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Kirsten vom Brocke Gilles Trouche Eva Weltzien Clarisse P. Barro-Kondombo Eric Gozé Jacques Chantereau 《Field Crops Research》2010
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the staple crop of Burkina Faso in West Africa where guinea race landraces are grown in low-input cropping systems. National and international breeding programs have had little success in disseminating modern varieties based on high yield potential caudatum or kafir race breeding materials, mostly introduced from other countries. It has been argued that the breeding objectives were not sufficiently oriented towards the farmers’ needs and preferences, and that they did not target the prevailing growing conditions of Burkina Faso. The objectives of the present article are (i) to identify and examine farmers’ selection criteria for sorghum varieties in the Centre-West of Burkina Faso, (ii) to compare these criteria with the breeder's agronomic observations and standard practices, and (iii) to show how the criteria of both farmers and breeders can be effectively integrated into the early stages of a pedigree breeding program. These objectives take into consideration gender differentiation, consistency of selection criteria and the interrelationship of measured quantitative traits, as well as the impact of these traits and criteria on the final selection. The present paper is based on a pedigree breeding program that was carried out over three years (2001–2003) in two villages of Burkina Faso. Options for integrating farmers’ selection expertise with that of the breeders’ were examined. Participatory selection was initiated with 53 F3/F4 progenies in field trials managed by farmers using rating and voting exercises. The breeders measured and analysed the agronomic data while the farmers evaluated a large number of progenies by means of their three most important selection criteria and a general appreciation. Farmers’ initial choices remained consistent in the selection exercises (voting) performed in subsequent years. The farmers’ methods for defining traits turned out to be more multivariate than the breeders’ formal understanding of these same traits. This was especially so for the criteria of grain quality, earliness, and productivity for which the farmers’ definition encompasses factors such as flour yield and stability across environments. However, rating results between farmer groups were variable. A disagreement between female and male ratings was especially found for the grain quality traits. The results clearly show that farmers can effectively select for traits on the basis of progeny and single plants while pursuing specific agronomic aims such as adaption. Subsequent yield improvement schemes will thus be more efficient in terms of selection intensity related to grain yield. The study is showing the way for breeders to adjust their selection criteria to suit the basic needs of small-scale farmer in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):13-25
Abstract Genetic variation is the basis for meaningful selection; thus, the use of locations that discriminate or result in greater variation among genotypes, for a trait or trait package should promote accurate selection of superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were to quantify the gains by selection in discriminating locations using superior parents for single or multiple-trait populations. GGEbiplot software was used to identify two levels (high and low) of discriminating locations for each of three distinct populations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Populations were obtained by crossing parents recommended by a least squares means analysis for each population criteria, which included parents/populations selected for: (a) lint yield; (b) fiber micronaire, length, strength, uniformity, and elongation; and (c) lint yield, lint percent, fiber micronaire, length, and strength. F2 plants in 2003 and F2:3 plants in 2004 were planted in the high and low discriminating locations for each selection criteria. Heritability estimates (h2) were calculated by regressing the F2:3 plants on their F2 parents. Genotypic variance was greater among F2:3 progeny in discriminating environments compared with non-discriminating environments, regardless of population criteria. Heritability was greater in the population containing fiber traits compared with yield. The results of this study suggest that using discriminating locations during the selection phase of a breeding program can increase genotypic variance and enhance selection accuracy. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):371-394
