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1.
黑土区轮作系统大豆田土壤线虫种群结构研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
线虫是土壤动物中最丰富的组成成分,可以通过取食植物组织和微生物进行养分再循环和促进矿物质分解,为植物根系更好的吸收提供养分.本文主要针对中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位实验区不同轮作系统大豆田土壤线虫进行研究,以期了解轮作系统大豆田线虫分布特征及种群结构动态变化,为进一步从生态角度揭示轮作系统下土地利用状况提供材料.取样茬口分别为大豆连作(CS,15a)、麦豆麦豆迎茬(WSWS,15a)和麦米豆轮作(WMS,15a).大豆田共鉴定出8目19科43属线虫.线虫种类分布茬口间存在差异,有29属线虫是各茬口所共有的,其余的14种线虫各茬口分布不同,这与取样茬口和土壤环境等因素有关.在取样时期内,随着生育期的推进,大豆连作田土壤线虫总数呈现先高后低的趋势,轮作和迎茬田都呈逐渐升高的趋势.茎属Ditylenchus、拟丽突属Acrobeloides、中杆属Mesorhabditis、原杆属Protorhabditis、盆咽属Panagrolaimus、丝尾垫刃属Filenchus和具脊垫刃属Codenchus线虫分布受到茬口影响,达到显著差异水平. 相似文献
2.
利用涕灭威处理大豆田,研究土壤线虫群落结构和生物多样性的变化,共鉴定出7目12科17属的土壤线虫,其中植物寄生线虫是大豆根际土壤线虫的优势营养类群,短体属Pratylenchus,茎属Ditylenchus,小杆属Rhabditis和矛线属Dorylaimus是线虫优势属.与对照相比,除开花期因气候干旱外,涕灭威处理在大豆的各个生育期均抑制了土壤线虫总数和各营养类群的群体数量增长,尤其对植物寄生线虫抑制程度更为显著.应用多样性指数H′、成熟度指数MI、均匀度指数J′、丰富度指数SR、优势度指数1和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数PPI分析比较了处理区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律,结果显示涕灭威处理显著降低了大豆田土壤线虫的多样性、增加了线虫的优势度指数,各生态指数较好地反映了涕灭威对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的干扰作用. 相似文献
3.
我国北部及中东部地区玉米根际土壤中寄生线虫种类调查研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对我国北部及中东部9省(直辖市)的57市(县)采集玉米根际土壤样品,从92份土样中共分离到17属植物寄生线虫,即垫刃属(Tylenchus)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、杆垫刃属(Rhabdotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)、叉针属(Boleodorus)、巴兹尔属(Basiria)、矮化属(Tylenchorhynchus)、短体属(Pratylenchus)、小环属(Criconemella)、茎属(Ditylenchus)、纽带属(Hoplolaimus)、盾属(Scutellonema)、盘旋属(Rotylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、拟盘旋属(Pararotylenchus)、真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)、滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)。其中,矮化属线虫分布较广,占样本总数的58.70%;螺旋属线虫的相对丰度最大,占线虫总数的47.53%,这两属线虫为玉米根际土壤中的优势属。对不同地区线虫种群进行分析得出,螺旋属线虫为山东、安徽、江苏及河南省的优势属,矮化属线虫为黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、北京和河北省(市)的优势属,垫刃属线虫是吉林省的优势属,短体属线虫为辽宁和河南两省的优势属。 相似文献
4.
施用生防颗粒剂对大豆田土壤线虫群落结构和生物多样性的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
针对大豆生长期内土壤线虫的变化，利用自行研制的生防颗粒剂豆丰一号对大豆田土壤线虫的群落结构和生物多样性进行了研究，共鉴定出5目14科的土壤线虫，其中植物寄生线虫是大豆根际土壤线虫的优势营养类群。与对照相比，生防颗粒剂处理在大豆的整个生育期抑制了土壤线虫总量和植物寄生线虫群体数量，但在大豆生育末期促进了食细茵线虫和杂食—捕食性营养类群的增加。应用多样性指数H’、成熟度指数MI、均匀度指数J’、丰富度指数SR、优势度指数l和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数PPI分析比较了处理区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律，其中，多样性指数H’、丰富度指数SR和成熟度指数MI较好的反映了生防颗粒剂的施用对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的促进作用。 相似文献
5.
