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1.
A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth performance, feed utilization, and gossypol accumulation in juvenile (mean body weight 11 g) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets (designated CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40) containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CS mixture (1∶1 w/w) were formulated. After 9 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed all diets did not show significant differences in growth performances, feed utilization, and whole body compositions. Hemoglobin content gradually decreased (P<0.05) with increments of CS inclusion levels. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary gossypol and total liver gossypol contents. Free radical scavenging activity in the experimental diets gradually increased with increment of dietary CS inclusion. This finding indicates that the mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with methionine and lysine supplementation could replace up to 40% of fishmeal protein in diets. However, 20% fishmeal protein replacement by dietary inclusion of cottonseed (9.4%) and soybean (8.7%) meal might be the optimum and safe level for the commercial use of CS in juvenile Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

3.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.  相似文献   

4.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of using soybean meal supplemented with or without methionine (M) and graded levels of phytase (P) to replace high‐level (60%) fish meal in the diets for juvenile Chinese sucker. Seven experimental diets (about 430 g kg?1 crude protein on dry matter basis) were formulated from practical ingredients. The control diet (FM) was formulated to contain 400 g kg?1 white fish meal (FM), whereas in the other six diets (diets 2–7), soybean meal (SBM) was used to replace 60% fish meal with or without methionine (3 g kg ?1) and 0,500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 U kg?1 phytase (designated as SBM, SM, SMP500, SMP1000, SMP1500 and SMP2000, respectively). Results from the feeding trial indicated that SBM without any methionine or phytase supplement replacing about 60% FM significantly affected the growth of fish (P < 0.05). Weight gain of fish fed diet SM was significantly higher than the fish fed diet SBM, but still much lower than fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). SBM with methionine and phytase supplement significantly improved the growth of fish and apparent digestibility coefficients of phosphorus compared with the groups which fed diet SBM and diet SM (P < 0.05). Weight gain of fish fed SMP1000, SMP1500 and SMP2000 had no significant difference than fish fed control diet. Furthermore, fish fed SMP1500 showed optimum weight gain and ADC of phosphorus between these three groups. This suggested that soybean meal with 3 g kg?1 methionine and 1500 U kg?1 phytase supplement could successfully replace 60% fish meal in the diet for juvenile Chinese sucker without affecting growth and enhanced the apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus.  相似文献   

5.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of total replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with various levels of iron in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and some biological and haematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Juvenile fish (average weight 3.78±0.1 g) were stocked in 18 glass aquariums (80 L each) at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish meal (50% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control diet 1. Diets 2–6 had 100% CSM (0.145% free gossypol) protein with various levels of supplemented iron (86, 486, 972, 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet?1) in diets 2–6 respectively. Diets were fed to fish twice daily at a rate of 3% of body weight during the first 12 weeks then 2% of the total fish biomass daily until the end of the experiment (30 weeks). The results of this study revealed that, groups of fish fed diets 1, 4, 5 and 6 had significantly (P≤0.01) the higher average body weight and specific growth rate than those of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation) and diet 3 (100% CSM plus 486 mg Fe kg diet?1). The best values for feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor (K) were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 4 (100% CSM plus 972 mg Fe kg diet?1). Red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin were increased with increasing levels of iron and significantly affected by dietary iron. Hepatosomatic index for diets 3–6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) and superior to that of diet 1 control [100% fish meal (FM)]. The gonadosomatic index of males of Nile tilapia was not influenced by CSM diets with or without iron, while females of Nile tilapia were significantly influenced with iron and the lowest values were recorded with groups of fish fed diet 2 (100% CSM without iron supplementation). Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, fat dry matter and energy were relatively high for most diets supplemented with iron and increased by increasing iron supplementation. There were no significant differences between groups of fish fed diet 1 (100% FM) and diets 5 and 6 which contained 100% CSM with additional 1458 and 1944 mg Fe kg diet supplemental iron?1 respectively. Proximate composition of whole body was not influenced by diet. Adding 972 mg Fe kg diet?1 from ferrous sulphate to the CSM‐based diets that contained 972 mg free gossypol (1:1 iron to free gossypol ratio) for Nile tilapia reduce the negative effects of gossypol and improved growth performance, feed utilization and blood parameters and can totally replace fish meal in tilapia diets.  相似文献   

