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1.
浓硫酸净化-气相色谱法检测茶叶中α-硫丹和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了一种茶叶中硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯)残留分析的新方法。样品以乙腈提取,浓硫酸-乙醇净化,毛细管柱气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:在0.005～0.5 mg/kg添加水平内,4种茶叶样品中α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药的添加回收率在81.6%～105.9%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.52%～13.0%(n=3)。α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药在4种茶叶中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.005 mg/kg。本方法杂质干扰少,准确度及灵敏度满足农药残留检测要求,对检测硬件要求低,适用于茶叶中α-硫丹及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的分析。 相似文献
2.
加拿大有害生物防治管理局（PMRA）将对拟除虫菊酯、除虫菊酯以及相关的增效剂等拟除虫菊酯类农药开展再评价工作,旨在建立拟除虫菊酯类农药的风险评估和风险管理办法。具体农药品种包括,杀虫剂丙烯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、右旋苯醚菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、除虫菊酯、苄呋菊酯、胺菊酯,增效剂增效醚和增效胺（octylbiclo heptene dicarboximide）。 相似文献
3.
气相色谱法检测辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
建立并优化了新鲜辣椒中甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的气相色谱(GC-μECD)分析方法。采用50 mL V(乙腈):V(水)=3:1的混合溶剂提取,二氯甲烷萃取, N-正丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,HP-1毛细管色谱柱分离,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测定。在添加水平为0.017~0.64 mg/kg下的平均回收率为74.0%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%~15%。该方法准确、灵敏,可同时测定辣椒中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量。 相似文献
4.
采用田间模拟施药与气相色谱法研究了 2 .5 %溴氰菊酯乳油、2 0 %氰戊菊酯乳油、10 %氯氰菊酯乳油、 2 .5 %氯氟氰菊酯乳油、 10 %氯菊酯乳油、 5 %顺式氯氰菊酯乳油、 10 %联苯菊酯乳油等 7种拟除虫菊酯及 2 5 %喹硫磷、 40 %乐果两种有机磷农药在茶园生态环境中的降解动态 ,茶叶加工过程中的消解和泡茶过程中浸出率及其主要影响因子。根据实验结果推算出通过饮茶进入人体的农药量 ,结合农药的毒理特性 ,对拟除虫菊酯在茶园生态环境中应用的安全性进行了评价。结果表明 ,供试农药在茶园中使用的安全性依次为氯氟氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、氯氰… 相似文献
5.
为明确菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,采用点滴法在室内测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和茚虫威原药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定3龄幼虫在这5种药剂诱导不同时间下其体内钠离子通道基因片段的表达量变化。结果显示,高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯这5种药剂处理草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫24 h后的LD50值分别为74.911、83.280、152.662、179.372、567.250 mg/L;处理48 h后的LD50值分别为18.946、67.874、120.888、132.790、461.635 mg/L;同时发现草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫钠离子通道基因的表达均呈现不被诱导或诱导下调现象,表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫可通过降低靶标基因的表达量进而减少药剂对其的毒性。表明供试4种拟除虫菊酯类药剂和1种氯虫苯甲酰胺类药剂可作为草地贪夜蛾田间应急防控药剂施用。 相似文献
6.
马铃薯桃蚜对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性及其体内羧酸酯酶活性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确内蒙古马铃薯主要种植区马铃薯桃蚜的抗药性水平及抗性形成机制,采用室内生物测定方法,检测了内蒙古呼和浩特市及呼和浩特武川县马铃薯桃蚜田间种群(分别简称为呼市种群和武川种群)和室内饲养未接触任何药剂的马铃薯桃蚜敏感种群对7种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,并对供试各种群桃蚜的羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性进行了研究。结果表明:相对于敏感种群,呼市种群和武川种群对氯氰菊酯均产生了高水平抗性(抗性倍数为74.11和549.4);呼市种群对联苯菊酯产生了中等水平抗性(16.03倍),对氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯仍保持敏感(1.00~4.00倍);武川种群对溴氰菊酯(10.14倍)、甲氰菊酯(26.46倍)和联苯菊酯(33.74倍)处于中等抗性水平,对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯仍较为敏感(50值分别为0.54、1.07和0.93 nmol/L。三唑磷分别与高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯联用可显著增强其毒力,表明三唑磷与这两种拟除虫菊酯类药剂复配在武川和呼市马铃薯桃蚜防治中具有很好的应用潜力。 相似文献
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8.
