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1.
The effects of excess dietary sulphur were studied in sheep supplemented and unsupplemented with thiamine. The diets contained either 0.19 per cent sulphur (LS) or 0.63 per cent sulphur (HS) in combinations with 14 mg kg-1 thiamine (LB1) or 243 mg kg-1 thiamine (HB1). A total of 56 two-month-old lambs were used. Groups consisting of nine, nine, 22 and 16 lambs were fed LS-LB1, LS-HB1, HS-LB1 and HS-HB1 diets, respectively for 14 weeks. Out of 22 lambs fed the HS-LB1 diet, seven lambs developed neurological signs between the third and eighth week of the trial. Two of these lambs died, three that were in extremis were euthanased, and two recovered completely. All clinically affected animals had extensive malacic lesions in the cerebral cortex, midbrain and brainstem. None of the lambs from the LS groups or HS-HB1 group developed clinical signs. Several clinically normal lambs from the HS-LB1 group had necrotic lesions in their brains at gross and microscopic examination. Supplementation with dietary thiamine prevented development of clinical signs, but did not totally prevent development of microscopic brain lesions. Brain thiamine concentration, transketolase activity and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) effect were not different (P greater than 0.05) among groups. There was a strong effect (P less than 0.0001) of dietary thiamine supplementation on blood thiamine concentration and TPP effect. Blood thiamine concentration was higher whereas TPP effect was lower in the thiamine supplemented sheep. Blood and tissue thiamine concentrations in sheep exposed to high dietary sulphur did not indicate either systemic or local thiamine deficiency per se. Increased TPP effect in sheep fed the HS-LB1 diet indicated mild to moderate metabolic thiamine deficiency. Thiamine inadequacy may be an effect of an increased requirement for thiamine in animals exposed to excess dietary sulphur.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to identify magnetic resonance (MR) signs that aid differentiation of neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic brain diseases in dogs and cats. MR images of 36 dogs and 13 cats with histologic diagnosis of intracranial disease were reviewed retrospectively. Diagnoses included 30 primary and three metastatic brain tumors, 11 infectious/inflammatory lesions, three vascular, one degenerative disease, and one developmental malformation. Upon univariate analysis of 21 MR signs, there were seven that had a significant association with neoplasia: single lesion (P = 0.004), shape (P = 0.015), mass effect (P = 0.002), dural contact (P = 0.04), dural tail (P = 0.005), lesions affecting adjacent bone (P = 0.008), and contrast enhancement (P = 0.025). Increasing age was also found to be associated with neoplasia (P = 0.0001). MR signs of non-neoplastic brain diseases in dogs and cats were more variable than those of brain neoplasia.  相似文献   

3.
Polioencephalomalacia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Polioencephalomalacia, a disease of ruminants, is most likely due to a thiamine deficiency and is most frequently associated with intensive feeding conditions or with recent changes in management. The clinical signs of incoordination and blindness followed by recumbency and opisthotonus can resolve relatively rapidly when treated early with thiamine and supportive care. The disease can frequently be prevented by thiamine supplementation and inclusion of a minimum amount of roughage in feedlot rations.  相似文献   

4.
The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of central nervous system lymphoma in eight dogs and four cats are described. Intracranial lesions affected the rostrotentorial structures in six dogs and caudotentorial structures in two cats. Lesions affected the spinal cord in two dogs and in two cats. One dog and one cat with intracranial lymphoma had signs of local extracranial extension and lymphadenopathy. Lesions were considered extraparenchymal in four dogs and three cats, intraparenchymal in two dogs and one cat, and appeared to have both intra- and extraparenchymal components in two dogs. All lesions were hyperintense in T2-weighted images when compared to white matter, most were hypointense in T1-weighted images (7/12), and most were hyperintense in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images (5/9). When compared to grey matter, these lesions appear either isointense (5/12) or hyperintense (7/12) on T2-weighted images, half of them were hypointense in T1-weighted images (6/12), and most were isointense in FLAIR images (7/9). Lesion margins were usually indistinct in T2-weighted images (10/12) and had perilesional hyperintensity in FLAIR images (7/9). The majority of lesions (10/12) had abnormal meninges around the lesion and half (6/12) had generalized contrast enhancement. Mass effect was evident in all lesions. Although not specific, when combined with the history and neurologic signs, MR features aid presumptive diagnosis that should be confirmed by cytology or histopathology.  相似文献   