6.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed utilization, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (initial average weight 0.50 ± 0.00 g). Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain SBM to replace fish meal protein at 0% (S0), 10% (S10), 20% (S20), 30% (S30), 40% (S40), 50% (S50) and 60% (S60) respectively. To investigate the effects of supplementation with crystalline amino acid to balance diet S60, one diet was formulated to add 0.30% methionine (SM60). The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain among fish fed S0, S10, S20, S30 and S40 diets, however, a significant reduction in this variable occurred when 50% and 60% of fish meal protein was replaced by SBM (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and phosphorus of diets were affected by dietary SBM levels. N and P excretion indicate that fish meal replacement by SBM led to an increase in N excretion, but led to a reduction in P excretion. No differences were detected in growth, feed utilization and N and P excretion between fish feed diets S60 and SM60. The results of this study show that 40% of fish meal protein could be replaced by SBM in diets of juvenile P. ussuriensis without having a significant negative effect on growth or feed efficiency, but that higher dietary SBM levels reduce fish performance.  相似文献   

7.
The practical level of fish meal replacement by plant proteins in aquaculture feed varies greatly among species. This study investigated partial or complete replacement of fish meal (FM) by cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Cottonseed and soybean meals were equally mixed to form five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets to replace 0 (CS0, control), 21 % (CS21), 43 % (CS43), 64 % (CS64), and 100 % (CS100) of FM. The highest crab growth and feed utilization were observed in the CS21 diet, followed by the CS43 diet. Crab fed CS64 had similar weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention and energy retention to those fed the control diet. Dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing dietary CS and was significantly lower in the CS64 and CS100 treatments than in the control. Apparent protein and energy digestibilities of the crab fed CS0, CS21, or CS43 were similar but significantly higher than the crab fed CS64 or CS100. Crab fed CS100 had poorer digestibility of nutrients than those fed other diets. The dry matter of the crab fed CS21 was significantly higher than the crab fed CS100. The protein contents in crabs fed CS21 or CS43 were similar but were higher than those fed other diets. Crab fed CS21 contained higher lipid and gross energy than in other treatments. This study indicates that 64 % of FM can be replaced by CS in crab diet without compromising growth performance and body composition.  相似文献   

8.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary inclusion level of dehulled soybean meal (DHSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in diets for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic to contain 50% crude protein (CP) and 16.7 kJ energy g?1 diet. In the first experiment, eight diets were formulated to replace FM with DHSM at 0%, 10%, 20% without amino acid (AA) supplementation; 20%, 30%, 40% with AA supplementation and 30%, 40% with AA & attractant supplementation (DHSM0, DHSM10, DHSM20, DHSM20+AA, DHSM30+AA, DHSM30+AA+Att, DHSM40+AA, DHSM40+AA+Att respectively). Triplicate groups of 25 fish averaging 5.0±0.04 g (mean±SD) were fed one of eight experimental diets for 8 weeks. In the second experiment, six diets were formulated to replace FM with DHSM at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% without attractant supplementation and 20%, 30% with attractant supplementation (DHSM0, DHSM10, DHSM20, DHSM30, DHSM20+Att, DHSM30+Att respectively). Triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 45.5±0.08 g (mean±SD) were fed one of six experimental diets for 10 weeks. Based on growth performance, we concluded that DHSM could replace FM up to 20% without AAs (lysine and methionine) and attractant supplementation, and up to 30% with AAs and/or attractant supplementation in diets for fingerling and growing olive flounder.  相似文献   

9.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of soybean meal (SBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) without compromising growth and health of Asian red‐tailed catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (S0, S15, S30, S45 and S60) were formulated with SBM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of FM. The replacement level up to 30% improved daily growth coefficient, plasma adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and IgM content, and hepatic ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutathione reductase activities, whereas these were depressed by a further inclusion. The highest protein efficiency ratio and lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed the S15 diet. Replacement of FM with SBM generally decreased plasma insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) contents and hepatic catalase activity, whereas no significant differences were observed among fish fed the S0, S15 and S30 diets. In contrast, replacing FM with SBM generally increased blood urea nitrogen content, and that was higher in fish fed the S60 diet compared to fish fed the S0 diet. The highest growth hormone (GH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were observed in fish fed the S30 diet. Fish fed the S30 and S45 diets exhibited the highest hepatic AMPD, GDH, IGF‐1 and target of rapamycin mRNA levels and muscle AMPD and GDH mRNA levels, whereas those were lowest in fish fed the S60 diet. These results indicate that under the reported conditions SBM may be included in the diet up to 222 g/kg as a substitute for FM, replacing about 30% of FM protein in juvenile H. wyckioides.  相似文献   

