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用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能 总被引：29，自引：4，他引：29
利用锥形量热仪 (CONE)系统地测定了新型木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能 ,讨论了FRW对阻燃木材在燃烧时的热释放、质量变化及耐点燃性的影响 ,并与Dricon阻燃剂进行了对比。结果表明 ,在 5 0kW·m2 的热辐射功率下 ,FRW阻燃处理木材的热释放速率 (RHR)和总热释放量 (THR)随FRW载药率的升高而降低 ,至载药率达到 10 %左右时 ,RHR及THR降低为未处理木材的 5 0 %左右 ,并且降低的趋势明显变缓 ;FRW与Dri con阻燃木材的有效燃烧热 (EHC)曲线基本重合 ,说明二者的阻燃机理类似 ;FRW阻燃木材的质量损失速率(MLR)曲线与RHR曲线相似 ,失重和热释放主要发生在有焰燃烧阶段 ;FRW阻燃处理能显著提高木材燃烧时的成炭率 ,但对木材的点燃时间影响不大 ;FRW与Dricon的阻燃效力相当 ,属高效木材阻燃剂。 相似文献
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用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
采用锥形量热仪(CONE)法对复合木材阻燃剂FRW处理紫椴木材(FZ)、FRW的组分磷酸脒基脲(GUP)处理紫椴木材(GZ)、硼酸处理紫椴木材(BZ)和未处理的紫椴木材(UZ)的燃烧性进行了系统的测定，通过对上述试样在燃烧时的热释放、质量变化、烟气产生以及尾气成分等实验数据的综合对比分析，讨论了阻燃剂的作用机理。结果表明：1)FRW阻燃剂显著降低了木材的热释放速率(RHR)、总热释放量(1FHR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、质量损失速率(MLR)、烟比率(SR)、比消光面积(SEA)、CO2的浓度及产率(Yco2)；2)GUP与硼酸之间存在显著的阻燃协同效应；3)FRW阻燃木材的MLR曲线与RHR曲线相似，失重和热释放主要发生在有焰燃烧阶段；4)FRW阻燃处理能显著提高木材燃烧时的成炭率，说明催化成炭是FRW阻燃机理的主要方面。 相似文献
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用FTIR法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用FTIR显微分析技术,对FRW阻燃处理红松木材限制燃烧固相产物的结构进行分析;采用GC_FTIR联机分析方法,对经FRW阻燃剂及其主要组分处理的紫椴木材试样的热解挥发性产物进行分析和鉴定;讨论FRW阻燃处理木材的热解炭化过程、阻燃剂的作用以及热解产物的结构特点。结果表明:FRW阻燃木材受热时,随着温度的升高,在FRW及其分解产物的催化下,木材逐步发生聚糖脱水、半纤维素脱乙酸、聚糖降解、木质素降解、木材热解产物聚合、脂肪族聚合物脱氧及芳构化等反应,最终炭化;FRW阻燃剂改变了木材的热解途径,并且显著降低了挥发性有机化合物的生成量。 相似文献
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木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
在综合分析热分析法、锥形量热仪法和FTIR法获得的FRW阻燃机理研究结果并吸收木材阻燃机理研究现有成果的基础上,推导进而提出了木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理。其主要内容是:1)FRW阻燃木材受热时,阻燃剂FRW分解产生不燃性气体和不挥发的酸性熔融物质,具有降低体系温度和氧气浓度及屏蔽热辐射的作用,降低了木材的热解速度;2)FRW的组分硼酸和GUP的酸性分解产物催化木材脱水、降解,以及木材热解产物的缩合、聚合、芳构化等反应,能改变木材的热解途径并使其向着有利于炭化的方向变化,FRW显著的催化成炭作用,使阻燃木材的燃烧放热量大大降低,这是FRW阻燃机理的主要方面;3)硼酸与GUP起阻燃作用的温度和方式不同,并且有相互补充的作用,因而表现出阻燃协同效应。 相似文献
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《林业机械与木工设备》2001,29(4):17
▲环保型轻质细木工板生产线建成福建省南平大展集团公司与福建林学院协作的该公司重大技改项目，总投资1300多万元，引进国内外先进的干燥室、芯条拼板机等设备的环保型轻质细木板生产线近日投产.该生产线达到90年代国内先进水平，年产2万m3，10余个品种的细木工板.该生产线生产的环保型轻质细木工板具有阻燃、无昧、无毒、防腐、质轻等特点，深受客户青睐，供不应求，产品直销深圳、广州、厦门、上海等地.
▲新型木材阻燃剂FRW通过鉴定由东北林业大学李坚教授主持的新型木材阻燃剂FRW项目，于近日通过黑龙江省科技厅组织的成果鉴定.鉴定委员会认为，新型木材阻燃剂FRW代表了木材阻燃剂的发展方向，总体技术达到国际领先水平.
阻燃剂是一类能够赋予可燃性材料以难燃性的化学物质.FRW不仅具有优异的阻燃、抑烟、防腐和防虫性能，而且具有基本不吸湿、不着色、无毒、在生产使用过程中不污染环境的优异特性.FRW可用于生产难燃B1级阻燃木质材料，尤其适用于生产有防腐要求的高阻燃、高附加值阻燃木材，其经济效益显著. 相似文献
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磷酸铵盐处理人工林木材的燃烧性能 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
利用锥形量热仪对磷酸铵盐处理的人工林杉木、杨木和马尾松木材的燃烧性能进行研究。结果表明 :磷酸铵盐阻燃处理木材的引燃时间与阻燃剂量有关 ,对 3种木材而言 ,阻燃剂量超过 10 0kg·m- 3,木材才不会被点燃 ;磷酸铵盐对降低木材的释热性能效果明显 ,释热速度降低 ,释热总量减少 ,气相燃烧放热降低 ,而且随着阻燃剂量的增加 ,降低程度更加明显 ;经磷酸铵盐阻燃处理 ,木材失重降低 ,这对保证结构外形的稳定性具有重要作用 ;磷酸铵盐阻燃剂的抑烟作用不理想 ,虽然降低了最强发烟过程的强度 ,但是也提高了最弱发烟过程的强度 ,而且随着阻燃剂量的增加 ,发烟量呈增加的趋势 ;在阻燃研究中 ,阻燃剂在木材内分布状态是一个不可忽视的影响因素 ,特别是木材这种非均质性材料 ,阻燃剂分布的不均匀性将会影响材料整体的耐火性能 相似文献
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FRW阻燃桦木胶合板的性能研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
选用东北林业大学木材科学与应用技术研究所研制的专利产品——新型FRW木材阻燃剂处理桦木单板,用以研制阻燃性能优异的FRW阻燃桦木胶合板,并对其各项物理力学性能和阻燃性能进行了测试。研究结果表明:FRW阻燃桦木胶合板的物理力学性能可达到国家标准GB 9846.4—88《胶合板 普通胶合板通用技术条件》的规定,阻燃性能达到日本标准JISD1322-77中规定的难燃一级品的标准和国家标准GA/T42.1《阻燃木材燃烧性能试验方法—木垛法》中的规定的阻燃木材标准。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献