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1.
《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1988,43(1):59-70
Daily solar, reflected, and net radiation, air and dew-point temperature, wind speed, and soil heat flux were compared with daily evaporation for a bare and stubble covered soil surface for 45 days during spring 1984. Surface temperatures and radiation fluxes were monitored every 15 min from sunrise to sunset on five of these days. Daily net radiation was always greater for the bare soil surface, averaging 11 443 kJ m−2 compared to 10 483 kJ m−2 for the stubble covered soil. Temperature of the bare soil surface was always greater than the stubble covered surface except for overcast conditions with wet surfaces when they were about equal. Maximum differences were 14.5°C. Evaporation was always greater from the bare surface until it was dry (<8% water). Evaporation was then greater from the stubble covered surface because of its greater available water. There was no correlation between daily evaporation from either surface and the net or solar radiation. Daily evaporation was correlated only with the number of days after precipitation and with wind speed. Reduced evaporation from the stubble covered soil was related to reduced wind speed and lower surface temperatures in the stubble. 相似文献
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The ratio between photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and solar broadband irradiance depends on the spectral structure of radiation. Therefore, at the Earth surface, this ratio depends on atmospheric conditions and solar height. Specifically, for cloudless skies, and based on results from a spectral radiative transfer model, a parameterised model is presented here in order to obtain the ratio between PPFD and global irradiance from meteorological routine measurements. The two main input variables of the model are air mass and an estimation of precipitable water column. Modelled values are compared to measurements taken at Girona (NE Iberian Peninsula). A correction to measurements is developed to take into account the non-cosine response of the instruments. Agreement between measurements and model is significantly better than merely considering a constant value of the ratio between PPFD and global broadband irradiance. 相似文献
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日光温室土墙传热特性及轻简化路径的理论分析 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
为减小日光温室土墙厚度,该研究在分析土墙温度变化的基础上提出了土墙轻简化路径并进行了理论分析。根据测试分析,土墙可划分为用于储蓄热量的蓄热层和防止热量从蓄热层向室外方向流失的保温层。土墙86.9%的部分为保温层。模拟结果表明使用由47 cm厚夯土和7 cm厚聚苯板(热阻等于3.13 m厚夯土保温层)构成的复合墙在夜间的放热量与3.6 m厚土墙相近。使用保温材料替代夯土保温层来减薄土墙在理论上可行。另外,根据模拟,当土壤20 cm深处温度提高至23℃后,土壤供热量可超过测试条件下土壤和土墙放热量总和。为此,土墙在理论上可通过以下2条途径实现轻简化:1)使用保温材料建造墙体保温层;2)使用土壤蓄热替代墙体蓄热。 相似文献
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Methane emissions from northern peatlands are strongly dependent on soil temperatures. Therefore, to predict methane emissions from northern peatlands under future climatic conditions, it is important to simulate the effect of these changing climatic conditions on peat temperatures. This article reports on the development and testing of two one‐dimensional (1D) models used to simulate soil temperatures at shallow depths in a northern peatland. First, the HIP‐Dlet (Heat in Peat – Dirichlet) model applies measured temperatures to the surface boundary of a conduction‐based temperature model. Secondly, the HIP‐Nmann (Heat in Peat – von Neumann) model simulates the surface boundary from standard meteorological measurements. The HIP‐Dlet model provides a reasonable to good approximation of measured temperatures showing that heat transport processes within the soil are adequately simulated. The model does not simulate an advective liquid heat flux. However, only substantial rainfall events (> 70 mm over 3 days) during the study period had any significant effect on model error. Errors in the HIP‐Nmann model were of a similar magnitude to the HIP‐Dlet model. Errors in the HIP‐Dlet model resulted predominantly from errors in the measured soil temperatures. Errors in the HIP‐Nmann were due to errors in the measured soil temperatures and the inaccurate simulation of the surface boundary condition. The development of future peatland temperature models should, therefore, focus on the simulation of the surface boundary condition, particularly the parameterisation of the surface resistance that is shown here to produce significant errors in the modelled soil temperatures. 相似文献
