共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 220 毫秒
1.
外源砷、铅在三类紫色土中形态分配与其化学、生物有效性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对比研究了酸、中、石灰性紫色土添加砷、铅后其形态分配变化及化学、生物有效性特征.试验表明砷、铅在三种紫色土中形态分配不同,外源砷、铅分配与原始土样本底值有较大差异.从提取能力、生物效应方面比较了几种浸提剂效果,认为用0.5N NaHCO3提取As、2.5%HAc提取Pb可以较好地表征3种紫色土砷、铅的有效量.植物吸收砷、铅与土壤有效量有较好的相关性,但吸收形态却因土而异.试验还证明,As的形态分级中H3BO3可以很好地掩敝F-对比色的干扰. 相似文献
2.
稻麦钾素营养诊断和钾肥施用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
研究了水稻土的供钾状况以及稻、麦、黑麦草等作物对土壤不同形态钾的吸收。试验证明,非交换性钾是稻、麦钾素的主要给源。根据稻、麦吸钾特点,认为土壤交换性钾不是水稻土供钾的良好指标;提出用冷的2molL-1 HNO3浸提水稻土有效钾的方法,此法浸提出的钾量与作物吸钾量、生物产量之间的相关最显著。 相似文献
3.
为探究不同生物炭混掺量对微咸水蒸发特性的影响,采用离心机试验和室内土柱模拟试验,设置3个生物炭质量添加比例(B0、B2、B4)和4个微咸水矿化度(W0、W1、W3、W5),分析不同处理对微咸水蒸发下的土壤水分特征曲线、孔隙分布、累积蒸发量、盐分运移、土壤温度日变幅的影响,并应用蒸发模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:生物炭和微咸水联合应用下能提高土壤持水能力,增加土壤中的较大孔隙和较小孔隙的比例;土壤累积蒸发量随着生物炭混掺量的增加先减少后增加,生物炭混掺量为2%时可以更好地抑制微咸水蒸发;Rose蒸发模型可以较好地拟合微咸水蒸发;土壤中混掺生物炭可以降低盐分表聚,使其在土壤中均匀分布;混掺生物炭可以有效降低土壤温度日变幅;相同生物炭施用量下,矿化度为3 g/L的微咸水,可以降低0—10 cm土层土壤平均温度,提高10—50 cm土层土壤平均温度。综合考虑各项指标,处理B2W3的生物炭和微咸水更适宜农田施用,为西北干旱地区更好地利用微咸水灌溉提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
为解决化肥径流淋洗及养分挥发损失量大、养分释放难与作物吸收同步等问题，该研究对天然缓释材料凹凸棒土进行了300℃热改性处理，同时与生物炭相结合，制备了热改性凹凸棒土-生物炭复合材料，以期提升该材料对氮磷钾养分的缓释性能，并以小白菜进行生物效应验证。试验共设7个处理：以不施肥（CK）和普通化肥（F）做对照，设置化肥+凹凸棒土（AF）、化肥+热改性凹凸棒土（TAF）、化肥+生物炭（BF）、化肥+凹凸棒土+生物炭（ABF）、化肥+热改性凹凸棒土+生物炭（TABF）缓释。结果表明：1）天然凹凸棒土经300℃热改性后，呈现破碎及圆形塌陷结构并出现大量的间隙和裂缝，为养分离子与复合材料相互作用提供更多位点，从而对氮磷钾元素呈现出较优的吸附性能。2）相比生物炭，热改性凹凸棒土+生物炭复合材料由片层转变为疏松多孔结构，具有更多孔道和较深的孔径；同时SiO2、MgFe4(SO4)6(OH)2(H2O)20和CaMg(CO3)2含氧基团增加，提高了复合缓释材料吸附效果。3）与普通化肥（F）氮、磷养分释放高峰在第5天和第9天相比，TABF则出现在第52天和第42天，缓释效果突出。4）TABF代替化肥后，可与小白菜整个生育期对养分需求同步缓释，在表型指标、品质、产量等方面均优于CK和F处理；与普通化肥相比，5种缓释材料均能显著增加氮磷钾利用率和农学效率，其中以TABF最优。综上所述：300℃热改性显著增加了凹凸棒土的吸附位点，特别是凹凸棒土-生物炭复合材料更能有效提高肥料的缓释性能，与小白菜全生育期的养分需求同步性好，有效提高了氮磷钾利用率。 相似文献
5.