5.
A 6-year-old dog, a 4-year-old dog and three 7-week-old puppies were diagnosed with thiamine deficiency caused by feeding sulphite treated meat. The 6-year-old dog presented with a history of inappetence, weight loss and vomiting that rapidly progressed to signs of multifocal intracranial disease including mental dullness, paresis, seizures, spontaneous nystagmus and strabismus. Thiamine pyrophosphate effect was elevated at 58% and magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensity of the caudate nucleus and rostral colliculi. The dog recovered with thiamine supplementation. The 4-year-old dog and three 7-week-old puppies also presented with rapidly progressive multifocal central nervous system signs including ataxia, paresis, increased muscle tone, seizures, nystagmus and exophthalmos. The 4-year-old dog made a rapid recovery with thiamine supplementation. Euthanasia and necropsy of a puppy revealed malacia of multiple brainstem nuclei and oedema of the cerebral cortex. These findings were consistent with thiamine deficiency.  相似文献   

6.
Medical records and magnetic resonance (MR) images of 14 cats with inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) were reviewed retrospectively. Cases included eight cats with feline infectious peritonitis and two cats with toxoplasmosis. Abnormalities affecting the CNS were observed in MR images in 10 (71%) cats. Intracranial lesions appeared as slightly hypointense foci in T1-weighted images in two (14%) cats, as hyperintense foci in T2-weighted images in seven (50%) cats and as hyperintense foci after intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based contrast medium in 10 (71%) cats. In six cats with lesions in T1- and/or T2-weighted images, additional lesions were visible in T1-weighted images obtained after gadolinium-based contrast medium administration. In three cats, lesions were visible only after contrast medium administration. In our study, MR imaging (MRI) did not appear to detect all cases of CNS inflammation in the population of cats with inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, MRI adds information about the sites and morphology of intracranial lesions that should help to distinguish between neoplasia and inflammatory conditions and, possibly, between different inflammatory conditions.  相似文献   

7.
Brainstem dysfunction resulting from central extension of infection is a life-threatening complication of otitis media/interna (OMI) that has been described infrequently in dogs and cats. We review the clinical signs of disease, diagnostic findings, and results of surgical and medical treatments of brainstem disease attributable to otogenic intracranial infection in cats and dogs. Eleven cats and 4 dogs were examined because of acute, subacute, or chronic clinical signs of brain disease including central vestibular signs, altered mentation, abnormal posture/gait, cranial nerve deficits, and seizures. Results of a minimal database (CBC, serum biochemical panel, urinalysis, thoracic radiographs, and abdominal ultrasonographic images or radiographs) were within reference intervals in all animals. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the head were acquired for all animals, and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 9 of 11 cats and 3 of 4 dogs was examined. Surgical exploration and ventral bulla osteotomy were done for 12 of 15 animals, followed by 1–3 months of antibiotic therapy; the remaining animals were euthanized before treatment. In all animals, MR imaging was effective in characterizing the location and extent of the pathologic changes intracranially as well as within middle/inner ear structures. Results of CSF analysis were characteristic of bacterial infection in most of the animals with acute or subacute disease. Since long-term outcome in all treated animals was very good to excellent, it was concluded that dogs and cats with intracranial disease secondary to extension of otitis media/interna have a good-to-excellent prognosis when the condition was diagnosed and was treated by surgical exploration and appropriate antibiotic therapy.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine results of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders (VD) and correlate results of MR imaging with clinical findings. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 85 dogs. PROCEDURE: Information on signalment, clinical signs, and presumptive lesion location was obtained from the medical records, and MR images were reviewed. RESULTS: 27 dogs had peripheral VD, 37 had central VD, and 21 had paradoxical VD. Of the 27 dogs with peripheral VD, 11 (41%) had MR imaging abnormalities involving the ipsilateral tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media (6 also had abnormalities involving the petrous portion of the ipsilateral temporal bone compatible with otitis interna), 7 (26%) had MR imaging abnormalities compatible with middle ear neoplasia, 2(7%) had an ipsilateral cerebellopontine angle lesion, and 7 (26%) did not have MR imaging abnormalities. All dogs with central and paradoxical VD had abnormalities evident on MR images. Of the 37 dogs with central VD, 13 (35%) had an extra-axial lesion, 6 (16%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 18 (49%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. In 23 (62%) dogs with central VD, lesions on MR images corresponded with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs. Of the 21 dogs with paradoxical VD, 12 (57%) had an extra-axial lesion, 5 (24%) had an intra-axial lesion, and 4 (19%) had multiple intra-axial lesions. Location of lesions on MR images agreed with location suspected on the basis of clinical signs in 19 (90%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that MR imaging may be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of VD in dogs.  相似文献   