2011～2014年,调查了海南省6个县市125份甘蔗根际土样的植物线虫发生情况。结果显示,海南甘蔗地每百克土壤中平均含有植物寄生线虫57条,其中沙性土壤中线虫平均含量达到143条,高于粘性土壤的42条。所分离出的线虫分布于13个属,包括矮化线虫属(Tylenchorhynchus spp.)、根结线虫属(Meloidogyne spp.)、短体线虫属(Pratylenchus spp.)、剑线虫属(Xiphenema spp.)、长针线虫属(Longidorus spp.)、毛刺线虫属(Trichodorus spp.)、拟毛刺线虫属(Paratrichodorus spp.)、拟长针线虫属(Paralongidorus spp.)、螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus spp.)、肾形线虫属(Rotylenchulus spp.)、垫刃线虫属(Tylenchus spp.)、滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus spp.)和小环线虫属(Criconemella spp.)等。根据形态学特征及测量值,初步鉴定饰环矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus annulatus)及玉米短体线虫(Pratylenchus zeae)为海南甘蔗上的优势种类。 相似文献
6.
以土壤线虫为指示生物,研究了大豆不同耕作系统土壤线虫群落结构、生态指数和食物网指数的变化特征,以期明确大豆长期连作对土壤生物多样性和土壤食物网结构的影响。结果表明:大豆轮作土壤线虫属最丰富,大豆长期连作25年后土壤线虫属水平种类最少。大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年土壤线虫群落组成Jaccard相似性最高(0.81),大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年Jaccard相似性最低(0.66)。大豆短期连作3年土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量最高,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年。食真菌线虫在大豆长期连作25年土壤中较丰富,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年。大豆长期连作25年植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)高于大豆短期连作3年和大豆轮作。土壤线虫的通路指数(CI)在3个处理中均小于50,土壤腐蚀食物网的降解以细菌降解通路为主。大豆短期连作3年处理位于富集指数(EI)和结构指数(SI)食物网特征图的A象限,大豆轮作和长期连作25年位于食物网特征图的B象限。结果表明,大豆长期连作改变了土壤线虫的群落结构,降低了属的多样性,食物网结构向成熟稳定的方向恢复。 相似文献
7.
不同耕作方式对大豆胞囊线虫群体数量的影响 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
研究四种耕作方式(连作、轮作、水田改旱作和撂荒)对大豆苗期胞囊线虫群体数量的影响.研究结果表明,在黑龙江和辽宁两省,连作使大豆田土壤中胞囊数量显著增加,撂荒使大豆田土壤中胞囊积累数量最少,其次是水改旱和轮作.连作可促进大豆根上和根内胞囊线虫数量显著增加,随连作年限增加,根内胞囊线虫数量也显著增加.轮作条件下根上和根内大豆胞囊线虫的发生较连作少,但高于水改旱和撂荒,其中在3种轮作方式中玉米-玉米-大豆的轮作土壤中胞囊数量积累最少,根上和根内大豆胞囊线虫发生也较少.水改旱条件下,根上和根内大豆胞囊线虫的发生数量都很少.撂荒条件下,根上未发现胞囊线虫,而且根内胞囊线虫发生也很少.大豆种衣剂的施用在一定程度上能够抑制或干扰胞囊线虫的孵化与侵染. 相似文献
8.
为从线虫生态角度评价土壤健康状况和大豆轮作系统的合理性及预测大豆根部病害发生与为害,利用浅盘法收集大豆不同轮作系统下苗期、花期和结荚期土壤线虫,研究大豆不同生育期土壤总体线虫和重要属植物线虫群体动态.取大豆连作14年、小麦-玉米-大豆轮作、麦豆麦豆迎茬、米豆米豆迎茬和休闲区0～20 cm土壤.结果表明:土壤中胞囊线虫密度为迎茬(米豆、麦豆)轮作连作休闲;从大豆苗期、花期至结荚期,各轮作系统胞囊线虫密度逐渐递增,麦豆迎茬和轮作土壤中总体线虫密度呈递增趋势,各轮作系统苗期和花期土壤总体线虫差异显著;3个时期,轮作土壤中总体线虫密度分别最大,而休闲土壤中螺旋-盘旋-拟盘旋线虫为优势种群. 相似文献
9.
本研究旨在明确我国主要棉区棉田线虫种类分布,为进一步探讨棉花根病与线虫危害的关系提供依据。两年来调查初步结果表明:我国重要棉区棉田植物寄生线虫种类达16个属。主要有:根结线虫属(Meloidogyne)、滑刃线虫属(Aphelen Choides)、短体线虫属(Pratylenchus)、螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus)、茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)和纽带线虫属(Hoplolaimus)等。我国北方棉区(晋、冀、鲁、豫、京、辽)棉田线虫主要是:螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus)、真滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus)、茎囊拟茎线虫属(Beleodorus)茎线虫属(Ditylcnchus)及半寄生的矛线虫属(Dorylaimus)、未发现根结线虫和短体线虫。新疆内陆棉区棉田线虫主要是:茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)和茎囊拟茎线虫属(Boleodorus)。南方棉区(苏、浙、皖、鄂、川)棉田线虫主要是:根结线虫属(Meloidogyne)、真滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus)、矮化线虫属(Tylcnchorynchus)、盘旋线虫属(Rotylenchus)等,未发现螺旋线虫。 相似文献
10.