营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物吸收能力的影响 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
为了探索提高Pb(铅)超富集植物吸收能力的方法，该文通过温室土培方法，研究了单一营养元素N、P、K对Pb超富集植物羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana)、绿叶苋菜(L.Amaranthus tricolor)和紫穗槐(Sophora japonica)3种植物Pb吸收的影响。营养元素的设计水平为N 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，P2O5 0、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 g/kg，K2O 0.08、0.16、0.24、0.32、0.40 g/kg，其他2种元素恒定为0.12 g/kg，土壤铅浓度为800 mg/kg土。结果表明土壤中施入不同水平的营养元素显著影响植物Pb迁移总量。18个处理中羽叶鬼针草、绿叶苋菜与紫穗槐Pb迁移总量最大值与最小值的比值分别为：11.6、10.6、11.9。该试验表明通过调节土壤营养的方法可以提高植物的重金属的迁移总量，利用Pb超富集植物修复Pb污染土壤。3种营养元素对植物的效应不一致，少量的N和K可促进富集植物干质量的增加，促进植物对Pb的吸收，随着N和K水平的增加，植物对Pb的吸收能力降低，但K的抑制作用不如N的显著；土壤供P会降低植物对Pb的吸收，且下降极显著。 相似文献
6.
7.
[目的] 探究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与腐植酸混施对紫色土水分垂直入渗特性的影响,为川西紫色土区水土保持、土壤改良、水分调节及农业水资源高效利用提供理论参考。[方法] 采用室内土柱模拟试验,设置1个CK(无混掺),3个PAM施量水平(PAM-1∶1%,PAM-3∶3%,PAM-5∶5%)和2个腐植酸施量水平(HA-1∶0.1%,HA-5∶0.5%)。分析入渗速率、累积入渗量与湿润峰运移距离的变化特征,采用入渗模型对入渗过程进行模拟分析。[结果] 与CK相比,各处理可有效降低水分入渗速率,入渗率随着施用量的增加而逐渐降低;相同累积入渗量下,各处理(H1P1除外)入渗时间均大于CK,其中H1P3和H2P3处理分别是CK的14.7和6倍,仅H1P1处理较CK减少了25%;在220 min内,各处理湿润峰运移距离均低于CK,其中H1P3处理湿润峰运移距离最低(4.98 cm),较CK显著缩短57.67%;模型适用性表现为：通用经验公式＞Kostiakov公式＞Horton公式＞Philip公式,但通用经验公式的稳渗率(fs)与实测值存在偏差。[结论] PAM与腐植酸混施可有效降低入渗速率,减少累积入渗量与减缓湿润峰运移距离,其减渗作用随着施用量的增加而越明显;最优处理为H1S3,腐植酸0.1 g/g,PAM 5 g/g。综合考虑,Kostiakov公式更适合描述川西紫色土的土壤水分入渗过程。 相似文献
8.
氮肥对镉在土壤-芥菜系统中迁移转化的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以芥菜为研究对象, 采用盆栽试验, 探讨了不同用量的5种氮肥对污染农田土壤中镉(Cd)在土壤–根系–地上部迁移累积的影响。结果表明: 5种氮肥均促进了芥菜根系对Cd的吸收, 且根系Cd含量随施氮量的增加而增加; 但根系吸收转运Cd的能力随氮肥施用量的增加呈先降后增的变化趋势。在≤200 mg(N)·kg-1(土)的施氮水平下, CO(NH2)2和Ca(NO3)2处理能显著降低芥菜地上部Cd含量, 降低幅度分别为13%~29%和24%~30%。在施氮量相同的条件下, NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4显著降低了土壤pH, 增加了土壤DTPA-Cd含量, 促进了芥菜对Cd的吸收。本试验条件下, 200 mg(N)·kg-1(土)的CO(NH2)2在增加芥菜产量和降低芥菜地上部Cd含量等方面优于其他氮肥处理。 相似文献
9.
