we review the effects of actual and potential forestry practice on the evolutionary processes. We illustrate the complexity of interactions in two study cases: the evolutionary consequences for forest trees of biotic interactions and of highly heterogeneous environment.Conclusion
Evolution-oriented forestry may contribute adapting forests to climate change. It requires combining short-term and long-term objectives. We propose future lines of research and experimentation. 相似文献19.
林业是以森林资源为经营对象的产业。传统林业认为森林的主要功能就是生产木材。现代林业则认为森林除了生产木材之外 ,还有巨大的综合效益。从福建国有林场场情和林情出发 ,认定现代林业是福建国有林场发展的现实选择 ,阐述了福建国有林场现代林业建设的基本思路和对策措施 相似文献
20.
Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues Tiago Egydio Barreto Cristina Yuri Vidal 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1605-1613
The complex interactions among endangered ecosystems, landowners’ interests, and different models of land tenure and use, constitute an important series of challenges for those seeking to maintain and restore biodiversity and augment the flow of ecosystem services. Over the past 10 years, we have developed a data-based approach to address these challenges and to achieve medium and large-scale ecological restoration of riparian areas on private lands in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Given varying motivations for ecological restoration, the location of riparian areas within landholdings, environmental zoning of different riparian areas, and best-practice restoration methods were developed for each situation. A total of 32 ongoing projects, covering 527,982 ha, were evaluated in large sugarcane farms and small mixed farms, and six different restoration techniques have been developed to help upscale the effort. Small mixed farms had higher portions of land requiring protection as riparian areas (13.3%), and lower forest cover of riparian areas (18.3%), than large sugarcane farms (10.0% and 36.9%, respectively for riparian areas and forest cover values). In both types of farms, forest fragments required some degree of restoration. Historical anthropogenic degradation has compromised forest ecosystem structure and functioning, despite their high-diversity of native tree and shrub species. Notably, land use patterns in riparian areas differed markedly. Large sugarcane farms had higher portions of riparian areas occupied by highly mechanized agriculture, abandoned fields, and anthropogenic wet fields created by siltation in water courses. In contrast, in small mixed crop farms, low or non-mechanized agriculture and pasturelands were predominant. Despite these differences, plantations of native tree species covering the entire area was by far the main restoration method needed both by large sugarcane farms (76.0%) and small mixed farms (92.4%), in view of the low resilience of target sites, reduced forest cover, and high fragmentation, all of which limit the potential for autogenic restoration. We propose that plantations should be carried out with a high-diversity of native species in order to create biologically viable restored forests, and to assist long-term biodiversity persistence at the landscape scale. Finally, we propose strategies to integrate the political, socio-economic and methodological aspects needed to upscale restoration efforts in tropical forest regions throughout Latin America and elsewhere. 相似文献