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为给抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’商业化生产后除草剂的安全高效施用提供科学依据, 探索了该转基因直播稻田草铵膦的最佳施用时期和施用剂量。研究了在直播稻田3~4叶期、5~6叶期以及分蘖期施用0.225、0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦(有效成分, 下同)后, 草铵膦对杂草的控制效果和对转基因水稻生长的影响。在测试的3个施药时期, 施用0.225 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草防除效果都很差, 水稻减产严重; 在水稻3~4叶期和分蘖期施用0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草的防除效果也较差, 水稻生长受到严重影响, 与无草对照相比水稻产量显著下降。但在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45 和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对主要杂草的防效均在90%以上, 且对水稻安全。因此建议抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’直播田在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45~0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦来控制田间杂草。 相似文献
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抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟田间自然种群的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
［目的］明确抗除草剂转基因水稻对非目标生物的影响。［方法］以稻纵卷叶螟为指示物种,调查其在抗除草剂转基因籼稻‘Bar68 1’稻田与非转基因亲本对照‘D68’稻田的种群密度、发育进度以及水稻的受害程度。［结果］在转基因和非转基因稻田中,除2007年水稻乳熟期外,稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的发生密度无显著差异;稻纵卷叶螟不同龄期幼虫比例（%）在转基因稻田与非转基因稻田之间表现出较高的一致性;除2007年分蘖末期外,处理与对照间的单株受害叶片数和卷叶率（%）差异均不显著;转基因水稻与对照植株的卷叶指数（%）表现基本一致。［结论］转基因抗除草剂水稻‘Bar68 1’对非目标物种稻纵卷叶螟不造成影响。 相似文献
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当前我国水稻田登记的除草剂活性成分组合共204种, 包括55种单剂和149种复配剂?在总结各种稻田除草剂应用技术要素的基础上, 提出稻田除草剂选用中具有普遍性的6个关键问题, 包括:水稻栽培方式?稻田除草剂施用时期?施用方法?稻田主要禾本科杂草种类?稻田非禾本科主要杂草类型?田间杂草生育期; 基于各种除草剂品种对应上述6个问题上的应用特点, 开发了“稻田除草剂选用参考系统”, 该手机软件共1.8 MB, 可以在安卓手机上安装使用?该软件可以根据用户在上述6个问题上的选项组合, 直接获得适用除草剂品种清单; 也可以根据用户输入除草剂名称所含字词, 检索相关的除草剂品种清单?此外, 软件中列出了每种除草剂的使用技术要点? 相似文献
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广东省稻田杂草控制效果及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解常规管理条件下对广东稻田杂草的控制效果及其影响因素,于2015年对粤东、粤西、粤北地区及珠江三角洲的早、晚季稻田杂草进行了调查分析。结果表明:在常规控制措施下稻田中综合草害指数与水稻产量呈负相关,推荐剂量的除草剂不能有效控制稻田杂草的危害,特别是在早季需要辅以人工措施对稻田杂草进行管理。稻田杂草对除草剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。化学除草剂成本低,水稻种植者目前仍可以通过更换除草剂品种和加大剂量对杂草进行控制。化感抑草品种的推广需要在品质和产量上进一步满足生产的需要。在杂草耐药性增加、环境和政策要求减少化学除草剂投入的双重压力下,选育具有化感抑草效果的水稻品种,结合农艺措施,应该成为今后稻田控草的发展方向之一。 相似文献
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由于直播稻田干干湿湿 ,封行期推迟 ,对杂草的发生极有利 ,因而旱直播稻田杂草具有发生种类多、发生期长、数量大、危害严重等特点 ,若不及时进行化除 ,往往会形成草荒 ,对水稻高产丰收构成极大威胁。因此 ,寻求对旱直播稻田杂草防除效果好 ,对水稻秧苗安全可靠的除草剂是旱直播稻田杂草化除上亟需解决的难题。为了进一步明确丙草苄防除旱直播稻田杂草的化除效果、应用技术及对水稻的安全性 ,２０００年在通州市进行了丙草苄防除直播稻田杂草试验 ,取得了理想的结果。现将试验结果整理如下 :一、材料与方法１．供试药剂及水稻品种。１６%丙… 相似文献
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除草醚、丁草胺可有效地控制稻田稗草、异型莎草等一年生禾本科杂草和莎草科杂草,但由于连年使用,致使稻田杂草群落发生了明显的演化,矮慈姑、丁香蓼、眼子菜、陌上菜、节节菜等阔叶杂草逐步上升为主要恶性杂草,对水稻发生不同程度的危害。又随着苄黄隆等除草剂的推广应用,部分稻区的稗草、千金子等禾本科杂草又有所回升。显然除草剂单剂已不适应农业生产发展的需要,广大农村迫切要求杀草谱广的一次性除草剂。稻草敌可湿陛粉剂是江苏省农科院农业现代化研究所近年来开发成功的一次性稻田除草剂,经过1993年多点田间药效试验和大面积示范应用,肯定该产品具有高效、广谱、经济、对水稻安全等特点,可有效地防除移栽稻田一年生和多年生单、双子叶杂草,一次用药,可保全季无草害。 相似文献
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一、“七五”期间取得的主要进展“七五”期间我省在杂草生物学、生态学研究和除草剂开发应用方面取得了较大的进展。先后完成了移栽稻田多年生杂草——扁秆蔍草的国家攻关课题研究,成功地引进了扫茀特、新马歇特、农得时、杀草丹等新型除草剂并筛选出一些高效、经济、安全的稻田一次性除草剂配方,完成直播稻田、棉田、果、桑、茶园杂草发生消长规律和化学防除系列配套技术的研究;在麦田方面,引进新的除草剂如骠马、燕麦畏、野燕枯、百草敌、使它隆、巨星等防除单双子叶杂草的除草剂。改进了绿麦隆的使用技术,采用施药和盖草结合,轮作换茬,少免耕交替等综合防除技术控制杂草,取得了较大的成绩;油菜田在解决禾本科杂草防除技术 相似文献
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Rabiatuladawiyah Ruzmi Muhammad S. Ahmad‐Hamdani Baki B. Bakar 《Weed Biology and Management》2017,17(1):3-16
The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action. 相似文献
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HIROAKI WATANABE 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(4):175-189
Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide‐resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical. 相似文献
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我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。 相似文献