在前一报告中[1],作者通过室内化学分析及生物试验证明,在所试的六种测定土壤有效磷的方法中,以Olsen的0.5M NaHCO3法与生物反应的相关性最好,马乞金的1%(NH4)2CO3法和Radet的3.5%柠檬酸钠法次之,Egner-Rim的乳酸钙法、Burriel-Hern-ando的混合浸提液法和Joret-Herbert的草酸铵法又次之。另外,从浸提出的磷量看,碳酸氢钠法、马乞金法和柠檬酸纳法相当接近,可以列为同一数量级。乳酸钙法、混合浸提液法和草酸铵法浸出的磷量也很接近,可以列为另一较高的数量级。 相似文献
10.
中国土壤类型丰富多样，不同区域土壤重金属赋存形态各异，难以实现对不同区域不同类型土壤重金属有效性的比较与评价。为筛选建立适宜区域农田土壤重金属的有效性评价的方法，该研究选择滇东地区5种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤（黄棕壤、黄壤、红壤、石灰土和紫色土）运用正交试验法将AB-DTPA法的提取条件（固液比、提取剂pH值和振荡时间）进行正交组合，建立土壤-作物Pb迁移模型与总量法、CaCl2-DTPA法和AB-DTPA法进行拟合优度对比，并以白菜和菠菜为指示作物开展盆栽试验，探讨不同分析方法与作物Pb累积能力的相关性，进而综合评价不同方法的适宜性。结果表明，1）固液比（g/mL）1:3、提取剂pH值7.6以及振荡时间120 min对Pb有效态的提取量有较大的影响；2）与其他方法相比，优化AB-DTPA法（固液比1:3、pH值7.6和振荡时间120 min）能更好地预测作物对Pb的吸收能力；3）盆栽试验表明，优化AB-DTPA法提取的土壤 Pb有效态含量与白菜和菠菜吸收Pb含量具有更好的相关性（R2=0.898, R2=0.752），Pb的加标回收率范围为99.5%～113.0%，准确度高。4）将土壤pH值加入预测模型表明，土壤pH值对土壤Pb与在作物可食部分中相关性影响很小，表明优化AB-DTPA法很稳定。因此，优化AB-DTPA法适用于滇东地区农田土壤Pb有效态的提取，该法具有可行性、广普性和准确性。研究结果为区域农田土壤修复技术效果及污染风险评价提供基础依据。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):983-1005
Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the chemical speciation of added cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and their availability as influenced by fresh organic matter (OM) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in three agricultural soils. The soils were treated with 20 mg Cd/kg as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2 · 4H2O], 150 mg Pb/kg as lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2], 20 g/kg alfalfa powder, and 50 mmol/kg of NaCl and then incubated for 3 months at 60% water‐holding capacity (WHC) and constant temperature (25 °C). Subsamples were taken after 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks of incubation, and electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and concentrations of cations and anions were determined in the 1:2.5 soil/water extract. Available Cd and Pb were determined in 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extract. Concentrations of organic and inorganic species of Cd and Pb in soil solution were also predicted using Visual Minteq speciation program. The most prevalent species of dissolved Pb and Cd in the soils were Pb‐DOC and Cd2+ species, respectively. Salinity application increased the available and soluble Cd significantly in the acid and calcareous soils. It, however, had little effect on soluble Pb and no effect on available Pb. Organic‐matter application decreased availability of added Pb significantly in all soils. In contrast, it raised soluble Pb in all soils except for the acid one and approximated gradually to the added Pb with time. Impact of OM on available Cd was somewhat similar to that of Pb. Soluble Cd increased by OM application in the calcareous soil, whereas it decreased initially and then increased with time in the other soils. 相似文献
12.
