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《中国水稻科学》2014,(4)
为了满足人口增长对粮食的需求,保持水稻高产稳产和适应多变的环境显得尤为重要。水稻茎鞘储藏的非结构性碳水化合物(NSCs)可以在灌浆期光合受阻、非生物逆境胁迫时为产量形成提供同化物,从而缓解产量的降低。因此,茎鞘NSCs积累转运性状是水稻产量形成和逆境抗性遗传改良的潜在目标性状,调控茎鞘NSCs的积累与分配也成为水稻肥水管理的一个重要目的。综述了水稻源-库-流特征、氮肥、水分、光强、环境温度和水稻抗倒伏能力与茎鞘储藏NSCs积累与再分配的关系,氮肥运筹、合理灌溉、栽插密度等栽培措施对茎鞘NSCs积累与再分配的调控。最后,讨论了茎鞘NSCs在水稻高产稳产和抗逆性中的作用。 相似文献
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大田生长期全程高温胁迫对杂交水稻生育后期生长发育及产量形成的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用5个杂交水稻组合为材料,以自然条件下大田生长为对照,通过玻璃温室研究了大田生长期全程高温胁迫对杂交水稻生育后期的生长发育及产量形成的影响.结果表明:大田生长期高温胁迫引起各组合有效穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重较大田对照不同程度下降,其中对结实率的影响最大,最终导致产量显著下降.高温条件下水稻叶面积指数和净光合速率都不同程度下降,植株干物质生产减少,茎鞘物质转运受阻,茎鞘物质输出率和转换率都显著下降;高温条件下抽穗后的茎鞘物质输出率、转换率与品种耐热系数均呈显著正相关,耐热性较强的品种能在高温胁迫后保持较高的茎鞘物质转换率.在高温胁迫下,孕穗期SOD活性增强,叶片可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量增加,但随着高温持续时间的延长,灌浆期SOD活性急剧减弱,叶片可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量迅速下降.MDA含量升高,膜脂过氧化加剧,耐热性弱的品种更为明显. 相似文献
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玉米常用自交系茎节抗折强度分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
通过采用新的玉米茎节抗折强度测定方法,研究了23个玉米常用自交系的茎节抗折强度及其与株高、穗位高、去鞘茎粗、带鞘茎粗及叶鞘厚度等性状的相关关系。结果表明：抽雄后6 d不同自交系间茎节抗折强度呈现极显著差异;抽雄后6 d带鞘茎节抗折强度与株高、穗位高及地上第3节茎粗显著不相关,而与折断处去鞘茎粗、带鞘茎粗和叶鞘厚度呈极显著正相关。通径分析表明,抽雄后6 d带鞘茎节抗折强度受折断处带鞘茎粗的直接影响,去鞘茎粗和叶鞘厚度对带鞘节抗折强度的影响是通过其对带鞘茎粗的直接作用而间接实现。抽雄后6 d的叶鞘贡献率要高于抽雄后15 d,6 d时叶鞘贡献率的变异幅度较大;带鞘茎节抗折强度的变异幅度低于去鞘茎节抗折强度。育种上抗茎折材料的选择应注重穗位以上茎节粗度及叶鞘厚度两个性状。 相似文献
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《杂交水稻》2014,(5):55-64
为探明机械化播栽方式对杂交中稻干物质生产的影响,2012—2013年采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了播栽方式及其与穴苗数和播期互作对杂交中稻F优498干物质积累与分配、干物质输出与转化的影响。结果表明:播栽方式及其与穴苗数和播期的互作对杂交中稻干物质积累、分配和转运具有明显影响。机直播和机插处理的群体总干物质积累量低于手插处理,但机直播在拔节—抽穗阶段的干物质积累量和积累速率显著高于机插和常规手插,同时保持较高的茎鞘输出量、茎鞘输出率和茎鞘转化率,而机插在抽穗—成熟阶段具有较高的干物质积累量和积累速率。低苗和早播处理有利于提高抽穗后物质同化量、抽穗后干物质所占比例以及抽穗后干物质贡献率。适当早播能够有效提高杂交中稻机直播和机插的收获指标。 相似文献
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红茶对高脂饮食小鼠血脂的调节作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用脂代谢紊乱模型法—预防性给予不同地区不同剂量的红茶（剂量为成人每日饮用量的5倍、10倍和20倍3种）,观察小鼠体重、血脂、相关酶及肝脏形态的变化。结果表明：与高脂模型对照组相比,红茶剂量组能极显著（P<0.01）降低血清总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、肝脏丙二醛（MDA）、肝脏指数;极显著（P<0.01）升高血清载脂蛋白A1（apoA1）、脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、肝脂酶（HL）、总脂酶、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）,血清高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）有所上升,小鼠体重也得到了一定的抑制,肝脏病变程度得到了相应的减轻,说明红茶具有一定的调节血脂及减小肝脏因高脂饮食所带来的损伤。 相似文献
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利用芽鞘及不完全叶颜色差别鉴定特定杂交组合种子纯度 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新育成的不育系嘉浙A、中浙A等具有芽鞘及不完全叶为白色的特点，将其与芽鞘及不完全叶为紫色的父本配组，杂种F1的芽鞘及不完全叶也为紫色（紫色为显性遗传），据此在苗期可根据芽鞘及不完全叶的颜色差别鉴别出杂种中混杂的不育系和保持系杂株。另外，苗期芽鞘为紫色的植株，移栽后茎杆亦为紫色，因此，移栽后可根据茎杆颜色差别鉴定种子纯度。 相似文献
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为了揭示冬小麦穗和叶茎鞘在不同灌浆时期对粒重的贡献,于2011-2012年度,在大田条件下,选用河南省大面积推广的6个冬小麦品种,进行穗遮光和去叶+茎鞘遮光处理,研究了冬小麦不同灌浆时期的干物质积累转运量和粒重,分析了穗和叶茎鞘对粒重的贡献率。结果表明,穗遮光和去叶+茎鞘遮光显著影响冬小麦茎鞘干物质转运量、转运率以及其对穗粒重的贡献率。穗和叶茎鞘对冬小麦粒重的贡献率总体表现为灌浆前期低、中后期高;在灌浆中期穗对粒重的贡献优于叶茎鞘,而在灌浆前期和后期呈相反规律,且其影响效应因品种而异;整个灌浆期穗对单粒重和穗粒重的平均贡献率分别为30.31%和34.64%,叶茎鞘分别为32.87%和35.95%。穗对粒重贡献的关键时期为灌浆中期,筛选和培育灌浆中期穗对粒重贡献率高的品种有利于提高冬小麦粒重。 相似文献
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植物油脂不仅是人类可食用油的主要来源,也是人类生产生活中重要的可再生原料.本文概述了植物油脂的生物合成途径,从母体效应、QTL、GWAS等多个方面总结了油料作物油脂合成的遗传学研究进展,同时探讨了已知的油脂合成调控相关基因的功能.本文综述了该领域的研究现状,为深入了解油料作物油脂合成调控网络提供了参考,也为油料作物的分... 相似文献
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油料作物作为植物油的主要来源,为人体生命活动提供了不可或缺的能量和营养素.油料作物中存在许多特异性脂类伴随物,如植物甾醇、植物多酚、角鲨烯、生育酚、白藜芦醇等,这些特异性成分不仅能影响油料作物的生理过程,也对食用油的品质产生重要的影响.本文对油料作物中主要的特异性脂类伴随物及其分析方法进行了综述,旨在为油料作物深加工产... 相似文献
