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Betancourt JL Latorre C Rech JA Quade J Rylander KA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5484):1542-1546
Fossil rodent middens and wetland deposits from the central Atacama Desert (22 degrees to 24 degrees S) indicate increasing summer precipitation, grass cover, and groundwater levels from 16.2 to 10.5 calendar kiloyears before present (ky B.P.). Higher elevation shrubs and summer-flowering grasses expanded downslope across what is now the edge of Absolute Desert, a broad expanse now largely devoid of rainfall and vegetation. Paradoxically, this pluvial period coincided with the summer insolation minimum and reduced adiabatic heating over the central Andes. Summer precipitation over the central Andes and central Atacama may depend on remote teleconnections between seasonal insolation forcing in both hemispheres, the Asian monsoon, and Pacific sea surface temperature gradients. A less pronounced episode of higher groundwater levels in the central Atacama from 8 to 3 ky B.P. conflicts with an extreme lowstand of Lake Titicaca, indicating either different climatic forcing or different response times and sensitivities to climatic change. 相似文献
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A detailed record of sea surface temperature from sediments of the Cape Basin in the subtropical South Atlantic indicates a previously undocumented progression of marine climate change between 41 and 18 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), during the last glacial period. Whereas marine records typically indicate a long-term cooling into the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ky B.P.) consistent with gradually increasing global ice volume, the Cape Basin record documents an interval of substantial temperate ocean warming from 41 to 25 ky B.P. The pattern is similar to that expected in response to changes in insolation owing to variations in Earth's tilt. 相似文献
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A detailed reconstruction of West African monsoon hydrology over the past 155,000 years suggests a close linkage to northern high-latitude climate oscillations. Ba/Ca ratio and oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera in a marine sediment core from the Gulf of Guinea, in the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA), reveal centennial-scale variations of riverine freshwater input that are synchronous with northern high-latitude stadials and interstadials of the penultimate interglacial and the last deglaciation. EEA Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were decoupled from northern high-latitude millennial-scale fluctuation and primarily responded to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases and low-latitude solar insolation. The onset of enhanced monsoon precipitation lags behind the changes in EEA SSTs by up to 7000 years during glacial-interglacial transitions. This study demonstrates that the stadial-interstadial and deglacial climate instability of the northern high latitudes exerts dominant control on the West African monsoon dynamics through an atmospheric linkage. 相似文献
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利用1954—2011年我国大陆142站逐日最高、最低气温资料,采用EOF等统计分析方法,分析了近58年来我国大陆极端气温的基本变化特征,并探讨其对气候变暖的响应程度。结果表明,近58年我国大陆年极端最低气温呈上升趋势,年极端最高气温也呈递增趋势,并且20世纪90年代以来这种趋势表现较为明显;我国大陆极端最低气温主要受冬季风和太阳辐射影响,极端最高气温主要受地形影响。极端气温在时间分布上表现为:极端高温年代际变化是20世纪90年代前递减,90年代后递增;年极端高温事件发生频次除塔里木盆地外均对区域性增暖呈显著的正响应。 相似文献
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通过对淮河流域18个站点近50年的历史降水资料分析,阐述其暴雨的时空分布特点及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明,1958~2007年淮河流域暴雨日数和暴雨量的年际变化幅度均较剧烈,尤其20世纪90年代末,暴雨日数和暴雨量均明显增加;且淮河流域暴雨呈准2年周期振荡。从空间角度分析,暴雨中心主要集中在淮河流域西南部地区,北部地区相对较少。 相似文献
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南滚河国家级自然保护区典型植被类型土壤有机碳及全氮储量的空间分布特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
