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1.
Trace gases have been measured, by electron-capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, at the South Pole (SP) in Antarctica and in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) ( approximately 45 degrees N) during January of each year from 1975 to 1980. These measurements show that the concentrations of CCl(3)F, CCl(2)F(2), and CH(3)CCl(3) have increased exponentially at substantial rates. The concentration of CCl(3)F increased at 12 percent per year at the SP and at 8 percent per year in the PNW; CCl(2)F(2) increased at about 9 percent per year at both locations, and CH(3)CCl(3) increased at 17 percent per year at the SP and 11.6 percent per year at the PNW site. There is some evidence that CCl(4) ( approximately 3 percent per year) and N(2)O (0.1 to 0.5 percent per year) may also have increased. Concentrations of nine other trace gases of importance in atmospheric chemistry are also being measured at these two locations. Results of the measurements of CHClF(2)(F-22), C(2)Cl(3)F(3)(F-113), SF(6), C(2)-hydrocarbons, and CH(3)Cl are reported here. 相似文献
2.
The concentrations of two industrially produced chlorofluoromethanes, CCl(3)F(F-11) and CCl(2)F(2)(F-12), have been measured in the water column and in the marine atmosphere of the Greenland and Norwegian seas. Measurable concentrations of these two chlorofluoromethanes have penetrated to the deep basins of both of these regions, and the general characteristics of their vertical distributions are similar to those of the bomb-produced radioisotopes injected into the atmosphere on a similar time scale. The data have been fitted to a time-dependent box model based on deep convective mixing in the Greenland Sea and lateral exchange between the deep basins. The model calculations for the two chlorofluoromethanes in the Greenland Sea give similar results, with a time scale for deep convection of about 40 years. The time scale for lateral mixing between the deep Greenland Sea and the deep Norwegian Sea is estimated to be 20 to 30 years, although the agreement between the calculations for the two chlorofluoromethanes is limited by analytical uncertainties at the low concentrations found in the deep Norwegian Sea and by uncertainties in the model assumptions. 相似文献
3.
The chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs: CCl(2)F(2) and CCl(3)F), methyl chloroform (CH(3)CCl(3)), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) have been measured in deep waters of the Arctic Ocean. Oceanic and atmospheric inventories of these compounds result from known anthropogenic releases; because the CFMs and CCl(4) are also chemically nonreactive, they can be used as transient tracers of ocean circulation. The input history of CCl(4) is longer than that of any other transient tracer identified to date( approximately 70 years). This long input history, together with an e-folding time scale of increase(tau) of approximately 28 years, makes CCl(4) potentially the most useful tracer for calibrating models of the oceanic uptake of the fossil-fuel CO(2) transient(tau approximately 25 years). The bottom water of the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean, has detectable CCl(4) but undetectable CFM(s) and CH(3)CCl(3), which suggests either that the bottom water is approximately 50 years old, or that there is a small, nonanthropogenic component of atmospheric CCl(4)(<6 parts per trillion by volume). 相似文献
4.
Chemical dynamics trajectory simulations were used to study the atomic-level mechanisms of the OH- + CH3F --> CH3OH + F- SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction dynamics, from the [OH...CH3...F]- central barrier to the reaction products, are simulated by ab initio direct dynamics. The reaction's potential energy surface has a deep minimum in the product exit channel arising from the CH3OH...F- hydrogen-bonded complex. Statistical theories of unimolecular reaction rates assume that the reactive system becomes trapped in this minimum and forms an intermediate, with random redistribution of its vibrational energy, but the majority of the trajectories (90%) avoided this potential energy minimum and instead dissociated directly to products. This finding is discussed in terms of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and the relation between IVR and molecular structure. The finding of this study may be applicable to other reactive systems where there is a hierarchy of time scales for intramolecular motions and thus inefficient IVR. 相似文献
5.
6.