2010-2011年,我们在重庆、四川、湖北、湖南、江西等地苎麻主产区进行根腐线虫病调查;采集苎麻根腐病病蔸和病土,并分别利用改良贝曼漏斗法和蔗糖离心浮选法从病根和土壤中分离植物病原线虫,根据形态特征对分离到的植物病原线虫进行鉴定.研究结果表明:1)苎麻根腐病病根及根际土壤中主要发现4种植物寄生线虫,根据形态特征,鉴定为:咖啡短体线虫(Pra-tylenchuscoffeae)、穿刺短体线虫(P.penetran)、长针属线虫(Paratylenchussp.)和丝尾属线虫(Filenchussp.);其中,后2种线虫均在苎麻园中首次报道;2)四种线虫中,咖啡短体线虫发生最为普遍,存在于大多数样品中(约91%);丝尾属线虫次之,存在于54.5%的样品中;穿刺短体线虫较少,存在于少数样品(18.2%)中;长针属线虫最少,仅在13.6%的样品中检测到.3)根际土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量,随麻园种植年限增加而增多;同时,土壤类型也对线虫生长繁殖有一定的影响. 相似文献
11.
As representatives of herbicides which are used in rice fields in Japan, paraquat (Pa), chlormethoxynil (Ch), a mixture of thiobencarb and simetryne (BS), and oxadiazon (Ox) were chosen for investigation of their effects on invertebrates in soil and flood water of rice paddies. With regard to nematodes, plant-parasitic species from rice roots, mainly Hirschmaniella oryzae, were the most abundant in B plots. All herbicide plots yielded more plant-parasitic nematodes from the soil than did the hand-weeded control plots. Predaceous mononchids, which mostly live in the surface stratum (oxidation zone) were drastically decreased in B and Ch plots. The vertical distribution of the nematode population showed similar patterns between control plots and those to which Pa was applied 2 months before flooding, and also between Ch and B plots, both of which herbicides were applied after flooding. Measurement of the similarity values of the nematode community confirmed these results. Invertebrates in the flood water were not adversely affected in Pa plots, but other herbicides brought about a ripid decrease in arthropods. However, water fleas (excluding copepods) were restored to their usual population levels within a month. The similarity values of the insect community were high between the Ch and B plots (as found for nematodes). Pond snails increased in herbicide-treated plots, especially in Ox plots which had a dense growth of green algae. 相似文献
12.
O.K. Adekunle 《Crop Protection》2011,30(11):1392-1395
Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in the tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria to investigate the effects of amendment of soil with seedlings of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) incorporated singly in plots on Meloidogyne incognita and yield of cowpea and soybean. The experimental field, which was naturally free of plant-parasitic nematodes, was inoculated with chopped roots of M. incognita race 2-infected Celosia argentea roots and planted to tomato to increase M. incognita population at the site.Eight week-old marigold seedlings were incorporated in cowpea or soybean field and eight week-old sunn hemp seedlings were also incorporated in cowpea or soybean field. At the ends of the experiments, M. incognita population densities were significantly higher in control plots than those of the plots amended with marigold or sunn hemp with correspondingly higher grain yield in the amended plots in both cowpea and soybean fields in both years. A significantly higher population of the nematode and consequently, lower yield was associated with cultivar Ife Brown than cultivar Ife Bimpe of cowpea for each treatment whereas in soybean cultivars, the pattern was not definite. Also twelve seedlings of marigold or sunn hemp per plot incorporated into the soil produced significantly higher grain yield in cultivar Ife Brown of cowpea and cultivar TGX 1440 of soybean compared to six seedlings per plot. The results of this study suggest that incorporating marigold or sunn hemp in M. incognita-infected cowpea or soybean field has potentials to suppress M. incognita population and reduce nematode damage on yield of the associated leguminous crops. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):367-395
Summary In recent years, continuing environmental problems associated with the use of nematicides have resulted in a sense of urgency regarding the search for alternative methods of nematode control. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes with natural products from plants and animals, and soil organisms are alternative control tactics that are receiving increased interest among nematologists. Natural products include a number of plant parts, by-products, and residues when incorporating into soil, and plant-interculture with other crop plants, crop rotation with non-host or poor host of nematodes, green manuring and other organic manures. Nemato-toxic compounds of the different plants are released through volatilization, exudation, leaching and decomposition. Natural enemies as bio-control agents to nematodes include bacterial and fungal parasites, predatory nematodes and soil invertebrates. The beneficial effects of natural products have been generally considered to be due to direct or indirect stimulation of predators and parasites of nematodes. Very often, when there was a suppression in the nematode population, there was a consequent increase in crop production. 相似文献
14.