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辽宁省四季降水时空变化特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对辽宁省降水的气候特征进行了详细诊断分析,结果表明:辽宁省降水呈现不同的季节变化特征,汛期降水异常在空间分布存在明显东西向差异,汛期降水异常的空间分布在不同年代有不同的位相分布特征,四季降水量的年际、年代际变化特征明显,在周期上四季3年左右的振荡特征较为一致,而且出现不同程度的10年以上周期,夏季降水的10~12年周期。 相似文献
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Establishing what caused Earth's largest climatic changes in the past requires a precise knowledge of both the forcing and the regional responses. We determined the chronology of high- and low-latitude climate change at the last glacial termination by radiocarbon dating benthic and planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope and magnesium/calcium records from a marine core collected in the western tropical Pacific. Deep-sea temperatures warmed by approximately 2 degrees C between 19 and 17 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), leading the rise in atmospheric CO2 and tropical-surface-ocean warming by approximately 1000 years. The cause of this deglacial deep-water warming does not lie within the tropics, nor can its early onset between 19 and 17 ky B.P. be attributed to CO2 forcing. Increasing austral-spring insolation combined with sea-ice albedo feedbacks appear to be the key factors responsible for this warming. 相似文献
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福建省是中国油茶的主要产地之一,油茶也是中国富有特色的重要木本植物油品种,其生产的高品质茶油对人类健康具有十分重要作用和意义。本文采用2013 年国家气象信息中心新整编的1961-2010 年中国地面0.5°×0.5°气温、降水格点数据,提取福建省各年代相应气候要素数值进行统计和变异分析,应用普通油茶含油率综合评估气候模式,运用ArcGIS 地理信息技术和概率统计学方法对1961-2010 年福建普通油茶含油率的时空分布进行区划,分析油茶关键生育期中油脂转化积累期(9 月份)月平均气温和降水量与含油率变化关系,评价1961-2010 年气候变化影响下福建省油茶含油率年代和区域分布特征。分析结果表明,9月份平均降水量与福建油茶含油率显著正相关,对油茶含油率变化起主要作用;含油率有着明显的高低年代交替变化特点,存在高油率年代(1960s、1980s、2000s)和低油率年代(1970s、1990s)之分,具有20 年的高低变化周期。气温变异系数(CvT)差别小,对含油率影响不明显,降水量变异系数(CvR)和含油率变异系数(Cvf)差别大,两者在福建沿海地区分布有较好的对应和反映,沿海降水量比内陆地区波动大,降水不稳定也是影响油茶含油率高低的主要因素。福建省年气温降水符合油茶油脂转化积累期适宜的气候条件,为生产高油率品质创造了良好基础,油茶含油率随年代气候变化略有下降,但全省总体水平较高(42.5%~54.4%),具有开发油茶种植的气候资源区位优势。 相似文献
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利用辽宁省本溪地区1953～2008年的月平均气温和降水资料,分析本溪地区降水量、气温和蒸发量变化特征,确定利用降水量与蒸发量之差的Z指数表征旱涝强度,该指数可以较好地表征本溪地区旱涝强度状况。分析表明,本溪地区旱涝强度指数不但具有显著的年代际变化特征,且年振荡的信号也很强。Mann-Kendall方法检验结果表明,本溪地区温度发生了由冷向暖的转变,1988年气温发生突变。随着年代变化,旱涝指数发生了转变,涝的频率在减少,旱的频率在增加。运用马尔可夫链对旱涝强度指数进行预测,对指导长期预报具有重要的参考作用。 相似文献
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采用连续小波变换和交叉小波变换等方法,分析了1951～2006年华东地区水稻产量和同期东亚季风的时频变化特征,探讨了相对气象产量与东亚季风环流指数之间的相关关系.结果表明,华东地区水稻产量与东亚季风环流的变化均存在年际和年代际尺度的变化周期.气象产量与同期亚洲环流经向指数以正相关为主,14年两者的正相关程度最大,少数频率尺度上呈较弱的负相关,如准2、4、6年以及18年之后.气象产量与同期亚洲环流纬向指数在2～4、6～8、10～12年尺度的共振频率上表现为正相关关系,8～10年以及12年之后的尺度上两者表现为负相关,14年左右两者的负相关程度最大 东亚季风环流的变化导致区域气候变暖,进而引起的气象灾害频发以及区域气候资源的改变,是华东地区水稻产量波动的主要原因. 相似文献
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20世纪80年代中期全球变暖前后亚非夏季风特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
该文针对全球温度场在20世纪80年代全球明显的突然变暖事件,研究了变暖前后全球温度场和降水场的时空分布特征,以及相应季风环流圈的变化特征,并且与20世纪60年代全球变冷气候事件作了对比分析.结果表明,变暖后全球大范围增温,增温地区包括欧亚大陆大部、非洲地区大部和印度洋南部.与此同时,全球降水场也有明显的变化.1990—1995年与1980—1985年相比较,中国华北地区大部分地区、印度中南部和北非Sahel大部分地区夏季总降水量有所回升,而中国华北地区南部地区和印度北部地区降水有所减少.对比分析80年代变暖前后气候环流场,发现非洲夏季风在变暖后有所加强,印度夏季风有所减弱,东亚夏季风强度微弱加强.从海陆热力对比和华北和北非Sahel等地的夏季降水量的小波分析来看,60年代变冷气候事件以年代际信号为主,同位相叠加突出了年代际振荡的作用和强度;而80年代夏季降水量的各时间尺度年代际信号符号相反,相互抵消;与此同时,80年代年际时间尺度的信号较强,起主导作用.所以,80年代气候变暖事件与60年代气候变冷事件相比较,并不是单纯的气候年代际反位相振荡的结果,而是不同时间尺度信号相互作用下引起的气候不同的响应. 相似文献
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Doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model produced increased surface temperatures and evaporation and greater mean precipitation in the south Asian summer monsoon region. As a partial consequence, interannual variability of area-averaged monsoon rainfall was enhanced. Consistent with the climate sensitivity results from the model, observations showed a trend of increased interannual variability of Indian monsoon precipitation associated with warmer land and ocean temperatures in the monsoon region. 相似文献