采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,测定了良好农业规范(GAP)条件下3种常用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯及溴氰菊酯在山东、四川、云南、辽宁和江西5地烟叶中的消解动态及最终残留。样品经乙腈提取,SPE-PSA柱净化,气-质联用、选择离子监测模式(GC-MS/SIM)下测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01 ~1 mg/kg添加水平下,3种农药在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的平均回收率分别在82.9% ~ 110.9%和85.2%~108.3%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.7% ~4.4%和2.3% ~5.7%;3种农药在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01mg/kg;方法的准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求。烘烤过程中残留农药消解明显,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的消解率分别高达78%、89%和91%。高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯乳油分别按有效成分450~675 g/hm2、600~900 g/hm2及450~675 g/hm2于烟叶采 烤初期喷雾施药2次,距末次施药后14d,干烟叶中3种农药的残留量分别为0.022~ 0.50、0.14~0.82和0.046~0.21 mg/kg,均低于国际烟草合作研究中心(CORESTA)提出的指导性农药残留限量标准(GRL)值(0.5、1和1mg/kg),因此建议其安全间隔期可定为14d。 相似文献
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氟氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯是两种常见的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,因对水生生物具有高毒性,其环境风险有待进一步评估。本研究以斑马鱼胚胎为模型,将其连续暴露于两种农药下96 h,期间分别测定了受精后24 h胚胎自主运动、受精后48 h仔鱼心率和孵化率、受精后96 h仔鱼畸形率和死亡率等指标,以评价两种农药对斑马鱼的胚胎发育毒性,并采用基准剂量(BMD)法分析比较了两种药剂的胚胎发育毒性敏感指标,探究了BMD法在评价农药环境风险中的应用前景。BMD法计算结果显示,评价氟氯氰菊酯毒性时最敏感的指标为受精后48 h仔鱼心率,评价高效氯氟氰菊酯毒性时最敏感的指标为受精后48 h孵化率,且氟氯氰菊酯最敏感指标的毒性阈值(基准剂量置信区间下限,BMDL10)更低。此外,针对两种农药的绝大多数胚胎发育毒性指标计算所得的BMDL10值均低于对应的最小可见损害作用水平(LOAEL)。结果提示,BMD法不仅可用于比较相同种类不同农药的毒性差异,还能充分准确地挖掘实验数据,可为农药的环境风险评估提供新的思路和策略。 相似文献
10.
分散固相萃取-气相色谱法测定茶鲜叶中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
建立了超声波提取、分散固相萃取净化、气相色谱-电子捕获法(GC-ECD)同时测定茶鲜叶中甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品采用V(乙酸)∶V(乙腈)=1∶99的混合溶剂超声提取,适量乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(C18)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)吸附剂净化,GC-ECD测定,基质外标法定量。结果表明:在0.004~2 mg/L范围内,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的峰面积与相应质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;在0.01~0.5 mg/kg的添加水平下,平均回收率为80%~101%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于8.4%(n=6),日间RSD均小于9.3%(n=3);7种农药在茶鲜叶中的检出限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg,定量限为0.01~0.05 mg/kg。该方法操作简单、定量准确、溶剂用量少,对检测条件要求低,可同时测定茶鲜叶中7种拟除虫菊酯农药的残留量。 相似文献
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四种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及对三磷酸腺苷酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为寻找防治枸杞蚜虫的适用药剂,采用玻璃管药膜法,测定了4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及对其三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯最敏感,LC50值为4.34 mg/L;氯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的LC50值分别为17.08、40.50和184.84 mg/L。4种杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫两种ATPase活性均有抑制作用,药剂浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,4种药剂对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率均高于对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率,其中对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率从高到低依次为:联苯菊酯高效氯氰菊酯氯菊酯甲氰菊酯,而对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率则是联苯菊酯最高(46.41%),高效氯氰菊酯最低(33.04%)。4种药剂对枸杞蚜虫GSTs活性的影响差异较大:联苯菊酯在低浓度时对GSTs具有诱导作用,高浓度时则表现为一定的抑制作用;不同浓度高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对GSTs活性均表现为抑制作用,抑制率最高达85.02%;而甲氰菊酯处理后GSTs的活性则升高了193.07%~249.96%。 相似文献
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农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标。采用批量平衡法和土柱淋溶法,研究了双氟磺草胺在小麦种植区3种代表性土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明:双氟磺草胺在安徽黏土、山东砂质壤土和河南砂质黏壤土中的吸附规律均可以较好地用Freundlich方程描述,其吸附系数(Kf)在0.39~0.62之间;土壤有机碳归一化吸附系数(Koc)在66.91~81.35之间,表明双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中均属于难吸附型;吸附自由能(ΔG)在-10.90~-10.42kJ/mol之间,均属于物理吸附。双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的淋出率在71.7%~74.1%之间,说明其在3种土壤中的淋溶性均较强。双氟磺草胺初始添加量和腐殖酸对淋出率具有一定影响。综合试验结果,认为双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的吸附和淋溶可能受土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和土壤pH值等多个因素的综合影响,其对地下水的污染风险较大,因此应引起高度重视。 相似文献