Montzka SA Krol M Dlugokencky E Hall B Jöckel P Lelieveld J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6013):67-69
The oxidizing capacity of the global atmosphere is largely determined by hydroxyl (OH) radicals and is diagnosed by analyzing methyl chloroform (CH(3)CCl(3)) measurements. Previously, large year-to-year changes in global mean OH concentrations have been inferred from such measurements, suggesting that the atmospheric oxidizing capacity is sensitive to perturbations by widespread air pollution and natural influences. We show how the interannual variability in OH has been more precisely estimated from CH(3)CCl(3) measurements since 1998, when atmospheric gradients of CH(3)CCl(3) had diminished as a result of the Montreal Protocol. We infer a small interannual OH variability as a result, indicating that global OH is generally well buffered against perturbations. This small variability is consistent with measurements of methane and other trace gases oxidized primarily by OH, as well as global photochemical model calculations. 相似文献
7.
YUAN Wei-ling CAO Cou-gui LI Cheng-fang ZHAN Ming CAI Ming-li WANG Jin-ping 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2009,8(10):1246-1255
Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits. 相似文献
8.
Nitrous oxide, methane, ammonia, and a number of other trace constituents in the earth's atmosphere have infrared absorption bands in the spectral region 7 to 14 microm and contribute to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The concentrations of these trace gases may undergo substantial changes because of man's activities. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and combustion of fossil fuels may perturb the nitrogen cycle, leading to increases in atmospheric N(2)O, and the same perturbing processes may increase the amounts of atmospheric CH(4) and NH(3). We use a one-dimensional radiative-convective model for the atmospheric thermal structure to compute the change in the surface temperature of the earth for large assumed increases in the trace gas concentrations; doubling the N(2)O, CH(4), and NH(3) concentrations is found to cause additive increases in the surface temperature of 0.7 degrees , 0.3 degrees , and 0.1 degrees K, respectively. These systematic effects on the earth's radiation budget would have substantial climatic significance. It is therefore important that the abundances of these trace gases be accurately monitored to determine the actual trends of their concentrations. 相似文献
9.
Prinn RG Huang J Weiss RF Cunnold DM Fraser PJ Simmonds PG McCulloch A Harth C Salameh P O'Doherty S Wang RH Porter L Miller BR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5523):1882-1888
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominant oxidizing chemical in the atmosphere. It destroys most air pollutants and many gases involved in ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Global measurements of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (CH3CCl3, methyl chloroform) provide an accurate method for determining the global and hemispheric behavior of OH. Measurements show that CH3CCl3 levels rose steadily from 1978 to reach a maximum in 1992 and then decreased rapidly to levels in 2000 that were lower than the levels when measurements began in 1978. Analysis of these observations shows that global OH levels were growing between 1978 and 1988, but the growth rate was decreasing at a rate of 0.23 +/- 0.18% year(-2), so that OH levels began declining after 1988. Overall, the global average OH trend between 1978 and 2000 was -0.64 +/- 0.60% year(-1). These variations imply important and unexpected gaps in current understanding of the capability of the atmosphere to cleanse itself. 相似文献
10.