9.
Records of 79 cats determined to have endometrial hyperplasia (EH) with or without pyometra or endometritis were studied. Forty-eight cats (61%) were spayed or died because of complications relating to reproductive tract disease. All other cats were free of clinical signs of disease, and lesions were found incidentally during routine ovariohysterectomy or at necropsy. Prevalence of uterine lesions was greater in cats greater than or equal to 5 years old. Breeding, age at first breeding, and queening could not be correlated with clinical or pathologic signs of disease. Seventy-one percent (34/48) of cats with clinical signs referable to the reproductive tract had histologic evidence of pyometra or endometritis, whereas only 19% (6/31) of cats without clinical signs had histologic evidence of either disease. Only 23% (9/39) of cats without pyometra or endometritis had corpora lutea (CL) in at least one ovary, whereas 40% (16/40) of cats with either pyometra or endometritis had CL. We concluded that the prevalence of EH in cats increases with age in sexually intact female cats, and that most cases of pyometra or endometritis, but not EH, in cats are associated with retained CL.  相似文献   

10.
Upper airway obstruction is a potentially life‐threatening problem in cats and for which a noninvasive, sensitive method rapid diagnosis is needed. The purposes of this prospective study were to describe a computed tomography (CT) technique for nonanesthetized cats with upper airway obstruction, CT characteristics of obstructive diseases, and comparisons between CT findings and findings from other diagnostic tests. Ten cats with clinical signs of upper airway obstruction were recruited for the study. Four cats with no clinical signs of upper airway obstruction were recruited as controls. All cats underwent computed tomography imaging without sedation or anesthesia, using a 16‐slice helical CT scanner and a previously described transparent positional device. Three‐dimensional (3D) internal volume rendering was performed on all CT image sets and 3D external volume rendering was also performed on cats with evidence of mass lesions. Confirmation of upper airway obstruction was based on visual laryngeal examination, endoscopy, fine‐needle aspirate, biopsy, or necropsy. Seven cats were diagnosed with intramural upper airway masses, two with laryngotracheitis, and one with laryngeal paralysis. The CT and 3D volume‐rendered images identified lesions consistent with upper airway disease in all cats. In cats with mass lesions, CT accurately identified the mass and location. Findings from this study supported the use of CT imaging as an effective technique for diagnosing upper airway obstruction in nonanesthetized cats.  相似文献   

11.
A 6-year-old ShihTzu presented with tonic-clonic cluster seizure. T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images showed bilateral diffuse hyperintense lesions at the cerebral cortex with enlarged sulci. Computed tomography revealed a portosystemic shunt (PSS) and azygos continuation. Based on the clinical signs, blood examinations and diagnostic images, the dog was diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to PSS. The neurologic signs were gradually improved after medical therapy for hyperammonemia. This is the first report of hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex on T2-weighted MR images associated with acute hepatic encephalopathy in a dog.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to produce an magnetic resonsnce (MR) image atlas of clinically relevant brain anatomy and to relate this neuroanatomy to clinical signs. The brain of a large mixed breed dog was imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T MR unit and the following pulse sequences: Turbo (fast) spin echo (TSE) T2, T1, and T2- weighted spatial and chemical shift-encoded excitation sequence. Relevant neuroanatomic structures were identified using anatomic texts, sectioned cadaver heads, and previously published atlases. Major subdivisions of the brain were mapped and the neurologic signs of lesions in these divisions were described. TSE T2-weighted images were found to be the most useful for identifying clinically relevant neuroanatomy. Relating clinical signs to morphology as seen on MR will assist veterinarians to better understand clinically relevant neuroanatomy in MR images.  相似文献   

