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‘砀山酥梨’花柱可授性及蜜蜂授粉特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
采用半离体培养法和联苯胺-过氧化氢法研究了‘砀山酥梨’花粉萌发特性和柱头可授性。通过对‘酥梨’的最适授粉时间以及7种授粉处理坐果率的研究,探讨其授粉特性。结果表明：开花后每天酥梨柱头活性最佳的时间是11时至15时,柱头最佳授粉时间为开花后第4~5天;‘酥梨’花粉最适萌发温度为25℃,花粉管生长最有利的温度为22~25℃,在相同温度下,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度随时间增加而增加。7种授粉处理‘酥梨’的花朵坐果率中,没有昆虫授粉的‘酥梨’坐果率为0.48%和0.44%,自然授粉和人工授粉坐果率分别为2.83%和13.05%,‘酥梨’ב雪花梨’组蜜蜂授粉的坐果率为32.95%,新鲜花粉和商品花粉坐果率分别为70.2%和13.05%。由此可见,‘酥梨’是异花虫媒果树,蜜蜂可以在‘酥梨’柱头活性最高时进行授粉,从而提高‘酥梨’的坐果率,同时通过对‘酥梨’花器官生理活性和坐果习性的研究,为‘酥梨’的授粉和生产提供基础资料。 相似文献
2.
为了研究美味猕猴桃控制授粉对果实性状的影响,选取生产上重要的美味猕猴桃代表品种海沃德、徐香和米良为试材,采用剪留花柱控制授粉,利用人工授粉法和自然授粉法进行研究.结果表明,全部减去花柱,3种品种坐果率均为0％,授粉柱头≤8时,3种品种平均坐果率在47％～81.3％之间;授粉柱头＞11时,3种品种平均坐果率在86.0％～89.0％之间,与对照全部柱头授粉坐果率87.0％相近;单果重测定结果:授粉柱头在1～14范围内随授粉柱头数量增加,其重量增加,由21.9 g增至85.0 g.当授粉柱头≥17时,单果重在83.6～92.7 g之间,与对照无明显差异.果形指数测算结果:授粉柱头在1～17之间,果形指数在0.85～1.14之间,低于对照1.17;当授粉柱头≥22时,果形指数在1.13～1.21之间,与对照无明显差异;果实种子数量与单果重趋势一致,即授粉柱头在1～17之间,随授粉柱头增加果实种子数增加,当≥17时其种子数量基本稳定在700～900之间.从产量因素和商品性3项指标及果实种子数量综合看,美味猕猴桃人工充分授粉的数量指标为17,授粉柱头低于11,其坐果率、单果重和果型指数均比对照低,或造成减产、商品性下降等不利影响,但过度授粉也会造成花粉浪费,果园雄株配置比例大,不利于高产优质高效生产. 相似文献
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4.
《分子植物育种》2021,(18)
以‘Kau (344)’、‘Pahaha (788)’、‘H2’、‘桂热1号’4个不同澳洲坚果品种为材料,分析花粉生活力和开花生物学特性。澳洲坚果的花粉粒呈现三角形或近三角形,形态观测法显示‘344’花粉生活力最强,联苯胺染色法显示‘H2’花粉生活力最大为90.35%,综合来看,利用联苯胺染色法澳洲坚果的花粉生活力最强,是一种比较适合测定澳洲坚果花粉生活力的方法。澳洲坚果开花期集中在3月上旬至4月中旬,变异系数由大到小依次是:初花期花期长度末花期盛花期坐果期。在所观测的澳洲坚果品种中,‘H2’小花开放顺序是由花序轴中部向两端依次开放,而‘788’‘、344’‘、桂热1号’均是自花序轴基部向顶端依次开放。‘H2’、‘桂热1号’的小花颜色是白色,‘344’、‘788’小花颜色是乳白色,4个澳洲坚果品种均存在不同批次开花现象。澳洲坚果的花序长度变化范围在17.90～20.63 cm之间,小花长度在12.33～13.27 mm之间,花柄长度在2.70～2.90 mm之间,单个花穗小花数在191～227朵之间。掌握开花生物学规律对指导实际生产、合理配置品种及杂交育种等方面具有重要参考意义。 相似文献
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为研究番石榴最佳花粉采集期、授粉期及去雄期,以番石榴新鲜花粉为试材,采用正交设计试验,筛选最优培养基配方,进而测定不同保存时间及不同开放状态的花粉生活力和柱头可授性。结果显示,培养基组分对番石榴花粉生活力的影响程度由强到弱为糖>硼酸>氯化钙,最佳处理组合为150 g/L蔗糖+0 g/L硼酸+0.3 g/L氯化钙,其花粉生活力为91.9%。花粉生活力随保存时间延长而降低,新鲜采摘的番石榴花粉生活力为89.69%,保存96 h的花粉生活力为0%。番石榴花在时期Ⅲ（花苞完全裂开、萼片脱落）花粉生活力最高,时期Ⅳ（花瓣展开）柱头可授性最强;另外,时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ的花粉囊并未打开,柱头上未附着花粉且花粉生活力较低。因此,番石榴花的最佳授粉期为时期Ⅳ,最佳花粉采集期为时期Ⅲ,最佳去雄期为时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ。 相似文献
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高粱不育系小花败育的原因与预防措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