中国稻田CH_4和N_2O排放及减排整合分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
【目的】对中国有关稻田CH4和N2O排放试验结果进行整合分析,估算不同管理措施的减排潜力,为稻田CH4和N2O减排提供参考依据。【方法】通过建立中国稻田CH4和N2O排放的数据库,研究稻田CH4和N2O的排放特征,分析作用显著的影响因素,比较不同措施的减排效果。【结果】中国稻田CH4排放存在明显的地域性分布规律,主要表现为西南地区稻田CH4排放远高于其它地区。水稻生长季节水分管理方式、非水稻生长季水分状态、化肥氮投入量和有机物料对稻田CH4排放具有重要影响(P0.05)。与淹水灌溉(CF)相比,前期淹水-中期晒田-淹水(F-D-F)、前期淹水-中期晒田-淹水-湿润灌溉(F-D-F-M)和间歇灌溉或完全湿润(M)降低稻田CH4排放的幅度分别为45%、59%和83%。与休闲期淹水(F)相比,采取冬闲期排干(SD)、稻旱轮作(LD)或旱-旱-稻轮作模式(TD),能降低稻田CH4排放42%—56%。不同有机添加物产生CH4的能力的顺序为:作物秸秆+厩肥(S+FM)绿肥(GM)厩肥(FM)作物秸秆(S)堆肥或沼渣(CM)。化学氮肥的种类对CH4排放有一定的影响,但特征不明显,而随着氮肥用量(N)的增加,CH4排放逐渐降低。当0N≤150kgN·hm-2,150N250kgN·hm-2和≥250kgN·hm-2时,CH4排放较不施任何肥料降低12%、29%和65%。中国稻田N2O排放的地域性分布特征不明显。水稻生长季节水分管理方式、非水稻生长季水分状态和总氮投入量是影响N2O排放的最重要的因素(P0.05)。与CF相比,F-D-F、F-D-F-M和M能够提高稻田N2O排放12%、140%和478%,而且在F-D-F、F-D-F-M模式下的氮肥N2O排放因子分别为0.43%和0.68%。不同非水稻生长季水分状态模式下N2O排放平均值表明,SD、LD和TD比F增加40%—110%的排放。【结论】稻田CH4和N2O排放的消长关系表现在水分管理、非水稻生长季节的水分状态和氮素的投入量等方面。合理的减排措施应基于二者的综合考虑。通过优化稻田水肥管理措施可降低稻田CH4和N2O排放的温室效应。 相似文献
11.
Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The atmospheric lifetimes of the fluorinated gases CF(4), C(2)F(6), c-C(4)F(8), (CF(3))(2)c-C(4)F(6), C(5)F(12), C(6)F(14), C(2)F(5)Cl, C(2)F(4)C(12), CF(3)Cl, and SF(6) are of concern because of the effects that these long-lived compounds acting as greenhouse gases can have on global climate. The possible atmospheric loss processes of these gases were assessed by determining the rate coefficients for the reactions of these gases with O((1)D), H, and OH and the absorption cross sections at 121.6 nanometers in the laboratory and using these data as input to a two-dimensional atmospheric model. The lifetimes of all the studied perfluoro compounds are >2000 years, and those of CF(3)Cl, CF(3)CF(2)Cl, and CF(2)ClCF(2)Cl are >300 years. If released into the atmosphere, these molecules will accumulate and their effects will persist for centuries or millennia. 相似文献
12.
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) are chemically reactive greenhouse gases with well-documented atmospheric concentration increases that are attributable to anthropogenic activities. We quantified the link between N(2)O and CH(4) emissions through the coupled chemistries of the stratosphere and troposphere. Specifically, we simulated the coupled perturbations of increased N(2)O abundance, leading to stratospheric ozone (O(3)) depletion, altered solar ultraviolet radiation, altered stratosphere-to-troposphere O(3) flux, increased tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration, and finally lower concentrations of CH(4). The ratio of CH(4) per N(2)O change, -36% by mole fraction, offsets a fraction of the greenhouse effect attributable to N(2)O emissions. These CH(4) decreases are tied to the 108-year chemical mode of N(2)O, which is nine times longer than the residence time of direct CH(4) emissions. 相似文献
13.
Marder SR Cheng LT Tiemann BG Friedli AC Blanchard-Desce M Perry JW Skindhøj J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,263(5146):511-514
Conjugated organic compounds with 3-phenyl-5-isoxazolone or N,N'-diethylthiobarbituric acid acceptors have large first molecular hyperpolarizabilities (beta) in comparison with compounds with 4-nitrophenyl acceptors. For example, julolidinyl-(CH=CH)(3)-CH=N,N'- diethylthiobarbituric acid, which has 12 atoms between the donor and acceptor, has a beta(0) of 911 x 10(-30) electrostatic units, whereas (CH(3))(2)NC(6)H(4),-(CH=CH)(4)-C(6)H(4)NO(2), with 16 atoms between its donor and acceptor, has a beta(0) of 133 x 10(-30) electrostatic units. The design strategies demonstrated here have resulted in chromophores that when incorporated into poled-polymer electrooptic modulators exhibited significant enhancements in electrooptic coefficients relative to polymers containing the commonly used dye Disperse Red-1. Poled polymer devices based on these or related chromophores may ultimately lead to high-speed electrooptic switching elements with low drive-power requirements, suitable for telecommunications applications. 相似文献
14.