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Boudala F. S. Folkins I. Beauchamp S. Tordon R. Neima J. Johnson B. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,122(1-2):183-202
Mercury flux measurements were conducted at two lakes and three soil sites in Kejimkujik National Park, located in the eastern Canadian province of Nova Scotia. One of the lakes had high levels of both mercury and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Two of the soil sites were located under the forestcanopy, while the other was in a small clearing surrounded by forest. Flux measurements were performed using the dynamic chamber method. Mercury concentrations in the air were measured with a TEKRAN mercury analyzer. Mercury fluxes over the two lakes were most strongly correlated with solar radiation, although the flux was also significantly correlated with water temperature, air temperature, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. The flux from the high DOC lake (Big Dam West) was especially high when the conditions were both sunny and windy (wind speed greater than 1.3 m s-1) and the average flux measured was 5.4 ng m-2 h-1. The mercury flux from this lake was wellparameterized in terms of a simple expression involving solar radiation and a nonlinear dependence on wind speed. The flux measured from the low DOC lake (North Cranberry) tended to be lower than from the high DOC lake. The averageflux measured was 1.1 ng m-2 h-1, but was again strongly correlated with solar radiation. The flux was low during windy conditions in the absence of sunlight, suggesting that wind enhances mercury evasion from lakes only in the presence of solar radiation. Mercury fluxes measured over the soil sites tended to be smaller than those over water (a range of –1.4–4.3 ng m-2 h-1). At one of the forest sites, mercury flux was very strongly correlated with 0.5 cm soil temperature, and this dependence was well described by an Arrhenius-typeexpression with an activation energy of 14.6 kcal-1 mole, quite close to the heat of vaporization of mercury (14.5 kcal-1 mol-1 at 20 °C). At the clearing, where there was direct exposure to the sun, the mercury flux was most strongly correlated with solar radiation. 相似文献
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Climate model projections indicate that wintertime temperatures will warm and change snowfall patterns in the northeastern U.S. Snow provides insulation for soils from air temperature fluctuations. Therefore, these snowfall changes will have consequences, particularly for soil surface temperatures. Changes in minimum soil surface temperatures were investigated using a heat flow soil temperature model, driven using daily average air temperature and snow depth data. Two scenarios of three coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation models were used to run the soil temperature model. Modeled projections of minimum soil surface temperatures in the northeastern U.S. indicate that warming will occur over the majority of the region over the 2000-2099 period. In contrast, soil surface temperature projections in the northernmost and snowiest regions of the Northeast indicate minimum soil surface temperatures will be colder. In these northern regions, the coldest soil surface temperatures are also projected to occur later in winter, but show little change in other regions. Most trends throughout the Northeast are enhanced using the higher emission scenario A1fi. Changes to snow depth drive the changes in the minimum soil surface temperatures where snow persists during winter, whereas average air temperatures drive changes in the rest of the northeastern U.S. 相似文献