10.
Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of fermented soybean meal (FSBM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) with or without lysine (L) and iron (Fe) to replace fish meal (FM) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. In experiment I, four experimental diets (430 g kg?1 crude protein on dry matter basis) were formulated. Diet containing FM as the main protein source was used as a control (Diet 1). Diets 2–4 had 300 g kg?1 FM protein replaced with FSBM, CGM or CSM protein without iron or lysine supplement. Fish (average weight, 1.82 ± 0.01 g) were hand‐fed twice daily for 8 weeks. In experiment II, juvenile Chinese sucker (average weight, 3.40 ± 0.08 g) were fed one of five experimental diets twice daily for 8 weeks. Diet 1 in experiment I was used as a control and Diet 4 in experiment I, with ferrous sulphate, with lysine or with both ferrous sulphate and lysine were used as the experimental diets (designated as FM, CSM, CSM+Fe, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, respectively). Results from the two feeding trials indicated that about 300 g kg?1 of FM protein can be replaced by FSBM, CGM or CSM with lysine supplement in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth. CSM with iron could not improve the growth performance. CSM without lysine supplement significantly affected the growth performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activities.  相似文献   

11.
The 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (10.70 ± 0.04 g). Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 or 40% (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). Diets except T1 were supplemented with phytase at 2000 phytase activity U kg?1. The results showed that survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization were not significantly affected by increasing dietary SPC. Fish fed diet T3 had higher feed intake compared to those fed T1, T2 and T5 diets. Whole body compositions of black sea bream were significantly influenced by SPC replacing FM except for protein, ash and phosphorus content. Condition factor of fish was significantly lower in T2 than that of fish in T3 group. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter was higher in fish fed T6 diet than those of fish fed T1 and T2 diets, ADCs of phosphorus increased with dietary SPC level up to T3 and then decreased. The results obtained in this study indicate that FM protein could be effectively replaced by SPC protein with phytase in diet of black sea bream.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis was evaluated in a 90‐day feeding trial. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein, 430 g/kg) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 74 g/kg) diets were formulated to contain MBM to replace FM at 0 (S0), 200 (S20), 400 (S40), 600 (S60), 800 (S80) and 1000 g/kg (S100), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20 and S40 diets. However, a significant reduction in WG occurred when 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg FM protein was replaced by MBM (p < .05). Similar trends were observed in specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and dry matter of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets. The ADC of phosphorus significantly reduced with the increase in dietary MBM level. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion increased with the increasing dietary MBM level. Protease, lipase and amylase activities of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets (p < .05). The results of this study showed that the optimum dietary MBM replacement level was 34.3% according to broken‐line model based on WG against dietary MBM replacement level.  相似文献   

13.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and body composition in juvenile Korean rockfish fed soybean meal-based diets.Nine experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain 48.6% crude protein (CP) and 15.9 kJ of available energy/g with or without dietary phytase (Natuphos-5000™, BASF, NJ, USA) supplementation. White fish meal (FM) provided 89.1% of the total protein in the basal diet (S0), in the other eight diets, 30 or 40% FM protein was replaced by soybean meal: 70% FM+30% soybean meal (S30); 70% FM+30% 1000 U phytase pretreated SM (S30PP1000); 70% FM+30% SM+1000 U phytase/kg diet (S30P1000); 70% FM+30% SM+2000 U phytase/kg diet (S30P2000); 60% FM+40% SM (S40); 60% FM+40% 1000 U Ptre SM (S40PP1000); 60% FM+40% SM+1000 U phytase/kg diet (S40P1000); and 60% FM+40% SM+2000 U phytase/kg diet (S40P2000). After 2 weeks of the adaptation, triplicate groups of 20 fish initially averaging 7.25±0.04 g (mean±S.D.) were randomly distributed into the aquarium and were fed one of the experimental diets for 8 weeks.By the end of the 8-week feeding trial, supplementation of phytase significantly improved the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of phosphorus in rockfish diets (P<0.05) containing 30% and 40% soybean meal regardless of the level and method of phytase supplementation. Supplementation of phytase significantly increased the ADC of dry matter in diets containing 30% soybean meal (P<0.05). However, phytase had no influence on growth performance and whole body composition of fish. The pretreatment of soybean meal with 1000 U phytase improved weight gain (WG) when 30% fish meal protein was replaced by soybean meal. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that supplementation of phytase can improve the apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus in Korean rockfish.  相似文献   