C(3)H mice, made chimeric by lethal x-irradiation followed by injection of (C(3)H x T(6))F(1) spleen cells, were later stimulated by CCl(4) to produce a vigorous burst of hepatic parenchymal cell mitoses. Cytogenetic studies of the regenerating livers of 11 chimeras identified 89 percent of the cells as donor type by the presence of the distinctive T(6) marker. 相似文献
15.
Carbon tetrachloride at hepatotoxic levels blocks reversibly gap junctions between rat hepatocytes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Electrical coupling and dye coupling between pairs of rat hepatocytes were reversibly reduced by brief exposure to halogenated methanes (CBrCl3, CCl4, and CHCl3). The potency of different halomethanes in uncoupling hepatocytes was comparable to their hepatotoxicity in vivo, and the rank order was the same as that of their tendency to form free radicals. The effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on hepatocytes was substantially reduced by prior treatment with SKF 525A, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, and by exposure to the reducing reagent beta-mercaptoethanol. Halomethane uncoupling occurred with or without extracellular calcium and did not change intracellular concentrations of calcium and hydrogen ions or the phosphorylation state of the main gap-junctional protein. Thus the uncoupling appears to depend on cytochrome P-450 oxidative metabolism in which free radicals are generated and may result from oxidation of the gap-junctional protein or of a regulatory molecule that leads to closure of gap-junctional channels. Decreases in junctional conductance may be a rapid cellular response to injury that protects healthy cells by uncoupling them from unhealthy ones. 相似文献
16.
肉羊甲烷排放测定与模型估测 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
【目的】研究日粮不同营养物质含量和消化性能对肉羊瘤胃甲烷排放的影响,并建立甲烷排放估测模型。【方法】选取8头月龄相近、体重（50.37±1.13） kg的成年杂交绵羊公羊（杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀））,分别饲喂8种中性洗涤纤维（neutral detergent fiber,NDF）含量不同（分别为51.83%、50.47%、44.58%、42.34%、38.20%、35.43%、30.10%和27.03%）的全混合日粮,进行8×4不完全拉丁方试验。试验分为4期,每期16 d,于第9-16天采用Sable呼吸测热系统测定甲烷,用全收粪法进行消化试验。【结果】8种日粮每千克可消化有机物的甲烷排放量（L•kg-1 DOM）分别为48.80、46.98、45.38、41.34、35.44、34.66、33.73和37.83。甲烷与NDF回归模型：CH4E/DE（%）=0.14688DNDF/DOM（%）+5.47643（R2=0.9084,P=0.0003）。甲烷与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）回归模型：CH4 （L•kg-1 DOM）=0.14411DADF（g）+23.69940（R2=0.8367,P=0.0015）。甲烷与营养物质摄入量：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=-0.22260OMI（g）+0.15234CPI（g）+0.06465NDFI（g）-0.60549EEI（g）+218.23715（R2=0.9786,P=0.0077）。甲烷与可消化营养物质：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=0.09722DCP（g）+0.12079DNDF（g）-0.08355DADF（g）-1.71035DEE（g）+47.85414（R2=0.9776,P=0.0083）。【结论】日粮的精粗比或粗饲料含量直接影响单位可消化有机物的甲烷排放量及甲烷能/总能、甲烷能/消化能之比。在直线回归中,与其它营养物质相比,NDF和ADF与肉羊甲烷排放相关性最强。与直线回归相比,多元回归提高了甲烷估测的相关性和准确性。 相似文献
17.