Abstract Quality of cotton can be defined through seed or fiber properties, but is most often associated with fiber properties that influence processing into yarn and textile products. Global competition in the production and consumption of cotton fiber combined with technological evolution of yarn manufacturing has spurred renewed efforts to enhance cotton fiber quality. Cotton fiber quality can be improved through genetics, crop management, and postharvest processing. Knowledge of the effects of fiber properties on processing and their inheritance, relationships, and environmental influences is necessary to formulate improvement strategies. Breeding to improve fiber quality has traditionally focused on enhancing measures of the longest fibers or fiber strength for ring yarn manufacturing systems. With the technological evolution of yarn manufacturing from solely ring-based spinning to predominately rotor and potentially in the near future air-jet spinning, needs for fiber profiles have been revised for these spinning systems. Successful rotor spinning requires high fiber strength for all yarn counts, along with fiber fineness for fine count yarns. The even more productive air-jet spinning requires a minimum, but uniform fiber length, fiber fineness, and to a lesser extent strong fiber. In contrast, ring spinning requires a minimum fiber length, fiber strength, and to a lesser extent fiber fineness. Breeders do not conduct direct selection for yarn properties because of impracti-calities, thus they select for fiber properties that influence processing, so-called indirect selection. The inherent environmentally induced variability in fiber properties presents challenges to enhance them through breeding or biotechnological approaches. Because variability in fiber properties is problematic to fiber processing, future-breeding and biotechnological approaches should simultaneously focus on enhancing fiber properties and reducing variation. This paper will review strategies to enhance fiber profiles through genetic approaches while ameliorating their variation. 相似文献
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Sara Bensadón Deisy Hervert-Hernández Sonia G. Sáyago-Ayerdi Isabel Goñi 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2010,65(3):210-216
Dietary fiber and bioactive compounds are widely used as functional ingredients in processed foods. The market in this field
is competitive and the development of new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is on the rise. Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) produces edible tender stems (cladodes) and fruits with a high nutritional value in terms of minerals, protein,
dietary fiber and phytochemicals; however, around 20% of fresh weight of cladodes and 45% of fresh weight of fruits are by-products.
The objective of this study was therefore to determine the nutritional value of by-products obtained from cladodes and fruits
from two varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, examining their dietary fiber and natural antioxidant compound contents in order to obtain quality ingredients for functional
foods and increase the added value of these by-products. 相似文献
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Kandil AA Shareif AE Abo-Zaied TA Moussa AG 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2012,15(2):85-91
Twenty one parent flax genotypes and twenty F1 hybrids using principal components analysis based on 16 quantitative charismas were used to study the genetic relationship. Analysis of variance exposed high significant differences for all studied charismas among genotypes. High Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) values were observed with high Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) for seed yield/plant, number of capsules/plant, fruiting zone length, main stem diameter and seed index which designated that variation for these characters substantively donates to the total variability moderate to low PCV and GCV were perceived for fiber characters, earliness and growth characters, respectively. Most characters, showed high heritability estimated in broad sense (> 70%) indicated that selection based on these characters would be effective as they are likely to be controlled by additive genes. The first five principal components were significant and accounted 78.2% of a total variance of all characters. The maximal amount of difference is shown in the first PC axis were 25.3%. Stem diameter, seed yield/plant, number of capsules/plant, straw yield/plant, fruiting zone length, number of apical branches and number of seed/capsules were a primary source of variation of the first PC axes and give high coefficients, respectively. While, the biggest coefficient in PC2 were earliness characters, plant height and fiber length. The other rest PC axes deals with seed index, fiber fineness and oil contented. The flax genotypes were plotted according to the first two PC axis. The most earlier parents Gowhar and L6 were separated according to PC2 since this axis deals with earliness characters. 相似文献
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Miranzadeh MB Heidari M Mesdaghinia AR Younesian M 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2011,14(1):59-63
