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1.
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are actively released from all types of cells to various body fluids under the physiological and pathological conditions. It can be used as an intercellular signaling carrier by transferring specific components such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which mediates the transmission of information between cells, thereby affecting the biological function of the recipient cells. Urinary exosomes are secreted by various cells in the urinary system and released into the urine. Recent studies have shown that changes of urinary exosome microRNAs can be used as biomarkers in kidney diseases for monitoring the changes of diseases and judging prognosis, and also have important value in the disease treatment. This article reviews the progress of urinary exosome microRNAs in kidney diseases. 相似文献
2.
Lymphocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs) are small membrane vesicles that are released upon activation or during apoptosis from lymphocytes.The LMPs were detected at elevated levels in the patients with inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. In addition, LMPs are important mediators of transferring biological information and switching on the biological effects through their interaction with the target cells. Moreover, LMPs play completely distinct roles in different physiological and pathological conditions. This article describes the possible mechanism involved in the formation, composition, key biological activities and the relationship with diseases. 相似文献
3.
Organ fibrosis is a common pathogenetic change of parenchymal organs under chronic conditions, characterized by increased fibrous connective tissues and reduced parenchymal cells. The essence of renal fibrosis is the "repair of scars" after renal tissue damage. It involves a loss of renal parenchyma cells, activation of myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix, imbalance of metabolism and abnormal interactions with organs. Hepatic fibrosis is a kind of repair response induced by various chronic hepatic diseases, including viral hepatitis and metabolic liver disease, and it is the common pathological basis of end-stage hepatic disease. Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal inflammatory interstitial lung disease, characterized by inflammatory destruction and extracellular matrix deposition. Myocardial fibrosis is a process of pathological repair after a variety of injuries caused by hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, viral cardiomyopathy, valve disorders, myocardial ischemia, diabetes, obesity and other metabolic abnormalities. Organ fibrosis indicates some common pathogenesis, but the exact mechanisms differ from organs and still need further investigation to identify biomarkers for early diagnosis and to devise drugs specifically for fibrosis. This article comprehensively summarizes the recent developments in organ fibrosis over the last 3 years, including underlying mechanisms and urgent scientific issues remained. 相似文献
4.
超敏蛋白是一种诱导植物抗逆性的新型生物制剂。为了解超敏蛋白在低温胁迫过程中对茶树耐寒性的影响，以茶树品种‘迎霜’为试材，分别在常温和4 ℃下喷施超敏蛋白，研究了在低温胁迫下超敏蛋白对茶树叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明：常温下，超敏蛋白喷施的茶树叶片，在6 d内略微提高了渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。低温胁迫下，茶树叶片中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）、过氧化物酶活性（CAT）、过氧化氢酶（POD）活性均增加，叶绿素含量降低；喷施24 μg ? L-1超敏蛋白后，低温下可在6 d内提高茶树叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸的含量，提高SOD、CAT、POD活性，从而缓解低温胁迫对茶树的伤害，增强茶树耐寒性。试验表明，喷施一定浓度的超敏蛋白可以有效提高茶树的耐寒性。 相似文献
5.
CCN protein family plays a role in regulating the formation and remodeling of extracellular matrix, inflammation regulation, injury repair and so on, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the mechanism of CCN proteins in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver. The roles of CCN proteins in the adipocyte activation, the fibrosis and inflammatory response in non-alcoholic fatty liver, and the injury repair against non-alcoholic fatty liver and its complications are introduced, providing new ideas for the study of CCN proteins in metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver. 相似文献
6.
Stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability in China and even worldwide. At present, treatment of stroke has been traditionally focused on reducing death of ischemic cells. However, clinical trials have shown that none of neuroprotective drugs tested achieve clinical benefit after acute stroke. Exosomes are 30~100 nm extracellular vesicles derived from cells with cell membrane structure. Many studies suggest exosomes play essential roles in intercellular communication by transferring their cargo between source and target cells in brain. Emerging data show that exsomes also make a contribution to brain recovery via regulating highly interactive process pathway after stroke. Here, we review these advances and highlight the potential therapeutic functions of exosomes in brain remodeling after stroke. 相似文献
7.
金耳糖肽胶囊的基础药理学研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
药理学研究表明，金耳糖肽胶囊能 抗动物 肝损伤、保护肝细胞、降低转氨酶，其作用明显优于对照组（P＜0.05），还能调节动物细胞生物活性，提高机体的代谢水平，增强免疫力，与对照组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）。此外，金耳糖肽可提高动物的应激能力，说明该胶囊主要是通过保护肝细胞，调节或稳定细胞功能活动，提高免疫力和机体的应激能力来防治肝炎等慢性疾病的。 相似文献
8.
Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a type-Ⅱ membrane protein belonging to the C-type lectin family molecules, which acts as a cell surface endocytosis receptor for atherogenic oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL). LOX-1 supports the binding internalization and proteolytic degradation of oxidized LDL, but not of significant amounts of acetylated LDL. LOX-1 is initially synthesized as a 40 kD precursor protein with N-linked high mannose-type carbohydrate, which is further glycosylated and processed into a 48-kD mature form. In vivo, endothelial cells that cover early therosclerotic lesions, intimal macrophages and smooth muscle cells in advanced atherosclerotic plaques express LOX-1. LOX-1 is cleaved at membrane proximal extracellular domain and released from the cell surface. Measurement of soluble LOX-1 in vivo may provide novel diagnostic strategy for the evaluation and prediction of atherosclerosis and vascular diseases. 相似文献
9.