The low O2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels approximately 10(2) to 10(3) parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant CH4 implies that hydrogen escapes to space (upward arrow space) orders of magnitude faster than today. Such reductant loss oxidizes the Earth. Photosynthesis splits water into O2 and H, and methanogenesis transfers the H into CH4. Hydrogen escape after CH4 photolysis, therefore, causes a net gain of oxygen [CO2 + 2H2O --> CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + O2 + 4H(upward arrow space)]. Expected irreversible oxidation (approximately 10(12) to 10(13) moles oxygen per year) may help explain how Earth's surface environment became irreversibly oxidized. 相似文献
18.
【目的】研究单一和复合乳酸菌添加处理对高丹草青贮发酵效果的影响,为高丹草青贮菌剂的开发研制提供科学依据。【方法】利用前期筛选出的植物乳杆菌（保存编号LP06）、戊糖片球菌（保存编号PP02）和短乳杆菌（保存编号LBR02）添加至高丹草,乳酸菌总添加量约5×105 CFU/g,设8个处理:（1） CK（无乳酸菌）;（2） LP06;（3） PP02;（4）LBR02;（5） F-1（LP06:PP02=1:1）;（6） F-2（LP06:LBR02=1:1）;（7） F-3（PP02:LBR02=1:1）;（8） F-4（LP06:PP02:LBR02=1:1:1）。对8个处理青贮60 d后的感官品质进行评定,测定分析发酵品质、营养成分和主要微生物数量,并利用隶属函数法进行综合评价。【结果】高丹草青贮60 d后,LP06和F-1处理具有明显芳香果味,感官品质最优; F-2处理pH最低,为3.88; 7个乳酸菌添加处理氨态氮（NH3-N）含量显著低于CK（P<0.05,下同）; LP06处理乳酸含量最高,为4.21%; LBR02、F-2、F-3和F-4处理乙酸含量显著高于其他处理; LP06、F-1和F-4处理乳酸菌数量较高,均在7.00×105CFU/g以上; LBR02、F-2和F-3处理未检测到酵母菌和霉菌,有害微生物生长抑制效果明显; 7个乳酸菌添加处理粗蛋白质（CP）含量显著高于CK,可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量显著低于CK,而干物质（DW）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量在8个处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。根据隶属函数法综合评价结果,F-2处理隶属函数值最高（0.69）,青贮发酵效果综合表现最优。【结论】同型发酵乳酸菌LP06在提高高丹草青贮感官品质、降低NH3-N含量、减少CP损失、增加乳酸含量和乳酸菌数量上表现更具优势,异型发酵乳酸菌LBR02在抑制有害微生物生长方面作用更显著,LP06和LBR02以1: 1比例混合添加青贮发酵效果综合表现最优。 相似文献
19.
寄生松墨天牛的球孢白僵菌不同菌株DNA多态性的RAPD分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用RAPD技术对21个不同来源的寄生松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株的DNA指纹图谱进行了测定.从RAPD结果可知寄生松墨天牛的白僵菌菌株间具有丰富的遗传多态性.聚类分析把21个寄生松墨天牛的白僵菌菌株分为两大类群:①B1,B14,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B12,B13,B10,F-263,Bxs,B2,B11,Bf,Bz,B9;②B3,B15,By2,By7.结果表明菌株DNA多态性与采集地之间有一定的相关性,与对松墨天牛幼虫的毒力未表现出相关性.图2表2参11 相似文献
20.
小偃麦衍生品系CH7086对白粉病抗性的遗传分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
CH7086是衍生于十倍体长穗偃麦草与普通小麦的八倍体"小偃7430"的小麦新品系,对小麦白粉病和条锈病均为免疫。为明确其白粉病抗性的遗传规律,用高感品种(系)绵阳11,晋太170,CH5241与CH7086杂交,将其F1,F2及其亲本分别在太原温室(用白粉病15号小种的E09菌系接种)进行了抗性基因的遗传分析。结果表明:F1对白粉病的感染为0级。F2群体中,白粉病抗感分离符合3R:1S,说明小偃麦衍生品系CH7086对白粉病的抗性受1对显性基因控制。 相似文献