高粱不育系小花败育直接影响着单位面积的种子产量 ,相应地增加了种子生产成本 ,影响着种子生产户的积极性。因此 ,对小花败育的预防显得十分重要。1 高粱不育系小花败育的现象及原因1.1 高粱不育系小花败育现象 :小花败育就是高粱雄性不育系雄蕊、雌蕊发育不正常 ,不完全 ,不能授粉结实。生产上一般表现为子房变小 ,花柱变短 ,羽毛状柱头发达 ,花药秕瘦 ,抽雄后颖壳白色 ,护颖软而不能开张 ,柱头根本不能伸出。发生的部位不定 ,有的在穗子顶端 ,有的在穗子中部、下部或一个侧面 ,败育程度在0～ 10 0 %之间。1.2 引起小花败育的原因 :引… 相似文献
7.
泰山四叶参开花习性观察及杂交技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
摘要：验以泰山四叶参为材料,对其开花习性进行观察研究,发现四叶参雄蕊花本试药具有在开花前散粉的特性。自交与杂交试验结果表明,适宜去雄的蕾形态特征为：蕾为黄绿色,蕾尖未变色,剥开花蕾,5枚雄蕊紧紧包围在柱头周围,花药成熟尚未开裂散粉。蕾高度1.9－2.3㎝,直径1.6－2.1㎝;成熟柱头的形态特征及授粉的适宜时期：柱头3个心皮扇形展开,心皮边缘稍反卷;人工去雄后第5、第6天。 相似文献
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梨树液体授粉稳定剂与营养剂的综合效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了提高山西省梨树产区的坐果率及果实品质,试验以液体授粉为途径,通过授粉营养剂与稳定剂的筛选与配合,形成提高梨树坐果的技术配方。结果表明：（1）以稀土为介质的液体授粉的稳定剂不同程度地提高了坐果率,其中处理A2显著高于处理A3,处理A3又明显高于处理A1、人工点授粉和常规液体授粉处理。（2）以氨基酸为主要成分的液体授粉营养剂也提高了坐果率,其中处理B1、B2显著高于常规液体授粉和点授粉,其坐果率提高了22-25%。（3）综合处理A2B2的坐果效应最为明显,花后10天的坐果率达到61.8-70.6%,同时,处理 A3B1、A2B1、A3B1的坐果率也达到50%左右,显著高于常规液体授粉对照。（4）综合液体授粉处理后,A2B1、A3B1处理连续两年显著提高了成熟果实的酯类芳香物质含量,果肉可溶性固形物含量有一定增加,处理间果肉蛋白质的在2005年达到差异显著水平。 相似文献
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三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合组间杂交育种 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《分子植物育种》2017,(8)
本研究旨在探讨三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合系间杂交育种规律,培育系间杂种。采用常规压片法,分析母本染色体核型。采用切花柱及柱头直接授粉技术,进行OT×O系间杂交;在授粉后不同时间,采用胚珠直接接种法进行胚抢救。本研究中作母本的6个OT百合品种均为三倍体。柱头直接授粉技术明显优于切花柱授粉技术,前者的结果率及结籽率明显高于后者。24个OT(♀)×O(♂)杂交组合中,有16个组合能结果,占66.67%;能结果的杂交组合,大部分能收获饱满种子,结籽率在2.49%~16.78%之间。4个O(♀)×OT(♂)反交组合、6个OT(♀)×OT(♂)自交组合均未能结果。胚抢救60 d后,授粉60 d后进行胚抢救最有效,胚珠萌发最快,各组合出苗率在5.26%~18.56%之间。上述研究初步揭示了百合三倍体OT(♀)×二倍体O(♂)杂交育种规律,为创造非整体倍体变异、培育系间杂交新品种奠定了基础。 相似文献
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一般认为黄檗为严格的雌雄异株植物,但本研究首次发现自然界存在两性植株。为了研究两性植株的有性繁殖能力,以两性植株为试材,雌株和雄株为对照,对两性植株性器官形态和繁殖能力进行了研究。通过2年对5000余朵花的研究发现：（1）两性植株的花粉和柱头与雄株和雌株在形态和发育上没有差异,花粉的萌发率在23%以上,与雄株花粉基本一致;（2）两性植株花粉授粉至雌株后得果率为86.69%,两性植株雌花在接受雄株花粉后的得果率为91.30%,自然受粉条件下的得果率为95.69%,自交授粉的得果率为88.01%。两性植株雄性和雌性都能正常繁殖,也可以成功自交繁殖。本研究为黄檗性别分化研究提供了新方向,为其生物保护提供了新途径。 相似文献
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U. S. Chandrashekar Malavika Dadlani K. Vishwanath S. K. Chakrabarty C. T. Manjunath Prasad 《Euphytica》2013,193(2):277-291