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七种农药在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2,4-滴酸、丁噻隆、毒草胺、炔草酸、氟环唑、甲基磺草酮和烯啶虫胺7种农药在江西红壤、太湖水稻土及东北黑土3种不同理化性质土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性,探讨了农药性质及土壤理化性质对供试农药在土壤中吸附、淋溶行为的影响。结果表明:农药的水溶性越大,其在土壤中的吸附性越弱,淋溶性越强;农药在土壤中的吸附性与土壤pH值、有机质含量以及阳离子交换量之间有较好的相关性。土壤pH值、有机质含量以及农药性质是影响农药在土壤中淋溶及迁移的主要因素。 相似文献
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In each of two seasons, undisturbed lysimeters 0.8 m in diameter and 1.05 m in length taken from five soil types were cropped with winter wheat. They received autumn applications of the pesticides isoproturon and linuron as well as a bromide tracer and spring applications of dimethoate and MCPA. Leachate was collected at regular intervals and concentrations of the various solutes determined. Rainfall from December to March was 290 and 191 mm in the first and second seasons, respectively. Both springs were exceptionally dry with less than 50% of the mean April‐to‐June rainfall of 138 mm. Total flow from the lysimeters ranged from 335 to 477 mm (and from 0.78 to 3.95 pore volumes) over the two seasons. Leaching to drainage of bromide highlighted soils where preferential flow was influential with total losses ranging from 24% of applied for a strongly structured, alluvial clay loam to 79% for an unstructured sand. Leaching to drainage of isoproturon (Koc ≈ 100 ml g−1) was observed from all but a peat soil with losses greater (0.31–1.01% of applied) from the clay loam and a deep medium loam, where patterns of leaching clearly indicated preferential flow mechanisms, than from the sand and a light loam over gravel (0.04–0.18% of applied) where a broad breakthrough curve indicated that matrix flow was more important. Linuron (Koc ≈ 500 ml g−1) was detected in occasional samples of leachate from the clay loam, the light loam over gravel and the medium loam during the first season only (maximum loss 0.12% of applied). The sandy soil, often considered most vulnerable to leaching, gave the smallest total losses of pesticide of the four mineral soils, whilst significant preferential flow in the deep, medium loam was believed to result from a compacted topsoil. Neither of the spring‐applied pesticides was detected in the leachate, as flow following application was very small and relatively slow. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Rimao Hua Niels H Spliid Kirsten Heinrichson Bente Laursen 《Pest management science》2009,65(8):857-861
BACKGROUND: Surfactants are very often used for more efficient pesticide spraying, but knowledge about their influence on the leaching potential for pesticides is very limited. In the present study, the leaching of the herbicide bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2, 1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] was measured in columns with sandy loam soil with or without the addition of a non‐ionic surfactant, octylphenol ethylene oxide condensate (Triton X‐100, Triton), and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and in the presence of both surfactants (SDBS + Triton). RESULTS: The mobility of bentazone (B) increased in the following order: B + Triton (slowest) < B + SDBS + Triton < B < B + SDBS (fastest). When Triton X‐100 was applied to the soil together with bentazone, the leaching of bentazone in the soil decreased significantly compared with leaching of bentazone without the addition of surfactant. SDBS and Triton X‐100 neutralised their influence on the leaching speed of bentazone in the soil columns when both surfactants were applied with bentazone. CONCLUSION: From the study it can be concluded that, depending on their properties, surfactants can enhance or reduce the mobility of bentazone. By choosing a non‐ionic surfactant, bentazone mobility can be reduced, giving time for degradation and thereby reducing the risk of groundwater pollution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Although glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is one of the most frequently used herbicides, few controlled transport experiments in undisturbed soils have been carried out to date. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the sorption coefficient, soil‐glyphosate contact time, pH, phosphorus concentration and colloid‐facilitated transport on the transport of [14C]glyphosate in undisturbed top‐soil columns (20 cm height × 20 cm diameter) of a sandy loam soil and a sandy soil. Batch sorption experiments showed strong Freundlich‐type sorption to both soil materials. The mobility of glyphosate in the soil columns was strongly governed by macropore flow. Consequently, amounts of glyphosate leached from the macroporous sandy loam soil were 50–150 times larger than from the sandy soil. Leaching rates from the sandy soil were not affected by soil‐glyphosate contact time, whereas a contact time of 96 h strongly reduced the leaching rates from the sandy loam soil. The role of pH and phosphorus concentration in solution was relatively unimportant with respect to total glyphosate leaching. The contribution of colloid‐facilitated transport was <1 to 27% for the sandy loam and <1 to 52% for the sandy soil, depending on soil treatment. The risk for glyphosate leaching from the top‐soils seems to be limited to conditions where pronounced macropore flow occurs shortly after application. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Sorption‐desorption processes govern the movement of pesticides in soil. These processes determine the potential hazard of the pesticide in a given environment for groundwater contamination and need to be investigated. RESULTS: In the present study, sorption‐desorption processes of benfuracarb were investigated using a batch method in two mollisols. The kinetics of benfuracarb sorption in mollisols conformed to two‐compartment (1 + 1) first‐order kinetics. The fast sorption rate constant was about 3 times higher for silt loam than for loam soil. However, the slow sorption rate constants were statistically similar for both soils. The concentration‐dependent sorption‐desorption isotherms of benfuracarb could not closely conform to the Freundlich isotherm in mollisols of high organic C content. The computed values of both the sorption (log K) and desorption (log K′) capacities were higher for silt loam than for loam soil. The desorption index (n′/n) values in the range 30.0–41.3 indicated poor reversibility of sorbed benfuracarb in mollisols. CONCLUSION: In view of the strong sorption of benfuracarb in mollisols with only partial desorption, the possibility of the leaching of soil‐applied benfuracarb to contaminate groundwaters appears to be low. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
中国食品中农药MRL标准对急性膳食暴露评估需求的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了评估当前国内相关农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准及我国居民的急性膳食暴露风险水平,采用FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)推荐的农药残留急性膳食暴露评估方法,利用我国居民大份额膳食消费数据、国内登记农药的规范残留试验数据和JMPR推荐的农药毒理学数据,对我国普通人群、0~6岁儿童和育龄妇女的农药残留摄入情况进行了急性膳食暴露评估。结果表明:白菜中的虫螨腈和丙森锌、甘蓝中的高效氯氰菊酯和灭多威对三类人群的国家估算急性暴露水平(NESTI)均大于急性参考剂量(ARf D);香蕉中的氟硅唑对0~6岁儿童和普通人群的NESTI分别为ARf D值的300%和160%;苹果中的二氰蒽醌、甘蓝中的高效氯氟氰菊酯、花椰菜中的阿维菌素及番茄中的丙森锌仅对0~6岁儿童有较高的急性膳食暴露风险;儿童相比其他人群摄入农药残留的急性膳食暴露风险更高、概率更大。建议我国采取相应的风险管理措施,降低农药残留摄入的急性膳食风险,同时尽快完善短期膳食消费数据库和农药残留数据库,在制定农药MRL标准时进行相应的急性膳食暴露评估,以保障消费者的农药急性膳食暴露风险在可接受水平。 相似文献