Dalia-Marija Brazauskiene Valdas Paulauskas Nomeda Sabiene 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(3):184-192
Background, aim, and scope Heavy metal (HM) mobility in soil depends on the HM species in it. Therefore, knowledge of the HM speciation in soil allows
the prediction of HM impact on the environment. HM speciation in soil depends on the metal chemical origin, soil texture,
and other factors such as the origin and level of soil contamination. Recently, the problem of organic waste utilization is
of great importance as the amount of this recyclable material is continually increasing. One of the possible ways of recycling
is the use of processed organic wastes for agricultural needs. In this research, aerobically composted sewage sludge was used,
the utilization of which is of essential importance. But one of the most serious restrictions is HM transfer from such material
to the soil. Therefore, a prediction of HM mobility in soil and its migration in the environment is an important issue when
using sewage sludge compost (SSC) in agriculture. Zn, Cu, and Pb speciation was performed according to the modified methodology
of Tessier et al. (Anal Chem 51:844–851, 1979) in two different (sandy and clay) soils with background HM amounts and in soil samples amended with aerobically digested
SSC to find out the predominant species of the investigated HM and to predict their potential availability.
Materials and methods The modified method of sequential extraction initially proposed by Tessier et al. (Anal Chem 51:844–851, 1979) is designed for HM speciation into five species where HM mobility decreases in the order: F1—exchangeable HM (extracted with 1 M MgCl2 at an initial pH of 7 and room temperature), F2—carbonate-bound HM (extracted with 1 M CH3COONa buffered to pH 5 at room temperature), F3—Fe/Mn oxide-bound HM (extracted with 0.04 M NH2OH·HCl at an initial pH of 2 at 96°C), F4—organic matter-complexed or sulfide-bound HM (extracted with 0.02 M HNO3 and 30% (v/v) H2O2 at a ratio of 1:1 and an initial pH of 2 at 85°C), and F5—the residual HM (digested with HNO3, HF, and HCl mixture). After digestion, HM amounts in solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS ‘Hitachi’).
Mixtures of uncontaminated soils of different textures (clay and sandy) with SSC in ratios 20:1, 10:1, and 5:1 were used to
simulate the land application with SSC. During a period of 7 weeks, changes in Zn, Cu, and Pb content within species were
investigated and compared weekly in soil–SSC mixtures with their speciation in pure soil and in the SSC.
Results Results in the SSC showed that more HM were found as mobile species compared to the soils, and in sandy soil, more were found
in the mobile species than in clay soil. But the HM speciation strongly depended on the metal chemical origin. According to
the potential availability, HM ranked in the following order: Zn>Pb>Cu. Zinc generally occurred in the mobile species (F1
and F3), especially in sandy soils amended with SSC, and changes of the Zn speciation were insignificant at the end of the
experiment. Pb transfer to insoluble compounds (F5) was evident in the SSC–soil mixtures. This confirms that Pb is extremely
immobile in the soil. However, the observed increase of Pb amounts in the mobile species (F1 and F2) during the course of
experiment shows a critical trend of Pb mobilization under anthropogenic influence. Copper in the soil–SSC mixtures had a
trend to form compounds of low mobility, such as organic complexes and sulfides (F4) and nonsoluble compounds (residual fraction
F5). Initially, the amounts of mobile Cu species (F1 and F2) increased in the soils amended with SSC, probably due to the
influence of SSC of anthropogenic origin with lower pH and high organic matter content, but Cu mobility decreased nearly to
the initial level again after 3–4 weeks. Hence, the soil has a great specific adsorption capacity to immobilize Cu of anthropogenic
origin.
Discussion Zn mobility and environmental impact was greater than that seen for Cu and Pb, while mobility of both Cu and Pb was similar,
but variable depending on soil texture and contamination level. The effect on the shift of HM mobility and potential availability
was greater in sandy SSC-amended soils than in clay soils and increased with an increasing amount of SSC.