CAO Guo-zhen ZUO Wan-hong MA Wen-bo LI Yuan YE Wen-cai ZHU Lin-yan XU Bing WANG Li-wei CHEN Li-xin 《园艺学报》2011,27(4):677-681
AIM: To characterize the chloride current activated by extracellular hypotonic stress in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia Molt4 cells.METHODS: The technique of whole-cell patch clamp recording was used to detect the volume-activated Cl- current in Molt4 cells. The characteristics of the current were investigated.RESULTS: The background Cl- current was weak and stable under isotonic condition. However, a large Cl- current was induced by exposure of the cells to 47% hypotonic solution. The current showed a characteristic of outward rectification. No voltage-dependent inactivation and time-dependent inactivation were observed. The current was sensitive to the change of cell volume and was inhibited by extracellular hypertonic solution. Extracellular tamoxifen, which is one of the chloride channel blockers, significantly inhibited the current. The effects of tamoxifen were almost equal for both inward and outward currents (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: There are volume-activated chloride channels on the cell membrane of Molt4 cells. Exposure of the cells to a hypotonic solution activates the chloride channels and induces a volume-activated chloride current. The volume-activated Cl- channels are sensitive to tamoxifen in Molt4 cells. 相似文献
10.
AIM: To investigate the effect of dopamine (DA) on the glutamate (Glu)-uptake ability of astrocytes, and the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-excitatory amino acid transporter 2(EAAT2) pathway in this process. METHODS: Extracellular Glu levels in DA-treated primary cortical astrocytes (PCAs) were measured by a fluorimetric method. The relative expression of EAAT2 and mTOR at mRNA and protein levels was measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot. PCAs stimulated with or without DA in the presence or absence of mTOR antagonist rapamycin or mTOR agonist MHY1485 were used to determine the expression of mTOR and EAAT2, and Glu content in the culture supernatant was also measured. RESULTS: The expression of mTOR in DA-treated PCAs was decreased, the expression of EAAT2 was also decreased. Extracellular Glu levels of DA-treated PCAs were elevated significantly. When the PCAs were stimulated with DA in the presence of rapamycin, the expression of EAAT2 was decreased, and the levels of extracellular Glu was significantly increased. In the presence of MHY1485, the expression of EAAT2 was elevated, and significant decrease in the levels of extracellular Glu was also observed. CONCLUSION: DA interacts with mTOR-EAAT2 pathway to reduce the Glu-uptake ability of the astrocytes, and causes extracellular Glu accumulation, ultimately destroys the function of astrocytes. 相似文献
11.
Fibrosis is a common clinical disease that occurs in a variety of organs, and mainly manifests increased connective tissue of organ tissue and decreased parenchymal cells. Continuous progression may lead to organ structural damage, dysfunction and even depletion, seriously threatening human health and life safety. Therefore, in-depth study of the pathogenesis of fibrosis and the development of effective therapeutic drugs are of great importance for the prevention and treatment of fibrosis. Recent studies provide evidence that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in the development of fibrosis. In combination with related literatures, this paper reviews the structure and biological function of AMPK, AMPK in inflammatory response associated with fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix and myofibroblasts, and the therapeutic role of AMPK as a new target in treating fibrosis diseases. 相似文献
12.
DENG Yunxia QU Weijing 《食用菌学报》2007,14(3):50-52
Extracellular polysaccharide from Tremella aurantialba (TEP) significantly inhibited H2O2-induced haemolysis of RBCs, significantly decreased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) produced in mice liver homogenates as a result of autoxidation, and inhibited VitC-Fe2 -induced swelling of liver mitochondria. 相似文献
13.
The idea has been popular for a long time that Th1/Th2 imbalance is the major cause of many diseases. However, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has encountered increasing challenge since the discovery of a novel subset of Th cells, Th17. Th17 cells secrete a series of cytokines (IL-17A~F, IL-21 and IL-22), which is quite different from those produced by Th1 and Th2 cells. It is now generally accepted that Th17/IL-17A plays a pivotal role in autoimmune and host defense. Although first discovered in autoimmune diseases, emerging studies begin to explore the way in which Th17/IL-17A acts in chronic inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmanary disease. In this review, we will summarize the differentiation and function of Th17, and introduce the progress in the correlation between Th17/IL-17A and chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Further elucidating the mechanism of Th17/IL-17A-related pathophysiological changes will contribute to prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. 相似文献
14.