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覆膜与钾肥互作对油葵产量和钾肥利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了获得半干旱区油葵高产高效的最佳栽培措施，2015-2017年以油用向日葵（陇葵杂3号）为材料，研究3个覆膜栽培条件及4个钾肥水平条件下的油葵产量和钾肥利用效率。3个栽培模式分别为露地、全膜双垄沟播、全膜双垄沟播+补灌。4个钾肥水平分别为0、48、84和120kg/hm2。调查籽粒产量和干物质积累，计算钾肥吸收利用，结果表明：覆膜与钾肥互作显著影响籽粒产量、干物质积累和钾肥利用效率，且两者互作效应显著；栽培方式对上述三者的影响均表现为全膜双垄沟播+补灌＞全膜双垄沟播＞露地，且差异显著；与露地相比，全膜双垄沟播+补灌和全膜双垄沟播处理油葵籽粒产量、钾肥利用效率分别显著提高了170.1%和103.9%、184.3%和143.7%。各施钾处理籽粒产量和器官干物质积累量均显著高于不施钾，表现为K120＞K84＞K48＞K0，施钾处理间除120与K84外，籽粒产量和干物质积累量差异显著。钾肥偏生产力随施钾量的增加而下降，钾肥农学效率和钾肥利用效率则先升高后降低，以84kg/hm2时钾肥农学效率和钾肥利用效率最大。油葵产量与钾肥农学效率和利用效率协同提高。综上认为，在本试验条件下，全膜双垄沟播栽培和施钾量为84kg/hm2是半干旱区油葵适宜种植模式，且补灌效果明显。 相似文献
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Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica) is a potentially novel renewable source of natural epoxy oil. The objective of this study was to determine the genotype by environment interaction and to identify superior and stable genotypes of vernonia with high seed and oil yield. Field experiments were conducted during 2006, 2007 and 2008 at two localities namely, Gabaza and Syferkuil. Ten selected genotypes of vernonia were evaluated for seed yield, oil content and oil yield using the randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.05) were detected among genotype by location for seed yield, oil content, oil yield and genotype by year for seed and oil yield. Genotype Vge-18 had the highest seed yield ranging between 3095 and 3337 kg/ha followed by Vge-17 yielding 3006-3137 kg/ha at Gabaza. These genotypes were also the best performers at Syferkuil where Vge-17 yielded 2915-3217 kg/ha followed by Vge-18 with 2819-3152 kg/ha. The superiority statistics allocated Vge-17 and Vge-18 as best yielding and stable genotypes. In both locations Vge-4 had increased seed oil contents at 43% (Gabaza) and 35% (Syferkuil). Other promising genotypes with high seed oil content were Vge-33 at Gabaza (40-43%) and Vge-3 at Syferkuil (34-35%). Genotypes with the highest oil yields were found to be Vge-18 (1117-1370 kg/ha) at Gabaza and Vge-4 with yields of 885-922 kg/ha at Syferkuil. Overall, Vge-17 and Vge-18 were identified as having the highest seed yield, while Vge-4 and Vge-3 yielded the highest seed oil content with average stability. These genotypes could be used for direct large scale production or strategic breeding of vernonia in these or similar environments. 相似文献
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The objective of the project was to compare the acceptability of a African snack product, chin-chin, when fried in soybean, palm, palm olein and palm stearin oils. Forty complete responses were obtained from volunteer judges who were attending an agricultural exposition sponsored by the University of Nebraska. After tasting all products, the judges gave slightly better rating scores to the palm stearin fried chin-chin than to the soybean oil fried products (p<0.10) with the palm olein and palm oil fried products being given intermediate scores. The forced ranking evaluation gave directionally similar results but, because of smaller variation among scores, these differences were significantly different at thep<0.05 level. Since differences in acceptability scores were very small, these results suggest that improvement in nutritional value achieved by feeding a less saturated oil (soybean oil) may be worth the slight decline in taste/odor acceptability in comparison to a more highly saturated fry fat (palm olein oil). 相似文献
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Radcliffe JD King CC Czajka-Narins DM Imrhan V 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2001,56(1):51-60