Conclusions Usage of SSC for land fertilization should be strictly regulated, especially regarding Pb amounts.
Recommendations and perspectives The influence of SSC on Cu and Zn mobility and potential availability was more significant only in the case of sandy soil
with a higher SSC ratio. Nevertheless, this waste product of anthropogenic origin increased Pb mobility in all cases in spite
of only moderate Pb mobility in SSC itself. Therefore, aerobic processing of sewage sludge must be strictly regulated, especially
regarding Pb amounts, and SSC ratios must be in control regarding HM amounts when using it for on-land application. 相似文献
13.
Extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other chelates has been demonstrated to be an effective method of removal of Pb from many contaminated soils. However, column leaching of Pb from alkaline soils with EDTA has been problematic due to extremely low soil permeability. The first purpose of this study was to develop batch extraction procedures and methods of analysis of batch extraction data to provide Pb solubility information which can be used to model the column extraction of Pb from soils. The second purpose was to determine the effect of the addition of KOH and CaCl2 to K2H2EDTA extract solution on both hydraulic conductivity and Pb removal. A Pb-contaminated soil sample was collected from an abandoned battery recycling facility. Both batch shaker extractions and column leaching experiments were completed using 5 different EDTA extract solutions. When only CaCl2 was added to EDTA no change in the amount of Pb removed by batch extraction was observed. As expected, lead solubility was observed to decrease as pH was increased by the addition of KOH. However, Pb solubility was only slightly decreased by the addition of both CaCl2 and KOH. The amount of time required to leach 6.0 L of extraction solution through the soil columns varied from 2 to 33 days. The addition of CaCl2 and/or KOH resulted in increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the EDTA-only solution. The hydraulic conductivity was related to residual calcium carbonate content, suggesting that dissolution of CaCO3 and subsequent production of CO2 gas in the soil pores was partially responsible for the observed reductions in soil permeability. However, Pb removal was diminished with the addition of CaCl2 and KOH because of the decreased Pb solubility and also kinetic limitations associated with the shorter residence time of the extract solution in the column. 相似文献
14.
《Applied soil ecology》2009,42(3):351-359
Beringite (B) and zerovalent iron grit (Z), singly and in combination (BZ), were added to a loamy sand soil contaminated by trace elements (Reppel, Belgium), mainly by arsenic (As), to reduce As labile fractions and phytoavailability. An uncontaminated sandy soil was studied for comparison. Soils were placed in large lysimeters cultivated with maize and vegetables for 6 years. pH, organic C and total N content increased in amended soils. The Z and BZ treatments reduced the Ca(NO3)2− extractable soil As and As uptake by lettuce. The BZ lettuces had also the lowest foliar Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn concentrations. All amendments had positive effects on the soil microbial biomass and reduced the qCO2. Glucose mineralization was increased in Z and BZ amended soils. Acid phosphomonoesterase activity was higher in the untreated soil than in the other soils; the alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase and protease activities were increased by Z and BZ treatments, whereas B amendment had less positive effects. Genetic fingerprinting using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed shifts in the composition of eubacterial and fungal communities of the amended soils. Microbial species richness decreased rather than increased in the treated soils, regardless of reduced trace element availability and increased soil microbial biomass and activity. 相似文献
15.