The objective of the study is surveying microbial quality of drinking water in Kashan rural areas and determining the rural population that using safe water in terms of microbial quality in second-half of 2008. In this cross-sectional study, microbial quality of water in all rural areas was determined in 3 stages based on 3 parameters as Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms and Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC). The results of this study illustrates that 100.0, 47.71 and 92.99% population in under coverage and non under coverage areas of Kashan Rural Water and Wastewater Company (KRWWC) and all Kashan rural areas, respectively using safe water in terms of Fecal Coliforms and 98.4, 21.2 and 88.00% population in under coverage and non under coverage areas of KRWWC rural areas and all Kashan rural areas, respectively using safe water in terms of Total Coliforms. There is also a meaningful difference in microbial quality between under coverage and non-under coverage rural areas. The results of this study express that the fecal contamination in under coverage rural areas is excellent, but there is a bad condition in non-under coverage areas. Generally, the microbial quality in all Kashan rural areas is approximately equal to national microbial criteria. Its been also illustrated that the role of KRWWC in supplying safe drinking water in terms of microbial quality for rural population is very important. 相似文献
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Abhijit Majumdar 《Fibers and Polymers》2010,11(1):121-127
Selection of raw materials in textile spinning industry is a multi-criteria decision making problem. It is a decision of strategic
importance as textile is a typical high volume but low profit industry. The nature of raw material selection decision, in
most of the cases, is very crude and unstructured. Therefore, advanced decision science techniques might be useful for solving
such kind of intricate problems. The inability of common decision making methods to handle imprecision and uncertainty, make
them inapt in situations which involves fuzzy information. However, fuzzy decision making techniques can elicit reasonable
and logical solutions in these situations. This paper presents the use of fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select
the raw materials (cotton fibres) for the textile spinning industries. The results indicate that the fuzzy AHP can quantitatively
translate the imprecise perception of the decision maker and yield better results than some of the traditional raw material
selection methods used in the textile industry. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1998,59(3):163-173
The value of germplasm-specific and general indexes of selection based on morphophysiological traits was assessed as an alternative to conventional yield-based selection for grain yield improvement of durum wheat in a semi-arid Mediterranean region. General indexes were developed from the evaluation of a collection of 503 landrace accessions. Specific indexes were also defined for each of the durum wheat types mediterraneum typicum and syriacum as well as for a third germplasm group including mostly Mediterranean material pertaining to neither of these types. Indexes included two or three traits among the following: displacement from optimal heading date (difference in absolute value of days from the mean heading date of three control cultivars), early growth vigour, kernels per spike and kernel weight, the two yield components being alternative to each other. The efficiency of selection criteria was assessed in another set of 64 entries in terms of predicted yield responses and actual yield gains over target environments other than that of selection. Each of the three environments acted by turns as the selection environment and the remaining two as the target environments. These environments allowed for the assessment of selection criteria over a wide range of seasonal rainfall and mean yield levels. Large genotype×environment interaction was observed for yield and early vigour. Ranking of selection indexes for predicted and actual yield responses were fairly consistent, indicating an advantage of general indexes. The best among them, including heading displacement and kernels per spike, was, on the average, 20% and 11% more efficient than yield-based selection in terms of predicted and actual responses, respectively. The advantage of this index was the consequence of the absence of covariation and the moderate to high values of genetic correlation with yield over target environments, heritability and ratio of genotypic to genotype×environment interaction variance of its component traits. 相似文献
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In this study, electrical properties and data transmission characteristics of 75D PET/silver composite filaments were measured and analyzed in order to explore the feasibility of “digital textiles” in terms of resistance, resonance frequency, dB loss, and Bandwidth. Those characteristics were measured and compared according to measurement length (10～50 cm) and number of strands (1～10) in order to provide a design guide line for smart clothing. According to the measurement results, electrical characteristics of conducting fiber can be enhanced by increasing the number of fiber strand. It was also demonstrated that multiple resonances could occur from conducting fiber when the fiber lengths are varied. Finally, it showed the delay time of conducting fiber reached the saturated value when the number of fiber strand exceeded five. 相似文献