Understanding the relationship between floral and reproductive traits are critical to understand the evolution of plant species in brassica and need for selecting lines as parental lines in hybrid seed prodcution. The protogyny nature of Brassica species are characterized based on the variations in floral morphology, protogyny interval, stigma receptivity, pollen biology, compatibility and seeds set. The variation in stigma morphology features (stigma exsertion prior to anthesis) and protogyny interval (ranged from 8 to 10 days) formed phenotypically distinct. Studies on stigma receptivity and pollen viability revealed significant variability and found to be at its peak up to 3 days after anthesis and reduced drastically thereafter. Compatibility crosses and post pollination events such as pollen deposition on the surface of the stigma and culminating with the entry of the pollen tube into the embryo sac, was rapid and completed within 2 days after pollination, whereas in in-compatible cross not even single pollen was germinated on stigmatic surface and consequently no pollen tube growth even after sixth day of pollination. In compatible crosses average seed set ranged from 3 to 8 seeds per pod from cross pollination and no seed set in self. The investigation revealed that variation exists for protogyny interval, stigma receptivity and compatibility in the protogynous lines of Indian mustard and this can be exploited for the production of hybrids without emasculation. 相似文献
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旨在减少棉花杂交制种用工,提高棉花杂交制种工效,降低棉花杂交种子生产成本。采用GA3溶液诱导棉花长柱头,不去雄直接授粉;采用小型强磁高速电动机作为动力,研制小型田间快速采粉器,同时研制与采粉器配套使用的简易授粉器。通过多年的研究,研制出一种新的杂交棉制种新方法,即用100 mg/kg浓度的GA3溶液,处理8~18天母本的幼蕾,每花点滴量150~200 μL,开花当天,不去雄父本花粉直接授予母本伸长的柱头上;研制出与之相配套的棉花快速采粉器和低温贮能式授粉器,操作简便,田间采粉速度快,授粉效率高,生产的杂交种子纯度在95%以上,符合国家良种要求。该研究将稳定的诱导技术与采粉器和授粉器结合应用于棉花杂交制种,可节省大量用工,综合提高制种工效30%以上。 相似文献
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Wheat × maize and wheat × pearl millet crosses have proved efficient for haploid production using various genotypes of wheat; 22 and 27 % of florets produced embryos. In favourable conditions 6—9 haploid plants per spike were produced. The following simplifications or improvements in technique are recommended: 1. Only a single treatment with an aqueous solution of dicamba or 2,4-D (50–100 ppm) for embryo stimulation in vivo; 2. Application by spraying or dipping the spikes; 3. Application time two to four days after pollination; 4. Embryo rescue 15 to 18 days after pollination; 5. Crosses without emasculation are possible if pollination occurs 1–2 days before anthesis. More than 450 haploids and some doubled haploid (DH) lines (after colchicine treatment in vitro) were produced using these methods. No hybrid plants, chromosome additions or substitutions were found. 相似文献
14.