14.
The present work was performed to assess whether soybean meal (SBM) could replace fish meal (FM) as a source of dietary protein in diets of the marine herbivore Siganus rivulatus. Five iso-nitrogenous (40% protein) and iso-energetic (14 MJ/Kg) diets were prepared with SBM replacing fish meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% dietary protein. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 240 juvenile S. rivulatus (initial body mass 1.74 ± 0.03 g). Survival, growth, feed, and protein efficiency and hematological parameters were assessed. Growth correlated negatively with increase in dietary SBM. All production parameters measured were negatively affected at all levels of SBM inclusion. There were no effects on total or differential blood counts, hemoglobin, or plasma protein, but hematocrit values were negatively correlated with SBM addition. Results suggest that total replacement of FM by SBM without adding other supplements is not recommended, even for an herbivorous marine fish such as S. rivulatus.  相似文献   

15.
A plant protein mixture (PPM) was tested to replace fish meal (FM) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish averaging (±SD) 3.7±0.14 g were divided into 15 groups. Three groups were fed each of five isonitrogenous (33.6%) and isocaloric (4.7 kcal g?1) diets replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the FM protein with similar percentages of PPM (PPM0, PPM25, PPM50, PPM75 or PPM100 respectively). The PPM consisted of 25% soybean meal, 25% cottonseed meal, 25% sunflower meal and 25% linseed meal, and 0.5% of both methionine and lysine were added to each diet except for the control. After 16 weeks of feeding, the fish fed diets PPM75 and PPM100 exhibited growth performance not differing significantly from the fish fed control diet. PPM substitution of up to 75% of the FM protein did not result in differences in the apparent protein digestibility compared with the control, whereas in the PPM100 group digestibility was significantly lower than in the other groups, except for fish fed the PPM75 diet. The incorporation of PPM in diets did not significantly affect whole‐body dry matter, protein, fat or energy compared with the control. The cost–benefit analyses of the test diets indicated that the PPM diets were economically superior to FM. The protein from PPM can completely replace the FM protein in the diets for Nile tilapia, based on the results of this study.  相似文献   

16.
A basal practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) was formulated and elaborated to test several protein contents and substitution possibilities of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) in a 90‐day trial with 5‐month‐old juveniles (30.54 mm TL, 0.30 g W). A factorial design included nine feeding treatments: three protein contents (50%, 40% or 30%) and three levels of replacement (0%, 25% or 45%) of FM protein by SBM protein. In addition, a commercial carp feed was used as reference. Final survival ranged from 98.2% to 99.4%. The 50% dietary protein with 0% or 25% replacement and 40% dietary protein with 25% replacement diets enabled higher growth (P < 0.05) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) than the rest of practical diets. Fish fed 50% dietary protein had similar growth than those fed carp feed (63.8% protein). Deformed fish averaged 1% for the practical diets and 87.6% for the carp feed. The basal practical diet has showed to be feasible and levels of 40–50% dietary protein with 25% replacement of FM protein by SBM protein can be recommended for juvenile tench aged 5–8 months.  相似文献   