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近111年来东亚夏季风的变异及其与中国降水的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据1899～2009年北半球月平均海平面气压场资料,计算近111年来东亚夏季风强度指数,分析了东亚夏季风的年代际及年际变化特征。结果表明,20世纪20年代东亚夏季风达最强,80年代中期以后东亚夏季风强度一直呈减弱趋势,其中21世纪初达最弱。Morlet小波分析发现,东亚夏季风年代际及年际变化中存在准10年和准2年显著性周期。我国东部降水的年际变化与东亚夏季风的强度变化密切相关,强（弱）东亚夏季风年份,长江中下游地区降水量比常年偏少（偏多）;而华北地区降水量比常年偏多（偏少）。东亚夏季风减弱是造成20世纪80年代中期以后华北地区干旱少雨,长江中下游地区洪涝多雨的一个重要原因。 相似文献
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Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Lelieveld J Berresheim H Borrmann S Crutzen PJ Dentener FJ Fischer H Feichter J Flatau PJ Heland J Holzinger R Korrmann R Lawrence MG Levin Z Markowicz KM Mihalopoulos N Minikin A Ramanathan V De Reus M Roelofs GJ Scheeren HA Sciare J Schlager H Schultz M Siegmund P Steil B Stephanou EG Stier P Traub M Warneke C Williams J Ziereis H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5594):794-799
The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes. 相似文献
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Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We analyzed lake-sediment cores from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to reconstruct the climate history of the region over the past 2600 years. Time series analysis of sediment proxies, which are sensitive to the changing ratio of evaporation to precipitation (oxygen isotopes and gypsum precipitation), reveal a recurrent pattern of drought with a dominant periodicity of 208 years. This cycle is similar to the documented 206-year period in records of cosmogenic nuclide production (carbon-14 and beryllium-10) that is thought to reflect variations in solar activity. We conclude that a significant component of century-scale variability in Yucatan droughts is explained by solar forcing. Furthermore, some of the maxima in the 208-year drought cycle correspond with discontinuities in Maya cultural evolution, suggesting that the Maya were affected by these bicentennial oscillations in precipitation. 相似文献
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It has been proposed that Earth's climate could be affected by changes in cloudiness caused by variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays in the atmosphere. This proposal stems from an observed correlation between cosmic ray intensity and Earth's average cloud cover over the course of one solar cycle. Some scientists question the reliability of the observations, whereas others, who accept them as reliable, suggest that the correlation may be caused by other physical phenomena with decadal periods or by a response to volcanic activity or El Ni?o. Nevertheless, the observation has raised the intriguing possibility that a cosmic ray-cloud interaction may help explain how a relatively small change in solar output can produce much larger changes in Earth's climate. Physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain how cosmic rays could affect clouds, but they need to be investigated further if the observation is to become more than just another correlation among geophysical variables. 相似文献
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准确量化半干旱区森林植被耗水特征及其影响因子对植被-水-土的综合管理至关重要。选择内蒙古大青山的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,利用热扩散探针法监测树干液流,同步监测气象因子和土壤体积含水量。结果表明,研究期间华北落叶松冠层蒸腾存在明显月、季节变化,冠层蒸腾季节变化呈单峰曲线,冠层月蒸腾量（mm）为8月（55.08）＞7月（54.76）＞6月（48.76）＞5月（43.13）＞9月（40.20）＞10月（12.36）。华北落叶松林冠层蒸腾与气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度、饱和气压差、风速、土壤水分均存在极显著相关关系（P＜0.01）,回归分析表明气温、太阳辐射和大气湿度是影响冠层蒸腾的主要气象因子;基于边界线的分析表明,冠层蒸腾随太阳辐射、气温变化可用对数增长函数拟合,即随太阳辐射、气温增大,冠层蒸腾先快速后缓慢增大,达到阈值后趋于平稳;冠层蒸腾随大气湿度增加的变化遵循抛物线曲线,阈值为59.41%。次降水量对冠层蒸腾的影响存在差异,降水强度>10 mm的次降水量显著影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾。总体来看,气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度和降水是影响华北落叶松冠层蒸腾的主要环境因子。 相似文献