13.
The clinical, neuropathologic, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features in four cats with necrosis of the hippocampus and piriform lobe are described. All cats had acute generalized seizures and behavioral changes including aggression, salivation, polyphagia, and disorientation. Routine hematologic, serum chemistry, and cerebrospinal fluid analyses were normal. MR imaging abnormalities were restricted to the area of the hippocampus and piriform lobe. The lesions were T2-hyperintense, T1-hypointense, and were characterized by various degrees of contrast enhancement. Lesions were consistent with necrotizing encephalitis. Two cats were euthanized and underwent postmortem examination within a week after MR imaging due to the lack of response to antiepileptic drug therapy and progressive neuropathy. The remaining two cats lived for about four months and were then euthanized because of persistent behavioral and neurologic signs; only one of these cats underwent postmortem examination with histopathologic examination. Histopathological findings were typical of severe, diffuse, bilateral symmetric necrosis, and degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus and piriform lobe, but an etiologic agent was not apparent. This apparently unique feline syndrome, now reported in Switzerland and Italy, has no known cause at this time.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Accurate interpretation of thoracic magnetic resonance images requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy of this region. The purpose of this communication is to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy of the thoracic cavity of the cat, using MR images, dissections and macroscopic sections. In this study, three cats were used. The animals were anesthetized and positioned in sternal recumbency in the MR scanner. MR imaging was performed at the Special Diagnostic Service of San Roque Clinic of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria with a superconducting magnet operating at a field strength of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Spin echo pulse sequences were used to obtain T1-weighted images in tranverse and sagittal planes. At the conclusion of imaging, the cats were euthanatized for medical reasons unrelated to disease of thorax. The cats were frozen and then sectioned using an electric band saw. The cuts were matched as closely as possible to the MR images for identifying the normal planimetric anatomy of the thoracic structures. MR T1-weighted spin echo images provided excellent anatomic appearance of the thorax structures. In MR images the grey scale is directly related to the signal intensity of the thoracic cavity structures. Thus, fat and nerves had higher signal intensity compared with the lower signal intensity of the respiratory system. Bone marrow and muscles had a intermediate signal intensity and appeared gray. The intensity signal of the articular fluid permits a good differentiation of the opposing cartilage surfaces on all MR images. The planimetric or sectional anatomy of the thoracic cavity in the cat allows a correct morphologic and topographic evaluation of the anatomic structures, being helpful tool for the identification of the MR images. The information presented should serve as an initial reference to evaluate MR images of the feline thorax and to assist interpretation of lesions of this region.  相似文献   

16.
To describe the signs that may be associated with intracranial inflammatory conditions, magnetic resonance (MR) images of 25 dogs that had inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were mixed with those of a control group of 40 dogs that had CSF negative for inflammatory disease and reviewed without knowledge of the clinical signs or diagnosis. CSF was considered inflammatory if the protein level was > 0.25 g/l and the white cell count was > 5 mm(-3). Abnormalities were found by MR imaging in 19 (76%) dogs with inflammatory CSF. Two dogs had focal lesions, 10 had multifocal lesions, and seven had diffuse lesions. Lesions affected all divisions of the brain. Mass effect was identified in seven (28%) dogs, including one that had a choroid plexus carcinoma. Lesions were hyperintense in T2-weighted images in 18 dogs and hypointense in T1-weighted images in six dogs. Multifocal or diffuse intraaxial lesions that were hyperintense in T2-weighted images were observed in 17 (68%) dogs with inflammatory CSF. Administration of gadolinium resulted in enhancement of intraaxial lesions in nine (36%) dogs and enhancement of meninges in seven (28%) dogs. Six (24%) dogs with inflammatory CSF had images interpreted as normal.  相似文献   

17.
Purposing to get some hints on cause and early diagnosis for cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN), CCN was produced in three healthy calves by the oral administration of amprolium. All three calves showed central nervous signs characterized by ataxic gait, clonic spasm, astasia and opisthotonus, from 24 to 49 days after the start of daily administration of 321-418 mg/kg amprolium. They showed bradycardia from about 20 days before the appearance of the nervous signs, which was supposed to be a finding of primary change and to be useful for early diagnosis of CCN. At necropsy of the two calves, large necrotic lesion was found in the cerebral cortex, and tissue thiamine levels decreased significantly, especially in cerebrum and cerebellum. In the other calf, injection with 25 mg thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) was proved to be effective for the recovery of clinical signs. No significant changes in thiamine level were recorded in the whole blood, but those in erythrocytes decreased slightly at about a week before the appearance of the clinical signs. No significant alteration of thiamine excretion was observed in urine. Those findings suggest that CCN in calves is caused by thiamine deficiency and that the blood thiamine levels cannot be used for diagnosis of CCN.  相似文献   