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Forage quality and animal selection of Arachis pintoi in association with tropical grasses in the eastern plains of Colombia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A small plot grazing trial was conducted in the Eastern Plains of Colombia to assess seasonal forage quality and selection by oesophageal-fistulated steers of Arachis pintoi associated with four Brachiaria species. Quality of the legume was high in terms of leaf crude protein (CP) (17%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (62%) but varied with season of the year. Associated grasses bad high average leaf CP levels in the dry (7.8%) and wet (98%) seasons. The legume content in the forage on offer was high and varied, from 28% in the dry season to 58% in the wet season. Corresponding values m the diet selected were 37%. and 60%, indicating that animals selected legume in a slightly higher proportion than was present in the total forage on offer. This was further confirmed by selection indices greater than 0–5 in three of the four associations and by a selection index of 0–56 when pooling the data for the four pastures. Increased grass quality and high legume selection resulted in a high quality diet in the dry (CP 9 7%; IVDMD 61 %) and wet (CP 156%; IVDMD 62%) seasons. The results indicated that A. pintoi is a high quality legume, well accepted by grazing cattle throughout the year in the savannas. 相似文献
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水稻氮素生理利用率选择参数（英文） 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
将植株从衰老营养体转运氮到产量部分的效率定义为水稻氮素生理利用率，其选择参数根据单位吸收氮的产量及从衰老营养体转运氮到产量部分的能力具有较高预期响应确定。在盆栽试验条件下测定100个F2植株的单位吸收氮产量（G/Nt）、产量（G）、收获指数（HI）、收获期秸秆氮浓度（SN%）及稿秆氮含量（SN）。结果表明，G/Nt，G及HI与SN%及SN呈显著的负遗传相关。由HI，G，SN%及SN构成的三个选择参数的通径分析表明，HI，G，SN%及SN在选择参数中直接效应大干间接效应。由HI和SN%及G，SN%和SN构成的选择参数对G/Nt的预期响应高于以G/Nt本身为参数的选择并与G/Nt高度相关。 相似文献
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Sung Jin Kim Lim Jeong Seung Jin Lee Donghwan Cho Won Ho Park 《Fibers and Polymers》2013,14(9):1491-1496
In this study, biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibers were prepared by a melt-electrospinning and treated with plasma in the presence of either oxygen or ammonia gas to modify the surface of the fibers. The effects of processing parameters on the melt-electrospinning of PLGA were examined in terms of fiber morphology and diameter. Among the processing parameters, the spinning temperature and mass flow rate had a significant effect on the average fiber diameter and its distribution. The water contact angle of melt-electrospun PLGA fibers decreased significantly from 123 ° to 55 ° (oxygen plasma treatment) or to 0 ° (ammonia plasma treatment) by plasma treatment for 180 sec, while their water content increased significantly from 2.4 % to 123 % (oxygen plasma treatment) or to 189 % (ammonia plasma treatment). Ammonia gas-plasma enhanced the surface hydrophilicity of PLGA fibers more effectively compared to oxygen gas-plasma. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis supported that the number of polar groups, such as hydroxyl and amino groups, on the surface of PLGA fibers increased after plasma treatment. Overall, the microfibrous PLGA scaffolds with appropriate surface hydrophilicity and fiber diameter could be fabricated by melt electrospinning and subsequent plasma treatment, without a significant deterioration of fiber structure and dimensional stability. This approach of controlling the surface properties and structures of fibers could be useful in the design and tailoring of novel scaffolds for tissue engineering. 相似文献
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《Industrial Crops and Products》2006,23(3):235-243
Sunnhemp is a coarse, strong and stiff bast fiber similar to jute fiber but not considered by textile technologists for the purpose of spinning into yarn, which can be further woven into fabric. The objective of this study was to spin 100% Sunnhemp fibers in to different yarns of same count on a jute spinning system by using different number of passages of carding and drawing to find how the structural changes in the fiber after each stage mechanical processing. To observe structural changes in the fiber, random sampling method was used to collect the fiber samples at various stages of processing and analysis of each fiber was done using microscope. It was found that a lot of changes occur in the fiber structure due to mechanical processing. The structural details about the fiber entity are depicted in the article. Further, correlation was established between various fiber parameters such as fiber length, fiber diameter and fiber number of branches. Finally, an exponential frequency distribution of the fiber lengths for various stages in the spinning process was calculated. This curve explains how the degree of individualization increases as the fiber length decreases and makes the fiber spinnable into better quality yarn. 相似文献