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As herbicide‐resistant weeds have spread in the agricultural fields of grain‐exporting countries, their seeds could be introduced into other countries as contaminants in imported grain. The spread of resistance genes through seed and pollen can cause significant economic loss. In order to assess the extent of the problem, we investigated the contamination by herbicide‐resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) of wheat imported from Western Australia into Japan. Annual ryegrass seeds were recovered from wheat shipments and seed bioassays were conducted to identify resistance to the herbicides that are commonly used in Australia: diclofop‐methyl, sethoxydim, chlorsulfuron, and glyphosate. Nearly 4500 ryegrass seeds were detected in 20 kg of wheat that was imported in both 2006 and 2007. About 35% and 15% of the seeds were resistant to diclofop‐methyl, 5% and 6% were resistant to sethoxydim, and 56% and 60% were resistant to chlorsulfuron in 2006 and 2007, respectively. None was resistant to glyphosate in either year. As the contamination of crops by herbicide‐resistant weeds is probably a common phenomenon, the monitoring of incoming grain shipments is necessary to stem the further spread of herbicide‐resistant weeds into importing countries. 相似文献
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Modelling the spatio-temporal deployment of resistant varieties to reduce the incidence of rice tungro disease in a dynamic cropping system 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A dynamic cropping system was represented by a square lattice of fields in which crops were successively harvested and replanted. A spectrum of crop ages existed at any one time and the virus disease persisted by spread of inoculum between crops. Such a situation is typical of many areas of tropical irrigated rice cultivation in which rice tungro virus disease (RTVD) occurs. Using a mathematical model of the epidemiology of RTVD in the cropping system, the deployment of fields of a genotype expressing some resistance to the disease was investigated. Previous studies on the effect of genotype mixtures on disease progress within a single crop have shown that both the rate of disease increase and the rate of focus expansion were proportional to the logarithm of the fraction of susceptible plants in the mixture. Here, looking at long-term disease incidence in a dynamic cropping system, it was found that this same 'logarithmic rule' applied, provided that resistant crop deployment was spatially random. A relatively large proportion of fields had to be planted with resistant varieties in order to have sufficient area-wide impact on inoculum to reduce disease incidence in fields of susceptible varieties. In many rice cropping systems there are two growing seasons per year and the modelling indicated that the best strategy was to concentrate deployment of resistant varieties in the season of greatest disease spread. Attempts to minimize inoculum carry-over to the 'high spread' season by concentrating resistant varieties in the previous season had little effect over a range of simulated conditions. In considering recommendations for the management of RTVD, a conflict existed between the reduction of disease incidence strategically and in the individual fields of a newly deployed variety. To maximize area-wide strategic impact, small genotype units and random patterns were best, but to protect individual fields, large units and concentrated deployment were best. 相似文献
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Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass populations, previously verified in Arkansas rice fields and in greenhouse tests, were examined in the laboratory to ascertain if the resistance mechanism in this weed biotype was herbicide metabolism. Propanil-resistant barnyardgrass was controlled >95% in the greenhouse when carbaryl (an aryl acylamidase inhibitor) was applied two days prior to propanil. Laboratory studies with 14C-radiolabelled propanil indicated that the herbicide was hydrolysed in propanil-resistant barnyardgrass and rice to