17.
Three six‐week growth trials and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate a fish meal analogue (FMA) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in shrimp feeds. Trials 1 and 2 evaluated and confirmed the potential of FMA supplementation (0, 48.5, 97, 145.5 and 194 g/kg) as a replacement for FM up to 200 g/kg without balancing for phosphorus (P) in practical diets for juvenile Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. At the end of trial 1, shrimp offered diets containing 48.5 g/kg FMA exhibited significantly higher weight gain (WG) than those fed with the diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA. At the end of trial 2, dietary FMA inclusion at 48.5 and 97 g/kg significantly improved WG and protein retention (PR), while reducing FCR and protein content of shrimp body compared to the diet containing 194 g/kg FMA. To determine whether P deficiency is the cause of reduced growth, the third trial was conducted utilizing equivalent diet but balanced for P. At the end of trial 3, shrimp fed diet containing 48.5 g/kg FMA+P showed significantly higher WG and PR than those fed diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA+P. No decreasing trend of growth was detected in the diets containing FMA compared to the FM‐based diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, energy, protein and amino acids of FMA were determined using chromic oxide as an inert maker and the 70:30 replacement technique. The energy, protein and individual amino acid digestibility of FMA were significantly lower than those of soybean meal and FM which were run at the same time. Results of this work indicate that FMA can replace up to 200 g/kg FM in shrimp diets with supplemental inorganic P. Given the good growth across the range of inclusion without any indication of a growth depression, the low nutrient digestibility of FMA may be due to an atypical response or the product simply does not work with the testing technique.  相似文献   

18.
An 8‐week experiment was conducted to examine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by a mixture of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RM) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis of initial body weight of 1.54±0.12 g (means±SD, n=90). Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 35% protein and 5% lipid. Soybean meal and RM mix (1:1 ratio) were included at five levels of 0 (control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%, replacing 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% FM respectively. When FM was replaced by 15% of SBM and RM, crab showed the highest growth, feed utilization and moulting frequency (MF). Fish meal replaced by SBM and RM did not significantly influence crude protein, lipid and moisture contents of whole body crab, but ash content was the lowest for crab fed the diet with FM replaced by 15% of SBM and RM. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and energy tended to decline with increasing inclusion levels of dietary SBM and RM. In general, ADCs of lipid were high (over 90%) and showed no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). Based on these observations above, these results indicated that about 40% of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM and RM (1:1 ratio) in the diet of E. sinensis without adverse growth performance, compared with the FM‐based diet. However, 20% of FM replaced by SBM and RM produced the best growth performance and feed utilization.  相似文献   

19.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of a Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented mixture (FSFEM) containing soybean meal (SBM) and Eisenia fetida earthworm meal (EM) at a ratio of 4:1 to increase the methionine level in order to satisfy the methionine requirement of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in a diet with fish meal (FM) completely replaced by mixtures. B. subtilis E20 fermentation improved the mixture's palatability and utilization based on better growth performance in comparison to shrimp fed FSEM (contains fermented SBM and EM at a ratio of 4:1) diets. FSFEM is a good substitute for FM. Maximal replacement levels of FM with FSFEM were 80% in a shrimp diet with 37% of crude protein and 7% of crude lipid based on weight gain and 100% based on feeding efficiency. In addition, shrimp fed experimental diets had no significant differences in survival after being challenged by Vibrio alginolyticus. It is suggested that B. subtilis E20‐FSFEM has the potential to replace FM in cultured shrimp diets.  相似文献   

20.
A 60 days feeding experiment was carried out with Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica to determine the amount of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets without reducing growth performance. Juvenile Black Sea turbot (initial average weight, 30 g) were fed five isoenergetic (gross energy, 20.5 ± 0.21 kJ g?1 diet) and isonitrogenous diets (protein content, 550 ± 0.35 g kg?1). The control diet used white FM as the sole protein source, the other four diets were prepared to replace FM protein at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with PBM. The fish readily accepted all experimental diets and no mortality were recorded during the trial. There were no significant differences in growth performance of turbot (P < 0.05) fed the diets with 25% and 50% replacement levels compared with fish offered the control diet (100% FM), however, final body weight and specific growth rate values in the 50% replacement diet were about 8% lower than those of the control. Total nitrogen excretion in fish fed 50% replacement diet were about 10% higher than the control group, even though these parameters were not found to be statistically different. At the levels of 750 and 1000 g kg?1 of the protein, PBM inclusion caused a severe decrease in growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio and per cent nitrogen retention. The results in the present study indicate that up to 25% of FM protein can be replaced by PBM protein without causing reduction in growth performance, nutrient utilization and nitrogen retention.  相似文献   

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