This study was aimed at elucidating the importance of original Pb-speciation versus soil-characteristics to mobility and distribution of Pb in industrially polluted soils. Ten industrially polluted Danish surface soils were characterized and Pb speciation was evaluated through SEM-EDX studies, examination of pH-dependent desorption, distribution in grain-size fractions and sequential extraction. Our results show that the first factors determining the speciation of Pb in soil are: (1) the stability of the original speciation and (2) the contamination level, while soil characteristics are of secondary importance. In nine of ten soils Pb was concentrated strongly in the soil fines (< 0.063 mm). In all soils, particles with a highly concentrated Pb-content were observed during SEM-EDX. In eight of the soils, the particles contained various Pb-species with aluminum/iron, phosphate, sulfate and various metals (in solder and other alloys) as important associates. In the one soil, where Pb was not concentrated in the soil fines, Pb was precipitated solely as PbCrO4, while pure (metallic) Pb was repeatedly observed in the last soil. Pb was bound strongly to the soils with > 50% extracted in step III (oxidizing) and IV (residual) of sequential extraction for all soils but one. A significant amount of exchangeable Pb existed only in severely contaminated soils, where the bonding capacity of organic matter and oxides was exceeded. Among soil constituents, Pb was observed to adsorb preferentially to feldspars and organic matter while presence of phosphate increased the strength of the Pb-bonding in phosphate-rich soils. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(16):1907-1915
Abstract Two digestion procedures, employing aqua regia‐HF (ARHF) and HNO3‐HCIO4‐HF (HHH), were used to analyze residual metals (following a chemical fractionation scheme) and total metal content of two soils, one moderately polluted by municipal sludge applications and the other a grossly‐contaminated sample (20.8% Pb) from a battery recycling site. Although commonly used in sequential extraction analyses, the ARHF method solubilized only 53% (significant at p = 0.05) of the HHH‐determined residual Pb in the battery soil. For the sludge‐amended soil, residual Cd, Pb, and Zn were not statistically different by the two methods. For the battery soil, a single ARHF extraction also underestimated total Pb and Cu relative to HHH, but both methods gave statistically‐similar total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn for the sludge‐amended soil. As the sample metal concentration increased, the ability of ARHF to solubilize HHH‐equivalent metal quantities generally decreased. Since the degree of contamination is often unknown for environmental samples, the HHH method is more reliable for assessing residual and total metals in polluted soils 相似文献
17.
化学萃取修复尾渣土壤的金属形态变化特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
LIU Yun-Guo WANG Xian-Hai ZENG Guang-Ming LI Xin ZHOU Chun-Hu FAN Ting LI Yong-Li YUAN Xin-Zhong 《土壤圈》2006,16(3):312-318
The efficiency of EDTA, HNO3 and CaCl2 as extractants to remove Pb, Zn and Cu from tailing soils without varying soil pH was investigated with distributions of Pb, Zn and Cu being determined before and after extraction using the sequential extraction procedure of the optimized European Community Bureau of Reference （BCR）. Results indicated that EDTA and HNO3 were both effective extracting agents.The extractability of extractants for Pb and Zn was in the order EDTA 〉 HNO3 〉 CaCl2, while for Cu it was HNO3 〉 EDTA 〉 CaCl2. After EDTA extraction, the proportion of Pb, Zn and Cu in the four fractions varied greatly, which was related to the strong extraction and complexation ability. Before and after extraction with HNO3 and CaCl2, the percentages of Pb, Zn and Cu in the reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions changed little compared to the acid-extractable fraction. The lability of metal in the soil and the kinds of extractants were the factors controlling the effects of metal extraction. 相似文献
18.
土壤中镉、砷、铅的微生物效应及其临界值 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
测试了盆栽(水稻)土壤添加Cd,As,Pb对土壤微生物的效应。确定了真菌、放线菌、细菌以及硝化细菌在供试浓度范围内呈现显著刺激效应或显著抑制效应的浓度范围。计算了各类菌的ED30值,据此确定,三元素对菌的毒性大小顺序为:As>Cd>Pb。还测定了Cd,As,Pb对明亮发光杆菌T3,变种的效应。在盆栽试验中,发光度与土壤添加金属浓度呈显著高度负相关。在大田调查中,发光度与土壤可提取性金属浓度呈显著高度(Cd)或中度(As,Pb)负相关。通过盆栽试验证明,T3,发光度100%和80%可作为二个级别的临界发光度,从而估算出相应的添加金属临界浓度。若从T3临界发光度100%预测污染土壤可提取性金属临界浓度与容量,可望得到满意的结果。 相似文献