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表层有效土壤水分参数化及冠层下土面蒸发模拟 总被引：1，自引：7，他引：1
通过观测田间微气象数据、土壤表层水分变化状况及荞麦作物冠层下土面蒸发等资料,引进一个表面体积含水率的函数,构建了基于表层有效土壤水分的土壤蒸发模型。该模型包含了土面蒸发的2个过程:水蒸气从土壤孔隙中扩散到地表面及水蒸气由地表面传输到大气中。模型中表层有效土壤水分参数不仅取决于表层土壤含水状况,而且受风速影响。采用波文比能量平衡法及微型蒸发器观测荞麦地实际蒸腾蒸发量及冠层下土面蒸发的变化规律,并验证模型精度。结果表明,所构建模型可以成功预测冠层下土面蒸发,其平均相对误差为13.5%。该研究对于实现土壤蒸发及作物蒸腾的分离估算,减少无效水分消耗具有重要意义。 相似文献
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多层覆盖连栋温室热环境模型构建 总被引：3，自引：6，他引：3
建立了多层覆盖连栋温室的温、湿度动态机理模型，定量描述了温室内的对流换热、土壤热传导、太阳辐射、长波热辐射、植物蒸腾、地面蒸发、水汽凝结、机械通风和自然通风等物理过程，根据质能平衡原理，对覆盖材料、室内空气、作物、土壤等建立了质能平衡方程。在给定的边界条件下，通过求解质能平衡方程，可求得室内温、湿度和各组成部分如覆盖材料、土壤、植物等的温度以及各部分间的能流、蒸汽流密度。利用有效辐射的概念，推导出了内外遮阳幕、内外覆盖材料、作物冠层、地表、室外天空之间的辐射热交换计算方法。利用压力分布法，推导出了具有顶窗、侧窗和湿垫等多个通风口时的风压和热压通风量计算式。与其他研究者提出的温室环境模型相比，本模型具有更为广泛的适用性。 相似文献
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滨海盐碱地白蜡人工林的小气候效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以滨海盐碱地白蜡人工林为研究对象,以旷野裸地为对照,采用定位观测的方法,研究白蜡人工林的动力、热力和水文等小气候效应,以期为滨海盐碱地人工造林的生态影响评价提供参考.结果表明：林内太阳辐射、风速、土壤温度、土壤湿度明显低于旷野;空气相对湿度林内显著高于旷野;而林内空气温度春季高于旷野,夏秋季则低于旷野.林带防风效应和遮荫效应在夏季发挥最好,分别可达77.87％和67.50％,气温最高可降低0.40℃,空气相对湿度可增加7.59％ ～ 18.61％.林内不同小气候因子间极显著相关,且气温和土温的相关性最好. 相似文献
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M.C. Montes-Helu T. Kolb S. Dore B. Sullivan S.C. Hart G. Koch B.A. Hungate 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(3-4):491-500
We compared energy fluxes between a site converted from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest to sparse grassland by a severe wildfire 10 years ago and a nearby, unburned forest. We used eddy covariance and associated instruments to measure total radiation, net radiation, albedo, and fluxes of energy into latent heat, sensible heat, and the soil. Total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature were similar for each site. Compared to the unburned site, net radiation efficiency (net radiation/total radiation) was 30% lower and albedo 30% higher at the burned site. The magnitude of sensible and latent heats varied seasonally at both sites. Sensible heat was the major component of the energy balance in cold or dry seasons, whereas latent heat was the major component in the warm and wet season. Soil heat flux was the smallest in magnitude of the measured energy fluxes. Compared with the unburned forest, the burn-created grassland generally had lower sensible and latent heats, but greater soil heat flux for both soil cooling in winter and warming in summer. The grassland had similar maximum air temperature as the forest, and warmer surface soil temperature during the summer. Thus, the lower albedo and greater sensible heat of the forest did not produce a warmer site compared with the grassland, apparently because of the cooling effect of greater latent heat in the forest. Our results suggest only small changes in site air temperature, but larger changes in site surface soil temperature by shifts from forest to grassland caused by severe fire in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. 相似文献
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黄淮冬麦区晚霜冻易发时段冠层内最低气温分布及估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2016年和2017年3月中旬?4月下旬两次典型低温过程中,冬小麦田间不同高度逐小时气象观测数据,分析晚霜冻易发时段冬小麦冠层内最低气温出现高度及其变化规律,构建基于150cm高度处气象因子和地表0cm温度的冠层内最低气温估算模型。结果表明：（1）与150cm高度相比,两次典型低温过程中0℃以下气温在冠层高度附近出现时间更早,持续时间更长且温度更低;（2）最低气温总是出现在4/5冠层高度附近,并在2：00?6：00时段,尤以5：00左右发生频率最高;（3）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处相对湿度、风速的相关性通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,与不同高度气温、不同土壤深度地温的相关性也通过了0.001水平的显著性检验,与地温的相关性随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低;（4）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处气温、风速、相对湿度,以及0cm地温的偏相关系数大小排序表现为,气温＞风速＞地温＞相对湿度;利用以上因子构建基于多元线性回归函数的冠层内最低气温估测模型,其估测值与实测值拟合结果的决定系数达到0.967,均方根误差为0.915。说明基于气象台站常规观测数据构建冠层内最低气温估测模型具备一定可行性,可为冬小麦晚霜冻害的监测预报提供数据支持。 相似文献