重茬大豆减产与土壤环境变化 总被引：39，自引：6，他引：39
以三江平原主要土壤为试验材料进行田间、小区、盆栽试验和室内分析并补以农场调查。结果,与小麦、玉米相比,重茬大豆地土壤水分减少相当降水２０－４０ｍｍ;钾、磷、钼等有效养分偏低;固氮菌数减少而真菌和放线菌数增多;要系及根际土壤ＰＨ增高;土壤有机质减少;线虫危害严重。,导致重茬大豆减少产的绝不只是线虫一种,尚有土壤环境因素,而水分不足是主要原因,据此提出在垦区以增加土壤水分为中心的综合技术措施来缓解重大 相似文献
15.
16.
植物寄生线虫是导致马铃薯减产和影响马铃薯品质的原因之一,但目前黑龙江省尚未开展相关研究。自2012年以来,在黑龙江省共调查了14个县（市）的马铃薯种薯田,采集土壤样品107份,初步鉴定出植物寄生线虫8个属,其中针属线虫（Paratylenchus sp.）和螺旋属线虫（Helicotylenchus sp.）为黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫的优势种群,并分析了其地理分布特点。在黑龙江省发现短体属线虫,其属于重要农业生产的植物寄生虫。 相似文献
17.
Stem canker on germinating potato sprouts is often caused by seed-borne inoculum of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. However, high amounts of free-living plant-parasitic nematodes have been found in field patches of potato plants with stem canker. Fungicide treatment of the seed tubers can be used to avoid stem canker caused by seed-borne inoculum but it is unknown if nematodes can affect this. To investigate whether free-living plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans or a combination of several plant-parasitic nematode genera in a full nematode community, may have a negative effect on the fungicide seed treatment, a pot experiment with seed tubers inoculated with R. solani, half of which were treated with fungicides, was performed. The seed-borne inoculum caused severe damage to the plants, while no fungal damages were observed on the fungicide treated plants. This shows that the nematodes did not affect the fungicide treatment. The probability of black scurf decreased in treatments with a full nematode community, which may be due to the action of fungal-feeding nematodes. 相似文献
18.
Crop damage is associated with infection by plant pathogens but can also arise through abiotic factors. However, the plant pathogens are involved in biotic interactions with other plant pathogens, and these interactions may differ depending of the cultivar of the crop. Here, the interaction between the fungus Rhizoctonia solani (AG3) and free-living plant-parasitic nematodes was investigated in a pot experiment with different potato cultivars. No synergistic interaction between R. solani and plant-parasitic nematodes was found, instead there was an effect of treatment with lower tuber yield when nematodes occurred alone. There were differences among the cultivars regarding incidence of black scurf, dry weight of stems and tubers, and there was interactive effects between treatment and cultivar regarding dry weight of stolons and roots. Therefore, results concerning incidence and damage of R. solani and/or plant-parasitic nematodes found for one cultivar may not be applicable to other cultivars. 相似文献
19.
本研究利用微生物多样性生态平衡原理,研发了生物种衣剂SN101,并进行了田间试验,旨在解决大豆胞囊线虫病问题。采用自主筛选的对线虫有拮抗作用的细菌巨大芽孢杆菌Sneb482、简单芽孢杆菌Sneb545和费氏中华根瘤菌Sneb183菌株进行多菌株复配,通过对大豆种子发芽能力的检测试验,验证种衣剂的复配比例及对寄主植物的安全性。田间试验结果表明生物种衣剂SN101对大豆出苗无影响,对大豆胞囊线虫病的防效(46.51%)显著高于商品种衣剂对照（重茬丹,主要成分为BFA生物制剂20%）和空白对照,对大豆株高、产量亦有明显的促生和增产作用。 相似文献
20.
大豆-根瘤菌的固氮作用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
报道了我国主要大豆产区根瘤菌和寄主品种固氮资源的分布、主要类型、固氮作用。我国多年连续种植的大豆的田块 ,根瘤菌菌数每克干土一般超过 10 4 个 ,大部分零星隔年种植和不常种植大豆的田块根瘤菌数每克干土低于 10 4 个。多数根瘤菌土著者能与大豆栽培品种有效结瘤 ,但主要是中、低效固氮者。在自然条件下 ,供试的春大豆中高效固氮者占 31.7% ,供试的夏大豆高效者占 6 4.3% ;人工接种根瘤菌 ( 113 - 2 ) ,春豆中高效固氮者占 40 .9% ,夏豆占 5 3.6 %。我国的栽培大豆是较好的耐高氮共生固氮资源 ,评价出 2个在 5mMNO-3 条件下结瘤的品种。 相似文献