form 3,4-dichloroaniline, but no detectable hydrolysis occurred in susceptible barnyardgrass. Two additional polar metabolites were detected in propanil-resistant barnyardgrass and rice and tentatively identified by thin layer chromatography. Overall, metabolites in the resistant barnyardgrass had Rf values similar to those in rice, indicating similar metabolism for both species. These data, coupled with data from a previous report on the resistant biotype showing no differential absorption/translocation or molecular modification of the herbicide binding site in the resistant biotype, indicate that the resistance mechanism is metabolic degradation of propanil. © of SCI. 相似文献
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为明确新型水直播稻田除草剂精噁唑甘草胺以及对照药剂对于直播稻田禾本科杂草的防除效果以及对于水稻及后茬作物的安全性, 于2019年在江西宜春市上高县水稻田进行了大田杂草防效试验以及后茬作物安全性研究。结果表明:8%精噁唑甘草胺OD对于直播水稻田的禾本科杂草具有良好的防除效果, 120 g/hm2 以及200 g/hm2 剂量处理对于禾本科杂草的防效均在88%以上。而且所有处理对于水稻均无药害产生, 实现增产, 并对后茬作物生长安全。综上所述, 新型直播稻田除草剂精噁唑甘草胺对直播水稻田禾本科杂草有良好防除效果, 可以在市场上推广应用。 相似文献
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From paddy field observations in 2002 and 2004, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) has been studied using information collected from 11 sites in the Saphan-Sung district of Bangkok, Thailand. The resistant Chinese sprangletop was found in nine rice fields, whereas the susceptible Chinese sprangletop was found in only two rice fields. In greenhouse experiments, both fenoxaprop-P-ethyl-resistant and susceptible Chinese sprangletop from the same location were investigated for 50% growth reduction based on phytotoxicity, plant height and fresh and dry weight. The resistant Chinese sprangletop showed apparent resistance at 14-21 days after herbicide application at a rate of 21.1-337.6 g AI ha(-1). The resistance index of resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10-25 times higher than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. In addition, Chinese sprangletop did not exhibit multiple resistance to oxadiazon, propanil and quinclorac. According to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) assays, the level of ACCase specific activity in the resistant Chinese sprangletop was significantly higher than that in the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. Similarly, the ACCase activity of the resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10 times less sensitive to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop, based on the I50 values. The present study of the mechanism responsible for resistance in the biotypes investigated indicated that there was a close association between the concentration-response at the whole-plant level and ACCase sensitivity to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was conferred by a modified ACCase at the target site, as suggested by higher specific activity and less sensitivity to the herbicide. 相似文献
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The global area covered with transgenic (genetically modified) crops has rapidly increased since their introduction in the mid-1990s. Most of these crops have been rendered herbicide resistant, for which it can be envisaged that the modification has an impact on the profile and level of herbicide residues within these crops. In this article, the four main categories of herbicide resistance, including resistance to acetolactate-synthase inhibitors, bromoxynil, glufosinate and glyphosate, are reviewed. The topics considered are the molecular mechanism underlying the herbicide resistance, the nature and levels of the residues formed and their impact on the residue definition and maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national authorities. No general conclusions can be drawn concerning the nature and level of residues, which has to be done on a case-by-case basis. International residue definitions and MRLs are still lacking for some herbicide-crop combinations, and harmonisation is therefore recommended. 相似文献