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杨树防护林土壤蒸发及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的] 研究杨树林地土壤蒸发规律,探索估算林下土壤蒸发量的方法,为林业高效用水和研究水循环规律提供理论支撑。[方法] 利用20 cm蒸发皿和微型蒸发器测量杨树林下水面和土壤蒸发量,分析气象要素与林下土壤和水面蒸发的关系。测量土面温度和蒸发皿水体温度,计算两者温度差相对值（RT）,以水面蒸发量为参考计算土壤相对蒸发量（RE）,分析RE与RT的关系,进而建立估算土壤蒸发量的经验公式。[结果] 太阳辐射是影响林下土壤及水面蒸发量最主要的因素,温度、相对湿度和风速等气象要素与土壤蒸发的相关性较差;随着林下土壤与水面温度差相对值RT的增大,相对蒸发量RE逐渐减小,当RT增大到约0.11后,RE趋近于常数0.164,认为此时土壤的蒸发已经进入到水汽扩散阶段。[结论] 杨树防护林下土壤相对蒸发量随土壤与水体温度差相对值的增加而逐渐减小,后趋于常数。经验证本研究提出的方法和建立的公式可较好地估算土壤蒸发,为土壤蒸发量的原位测算提供了新的手段。 相似文献
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为了揭示土壤呼吸的日间变化规律,寻找影响土壤呼吸速率强弱的生态因子,从而为海防林的造林营林技术提供重要依据,对胶南沿海混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率及各环境因子进行研究。2种海防林林地土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律,灌木林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于混交林。地表温度是对土壤呼吸速率影响最大的环境因子之一,它与混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系。空气相对湿度与混交林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关,风速与灌木林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法,得到了影响海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子及与土壤呼吸速率之间的多元回归模型。 相似文献
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采用快速离体称重法,测定皇甫川流域本氏针茅每日6:00-19:00蒸腾强度的日动态;用自动气象站同步连续监测太阳总辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、10 cm处土壤温度等环境因子;用LI-6400便携式光合系统同步测定本氏针茅每日6:00-19:00的叶蒸腾速率、气孔导度等因子,并用Excel 2003,Visual C++6.0和SPSS 13.0处理所测定数据.通过分析本氏针茅每1 h单株蒸腾量与环境因子以及植物特性因子之间的关系,建立了皇甫川流域单株本氏针茅瞬时蒸腾量数学模型.通过对模型评价指标进行计算及分析,认为该模型拟合优度较好,可以获得满意的数值模拟结果.在此基础上,建立了单株本氏针茅的日蒸腾量数学模型. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2105-2117
Abstract Data from experiments conducted in Hawaii, measuring soil surface temperatures in plots cropped with potato, cassava, and maize, were used to estimate soil surface temperatures using a model from the temperate zone. According to this model maximum soil surface temperature under a given vegetative cover can be estimated from maximum air temperature and a factor, Et, that represents the elevation of maximum soil surface temperature over maximum air temperature under that crop cover. Inputs for the model are: maximum air temperatures and plant biomass measurements. A generally good agreement between estimated and observed maximum soil surface temperatures was obtained when Et was arbitrarily set to 0.1 × Et. For potato during summer of 1985, maximum soil surface temperature estimates were within an average of less than 2C of observed surface temperatures and with a deviation of no more than 3.8C. For cassava during summer of 1986, estimates were within 2.3±5.1C; for maize during summer of 1988, estimates were within 2.7±4.4C. 相似文献
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基于覆盖层能量平衡法的园艺设施覆盖材料传热系数理论解析与验证 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
该文提出了一种园艺设施覆盖材料传热分析以及传热系数的理论计算方法，即覆盖层能量平衡法。该方法通过覆盖层辐射传热和对流换热的能量平衡，建立全面反映覆盖材料传热各主要影响因素的传热模型，得出了传热系数的理论解析计算方法，可根据覆盖材料的红外辐射发射率、反射率和透过率等热物理特性和保温比、角系数等与覆盖层构造相关的参数以及设施内外气温、天空辐射温度、植物与室内地面温度、室外风速等工作环境条件，定量分析覆盖层的传热，得出传热系数的理论计算值。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13):2055-2063
Ammonia loss from urea fertilizer is a major concern to farmers all over the world. Various environmental factors such as temperature, soil water content, wind speed, pH, rainfall, relative humidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter, and others influence ammonia volatilization loss. The objective of this work was to establish a model for estimating ammonia loss utilizing published data. Also, using current day inputs (temperature, wind speed, and known soil pH) estimates could relate risk to producers considering surface applications of urea fertilizer without incorporation. Linear models for soil pH and ammonia loss, ambient temperature and ammonia loss, and wind speed and ammonia loss were determined based on more than 40 published articles. Final estimates of ammonia loss from surface applications of urea employed an additive effects model using inputs for pH, temperature, and wind speed. Web access to this model can be located at www.nue.okstate.edu/ammonia_loss.htm. 相似文献