Previous research has demonstrated that the total replacement of corn oil (CO) with cottonseed oil (CSO) in the diets of growing male rats results in a lowering of the total cholesterol (TC) concentration in the serum. It is not, however, known if a partial replacement of dietary CO with CSO would be sufficient to lower TC levels, nor is the effect of replacing dietary CO with CSO on other indices of cholesterol status (e.g., the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C [i.e., very-low and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol], or the TC/HDL-C ratio). Growing male rats were fed diets having CO, CSO, or a CO/CSO (1:1, w/w) oil mixture (OM) as the source of dietary oil (diet groups CO, CSO, and OM, respectively). There were no differences between CO and OM groups for TC, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, or the TC/HDL-C ratio. However, TC was significantly lower (p 0.05)for the CSO group than the CO group (2.85 vs. 3.23 mmol/l, or 110 vs. 125 mg/dl, respectively) as was HDL-C (1.83 vs. 2.13 mmol/l, or 71 vs. 82 mg/dl, respectively), but there were no differences between these groups for non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Diet had no effect on serum triglycerides (TGs) or on total liver content of either cholesterol or TGs. Thus, partial (50%) replacement of CO with CSO was without effect on any of these serum indices of cholesterol status, but total replacement resulted in lower TC and HDL-C, without affecting non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Because, relative to CO, CSO has higher levels of saturated fatty acids but lower levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the cholesterol-lowering effect of CSO appears to be unrelated to its fatty acid composition, and may be caused by a component of its nonsaponifiable fraction. 相似文献
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微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的主基因+多基因遗传分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
微胚乳超高油玉米是一种专用型油料玉米,具有很好的应用前景。选择两个微胚乳超高油玉米组合,通过P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2 六世代联合分析法,研究分析其子粒含油率的遗传规律。结果表明,2个组合子粒含油率的遗传均符合2对主基因+多基因遗传模型。组合Ⅰ主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为69.00%、35.03%和68.99%,多基因遗传率分别为14.91%、46.97%和17.70%。组合Ⅱ 主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2分别为46.80%,42.92%和48.25%,多基因遗传率分别为29.41%、34.76%和35.91%。 相似文献
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大豆油及其衍生物的新用途 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大豆油及其衍生物以其良好的环保性和资源可再生性,在新的材料领域和能源领域占有重要的位置.本文介绍了大豆油的基本结构,大豆油及其衍生物在新的能源和材料中的应用. 相似文献
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Sunitha T. Manorama R. Rukmini C. 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1997,51(3):219-230
This study was undertaken to assess the effect of blended oils, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich vegetable oils like safflower oil (SFO) and sunflower oil (SNO) with the unconventional and hypocholesterolemic rice bran oil (RBO) on the serum lipid profile of rats. Rats fed RBO + SNO/SFO at 70:30 ratio for a period of 28 days showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in animals fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) and cholesterol free diet (CFD). Liver total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were also reduced. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was increased with use of RBO blends. RBO, which is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, may improve the oxidative stability of the blends. Tocotrienols are known to inhibit 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl, glutaryl CoA (HMG-COA) reductase (rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis), resulting in hypocholesterolemia. In addition to improving the lipid profile by lowering TC, TG and LDL-C and increasing HDL-C, blending of RBO with other oils can result in an economic advantage of lower prices. 相似文献