18.
Cerebrospinal fluid collection is fundamental to the investigation of central nervous system disorders although it carries potential risks. Herein we report the clinical signs and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings associated with needle injury to the brainstem during cerebellomedullary cistern puncture in four dogs. Three dogs were nonambulatory tetraparetic with cranial nerve deficits and one dog had unexplained left thoracic limb paresis. In MR images, there were conspicuous T2 hyperintensities in the myelencephalon in all dogs. In T2* gradient echo images, the lesions were hypointense in two dogs with multiple cranial nerve deficits, and hyperintense in another dog. One dog was euthanized due to sudden neurologic deterioration 12 days later, one died shortly after MR imaging, and a third was euthanized due to concurrent cervical spondylomyelopathy. The fourth dog recovered gradually. Diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in one dog and was presumptive based on clinical signs and MR findings in three dogs. None of the dogs with cranial nerve deficits recovered, only the one dog with left thoracic limb paresis and concurrent syringomyelia.  相似文献   

19.
Our aim was to characterize the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of canine disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage or inflammation. We correlated the imaging characteristics of this type of disc extrusion in 46 dogs and compared these features with clinical signs and pathologic findings. Data from 50 control dogs with MR imaging features of a disc extrusion with no associated hemorrhage or inflammation, characterized by a T2‐hypointense extradural mass, were used for comparison of the relative location of the two types of lesions and prognosis. Disc extrusion causing epidural hemorrhage or inflammation is more common in the caudal aspect of the lumbar spine than disc extrusions that do not cause signs of hemorrhage or inflammation (P<0.05) in MR images. In dogs with disc extrusion and associated epidural hemorrhage or inflammation, there was no association between MR imaging features and signalment, the presence or absence of hemorrhage, or pathologic findings. The appearance of the lesion created by disc extrusion with epidural hemorrhage and inflammation encompasses a wide variety of imaging features, likely related to the duration of the hemorrhage and associated inflammatory changes. In 10 of 46 dogs these secondary changes masked identification of the disc extrusion itself in the MR images. An awareness of the variety of MR imaging features of disc extrusion accompanied by extradural hemorrhage or inflammation is important to avoid making an incorrect diagnosis and to facilitate a proper surgical approach. The prognosis of dogs with disc extrusion accompanied by hemorrhage or inflammation does not appear to be different than for dogs with disc extrusion and without imaging signs of epidural hemorrhage or inflammation.  相似文献   

20.
Bilateral thyroidectomy was performed in 106 cats with hyperthyroidism by one of three techniques: original intracapsular, modified intracapsular, or modified extracapsular. Hypocalcemia was detected in the first 3 days after surgery in 11 (22%) of 50 cats treated by the intracapsular technique, 10 (33%) of 30 cats treated by the modified intracapsular technique, and 6 (23%) of 26 cats treated by the modified extracapsular technique. Hypocalcemia was classified as mild or severe. No signs of hypoparathyroidism developed in any of the 13 cats with mild hypocalcemia. Of the 14 cats with severe hypocalcemia, 8 had clinical signs of hypoparathyroidism before and during treatment with calcium and vitamin D, 3 were treated and no clinical signs developed, 2 were not treated but no clinical signs developed, and 1 was lost to follow-up. No cat required permanent calcium or vitamin D supplementation after surgery. Severe hypocalcemia and clinical signs of hypoparathyroidism occurred in 3 (6%) of the 50 cats treated by the intracapsular technique, 4 (13.3%) of the 30 cats treated by the modified intracapsular technique, and 1 (3.8%) of the 26 cats treated by the modified extracapsular technique. Twelve cats had recurrence of hyperthyroidism at a median time of 23 months. The intracapsular technique was used in 11 of these cats, and the modified extracapsular technique was used in 1. No clinical signs of hypothyroidism were detected in any of the cats. The modified intracapsular and modified extracapsular techniques of bilateral thyroidectomy are effective procedures for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.  相似文献   

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