番茄ps-2雄性不育系01222的育性观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对从保加利亚引入并选出的含有番茄ps - 2基因的雄性不育新品系 0 12 2 2进行了杂交制种试验。结果表明 ,该不育品系虽然会发生自交 ,但座果率极低 ,其中正常果率只占 2 9% ,其余均为僵果。通过开花后 1～ 3d人工去雄授粉和蕾期去雄杂交制种试验比较说明 ,即使 3d后的处理杂交种子纯度仍可达 99%以上 ,符合国际种子质量标准 ,但是杂交座果率、单果种子含量却随开花天数的增加而降低 ,以蕾期和开花后 1d处理最佳。表明该不育系是一个很有应用价值的新材料。 相似文献
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Summary The effects of different pollination techniques, with and without emasculation and delayed pollination, were investigated to find the conditions for maximum seed set after self-pollination and intraspecific and interspecific crosses of Brassica oleracea var. acephala. The results indicated that the pollination conditions achieving maximum seed set vary with the type of pollination. After controlled self-pollination, the best seed set occurs in bud 3 to bud 10. For the intraspecific cross, the youngest flower and the oldest bud produced the largest number of developed ovules but bud pollination was productive to bud 8. The yields from these two pollination types were best when the female parent was not emasculated. In the interspecific cross with B. campestris cv. Marco the best results came from the youngest flowers and the oldest buds subjected to the standard practice of pollinating directly after emasculation. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed. 相似文献
16.
The use of genetic,manual and chemical methods to control pollination in vegetable hybrid seed production: a review 
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下载免费PDF全文 Production of hybrid varieties of vegetable crops is currently a desired breeding goal, due to their remarkable agronomic performance and to the possibility of intellectual property protection. However, efficient hybrid production requires a careful pollination control to guarantee the hybrid nature of F1 seed. Several technologies ranging from manual emasculation to genetic transformation are used to inhibit pollen production in mother plants. In this review, we examine the principles underlying strategies like genetically determined systems (genic male sterility, cytoplasmic–genic male sterility, self‐incompatibility) and other methods (manual emasculation, chemical‐hybridizing agents) in different species, considering the benefits and drawbacks of their adoption. Finally, we present the current state of the art for vegetable hybrid seed production. 相似文献
17.
The effect of cut style and placental pollination on fertilization efficiency was studied for compatible Aechmea fasciata plants. These alternative in vitro pollination techniques resulted in lower penetration rates of the ovules by pollen tubes in comparison to pollination on
the stigma. An explanation was found in the intervention of the normal pollination process,through which less pollen-pistil
interactions were built up. After cut style pollination the percentage of ovule penetration by pollen tubes increased when
a longer style part was left at the ovary. Probably fewer factors that control pollen tube growth are present in the lower
style part. Pollen germinated on the ovules after placental pollination but only rarely penetration of the micropyle by a
pollen tube occurred. Activation of the ovary, induced by in vivo prepollination for 6 hours, and pollination two days after anthesis did not increase the fertilization percentage. Grafting
a style with active growing pollen tubes to ovules on the placenta (placental grafted style pollination) resulted in a higher
fertilization percentage. Pollen tube growth through the style was essential for pollen tube guidance to the ovules and penetration
of the micropyle.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
An interspecific hybrid between Cicer arietinum cv. GL 769 and a wild species C. pinnatifidum was obtained after emasculation, pollination and application of growth regulators. Ovules were cultured and embryos were later dissected to obtain hybrid plants. These plants were albinos and morphologically resembled C. pinnatifidum. Shrivelled seeds were also obtained in 2% of the crosses, which on germination gave rise to albino plants. These plants did not survive beyond 20 days. The hybrid nature of these plants was confirmed by esterase isozyme studies. Hybrid shoots obtained from germinating embryos were cultured on modified ML-6 medium with BAP 2 mg/1, IAA 0.5 mg/1, where they turned green after 3–4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on leaf sections from green hybrid shoots showed an improvement in the chloroplast structure, with better organized grana. 相似文献
19.
The possible applications of genie male sterility (GMS) in plant breeding arc reviewed and discussed. The basic contribution of GMS is that it provides a means of genetic emasculation which can be applied for the massive production of hybrids. There are two main fields of application: (1) the production of hybrid varieties and (2) inter- and intraspecific hybridization and back-crossing programmes for the introduction of genetic variation into crop varieties. Several schemes have been proposed for using GMS in hybrid breeding in different crops. These are discussed under four headings: genetic methods, cy-togenetic methods, temporary restoration of fertility and manual pollination. The application of GMS in hybridization intended for the introduction of alien genes is discussed as well as factors affecting the pollination of genie male steriles. 相似文献