AIM：To investigate the effect of extracellular heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70)/HSP70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PCs) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its probable mechanism. METHODS：HepG2 cells were divided into 3 groups: control group, HSP70/HSP70-PCs (2 mg/L) group and LY294002+HSP70/HSP70-PCs group. The mRNA and protein expression of epithelial cell surface marker E-cadherin, mesenchymal cell surface marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was examined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS：Extracellular HSP70/HSP70-PCs promoted the initiation of EMT of HepG2 cells. The expression of HIF-1α and PI3K significantly increased in the process of EMT of HepG2 cells. After PI3K was blocked by LY294002, EMT did not occur and HIF-1α was not up-regulated in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION：Extracellular HSP70/HSP70-PCs may promote EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via PI3K/HIF-1α signaling pathway. 相似文献
15.
Intestinal microbiota is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), also known as bile acid receptor, is a typical nuclear receptor, which is involved in the regulation of bile acid and glycolipid metabolism. Intestinal microbiota regulates FXR activity by affecting bile acid composition, where bile acid hydrolase plays an important role. Recent studies have found that intestinal microbiota affects the development of metabolic diseases through regulating the FXR, and the intestinal microbiota-FXR axis may be an ideal drug target for metabolic diseases. 相似文献
16.
As an important organ in the body, blood vessels transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body. Endothelial cells are layers of cells lined with blood vessels whose metabolism is involved in regulating multiple links of vascular development and vascular diseases. Glucose metabolism provides the main energy for endothelial cells, and changes in glucose metabolism regulation affect vascular development and even lead to various diseases. Recently, strategies have been proposed to target endothelial cell metabolism for the treatment of vascular diseases. This article reviews the role of endothelial cell glucose metabolism in vascular development and vascular diseases in recent years. 相似文献
17.
The adhesion of cells to each other and to the proteins of the extracellular matrix provides a stable environment for cell growth, differentiation and migration. This is a prerequisite for the normal function of the cardiovascular system. Thus the abnormal adhesion function may play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of cardiovascular diseases. To date, there are six main groups of adhesion molecule, and integrins family are the largest and most broadly distributed of the families of cellular adhesion receptors. They have an important role in several aspects of cardiovascular diseases and that its regulated inhibition leads to a reduction in incidence andmortality due to these disorders. This review focuses upon the structure, mechanism and their roles in cardiovascular diseases which maybe facilitate the development of novel therapies. 相似文献
18.
AIM: To observe the expression of cluser of differentiation 14 (CD14), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in periapical tissues of patients with chronic periapical diseases, and to analyze the role of immunopathogenesis of CD14, TNF-α and IL-4 expression in human chronic periapical diseases. METHODS: A total of 88 samples were divided into 3 groups: healthy control group (n =45), chronic periapical abscess group (n =23), and periapical cyst group (n =20). All samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with double immunofluorescence for identification of TNF-α-CD14 and IL-4-CD14 double-positive cells in periapical tissues. RESULTS: Compared with healthy control group, the densities of TNF-α-CD14 and IL-4-CD14 double-positive cells in the 2 groups of chronic periapical diseases were increased significantly (P <0.05). Compared with periapical cyst group, the density of TNF-α-CD14 double-positive cells in chronic periapical abscess was increased significantly (P <0.05). The density of IL-4-CD14 double-positive cells in periapical cyst group was significantly higher than that in chronic periapical abscess group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: There is high expression of TNF-α-CD14 and IL-4-CD14 double-positive cells in the periapical tissues of the patients with chronic periapical abscess and perapical cyst, suggesting that the Th cytokines participate in the immune regulation of periapical diseases, which may be one of the immune mechanisms of the interaction between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. 相似文献
19.
AIM: To clone the extracellular domain of N-cadherin cDNA, and to observe the antigenicity of the expressed protein. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from CD34+ cells separated from fetal liver and bone marrow cells. The extracellular domain of N-cad cDNA was amplified with RT-PCR and inserted into a vector pOPE101-215. The recombinant pOPE-N-cad was expressed with IPTG induction. Then, mice were immunized with the protein. RESULTS: The extracellular domain of N-cad cDNA from CD34+ cells was identified by DNA sequencing. The recombinant pOPE-N-cad in host XL1-blue expressed a 70 kD protein after induced with IPTG, and anti-N-cad antibody was detected in serum of the immunized mice after 5 times injection of the recombinant N-cad protein. CONCLUSION: CD34+ cells bore N-cad gene and the recombinant protein of the extracellular domain of N-cad cDNA shows good immunogenicity. 相似文献
20.
The organic solute transporter α/β （OSTα/β） is a recently discovered transporter that controls bile acid secretion into portal blood stream in the basal lateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. OSTα/β is a compound composed of 2 subunits, OSTα and OSTβ. Only when the 2 subunits are expressed at the same time, they exist stably and function properly. It is responsible for the transmembrane transport of organic solutes such as bile acids in a way of easy diffusion. OSTα/β is regulated by bile acid receptor, also named as farnesoid X receptor （FXR）. Studies showed that the bile acid synthesis in OSTα deficient mice is decreased, while the bile acid content in the urine is increased. It is worth mentioning that the single gene mutation leads to OSTβ deficiency in the patients with clinical symptoms such as chronic diarrhea and cholestatic liver disease. This paper reviews the structure, function and role of OSTα/β in enterohepatic circulation and the diseases caused by loss of OSTα /β . 相似文献