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外泌体(exosome)是一种广泛存在于各种体液环境和部分组织中的纳米级、均一性膜性囊泡,主要由蛋白质、脂质、mRNA、miRNA和lncRNA等多种生物成分构成。近年来,研究学者已从不同动物的卵泡液中分离出外泌体,并证实卵泡液外泌体参与卵泡颗粒细胞的增殖、卵子的形成及发育、动物受精、胚胎发育、以及雄性动物生殖功能等一系列生殖过程,为进一步研究卵泡液外泌体对哺乳动物生殖功能的调控提供新思路。作者重点阐述了卵泡液外泌体分离鉴定的方法、主要成分以及调控哺乳动物生殖功能的分子机制的最新进展,为全面了解外泌体结构功能、生发凋亡和作用机制提供参考,为利用外泌体探索动物生殖理论和提高动物繁殖技术并将其应用于生产实际提供相关基础信息。 相似文献
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细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是一种由细胞分泌的膜性囊泡结构。外泌体是最小的细胞外囊泡，通过激活细胞特异性受体和信号通路来控制其生物发生，由转运所需的内体分选复合物(endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, ESCRT)依赖性或非依赖性途径调节。外泌体在免疫、中枢神经系统的发育、组织再生、妊娠、精子发育成熟等过程中发挥重要作用。哺乳动物的精浆中大量存在外泌体，参与调节精子活力、抗氧化、精子获能、精卵结合等生理学过程。在妊娠过程中，外泌体促进胚胎着床、母胎双向交流、血管生成，提高妊娠成功率。家禽的繁殖过程也受到外泌体的调控。目前研究表明，鸡的精液中已被证实外泌体的存在，与维持精子活力相关。进入母鸡生殖道的精子储存在母鸡的贮精囊中，贮精囊细胞会分泌外泌体样细胞外囊泡，并作用于精子，增加贮精囊中精子的存活率，保证精子活力，促进精卵结合。文章主要阐述了外泌体的生成机制及其在哺乳动物和禽类繁殖过程中的作用，为进一步推动畜禽繁殖工作的发展提供参考。 相似文献
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《中国兽医学报》2020,(2):410-417
奶牛乳汁外泌体中的microRNA(miRNA)在乳腺癌、炎症和其他乳腺疾病发生时起着关键的调控作用,为了解及分析乳汁外泌体中可能存在的参与奶牛乳房炎抗性的miRNA,以健康牛及乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织差异表达miRNA为背景,结合目前已知的奶牛乳汁外泌体miRNA,利用Targetscan、miRDB、miRanda、Vesiclepedia、DAVID等生物信息学分析系统及数据库系统,筛选奶牛乳汁外泌体中可能参与奶牛乳房炎抗性的miRNA,并对其序列保守性、候选靶基因及靶基因参与的调控功能通路等进行预测与分析。结果表明,健康奶牛与乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织中存在显著表达差异的miRNA 29个;Vesiclepedia数据库和NCBI检索文献共获得奶牛乳汁外泌体中的miRNA 66个,其中miR-223、miR-125b、miR-378b在两数据中共存,并在人与奶牛及其他哺乳动物之间高度保守。候选靶基因的KEGG功能通路分析显示,MAPK,p53、PI3K-Akt及miRNA的癌症作用、内质网蛋白加工、溶酶体和细胞凋亡等通路均被显著富集。表明外泌体中存在的3个miRNA对奶牛乳房炎发生时的炎症反应及免疫应答均可起重要调控作用,但其具体分子机制仍有待进一步验证。研究结果可为奶牛乳房炎分子辅助选择标记的筛选以及跨物种机体免疫调控的影响因素及作用机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
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微小RNA(miRNA)是内源性非编码的小分子RNA,它们存在于动物、植物和病毒中，主要通过调控靶基因的翻译和mRNA稳定性而参与多种生理过程。胎盘是哺乳动物妊娠过程中存在的一个临时性的内分泌器官，对胎儿的发育至关重要。而母猪胎盘的不良发育不仅会影响到妊娠期仔猪的发育，还会对生产效益造成一定的损失。研究表明，miRNA对哺乳动物的胎盘滋养层细胞和血管生成等方面具有重要的调控作用。本文综述了miRNA生成过程及其功能，以及目前关于miRNA对母猪胎盘发育的调控作用，旨在为提高母猪繁殖效率、提高生产效益提供理论参考。 相似文献
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Placenta is the link between the fetus and the maternal body during pregnancy.Therefore, the pregnancy outcome of the key was related by the normal development of the placenta.Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of embryo and placenta formation, several Wnt pathways which have been clear study and the formation process of early embryo and placenta in cattle are reviewed in this article,the early expression of the Wnt pathway components in the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cattle and normal insemination of bovine embryos is introduced. The expression of DKK-1 and Fzd4 have a special role in the formation and development of early placenta, but its molecular mechanism is not clear. In addition, the Wnt signaling pathway is activated by inhibiting the MAP2K and GSK3, led to the inner cell mass and trophoblast cell number increased and blastocyst development speed. But it is similar to the extent of phosphorylation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin protein in the early placenta of cows with SCNT and normal insemination, therefore, the role of Wnt signaling pathway in the early formation and development of bovine placenta should be further understood and studied. 相似文献
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胎盘是哺乳动物在妊娠期间胎儿和母体之间的联系枢纽,因此,胎盘发育是否正常在妊娠中起着关键的作用。Wnt信号通路在胚胎发育和胎盘形成的过程中有着重要的作用,作者通过回顾几条已经研究较为清楚的Wnt信号通路和牛早期胚胎和胎盘的形成过程,介绍了Wnt信号通路的组成部分在体细胞核移植（somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT）牛和正常人工授精的牛的胚胎早期表达,提出了DKK-1和Fzd4的表达对于早期胎盘形成和发育有特殊的作用。此外,抑制MAP2K和GSK3信号可以激活Wnt信号通路,增加内细胞团和滋养层细胞的数量,加速囊胚的发育。SCNT牛和正常人工授精的牛早期胎盘中E-cadherin和β-catenin蛋白的磷酸化程度相似,所以对于Wnt信号通路在牛胎盘的早期形成和发育中的作用还需进一步的了解和研究。 相似文献
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Khan H Kusakabe KT Wakitani S Hiyama M Takeshita A Kiso Y 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2012,58(2):231-236
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and embryogenesis in the mammalian reproductive process. Here, we attempted to clarify the expression and localization of inducible and endothelial NOS (iNOS and eNOS) in the developing rabbit placenta. Real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that iNOS mRNA was significantly upregulated till the complete development of the placenta (d18), and then significantly decreased at the end of fetal growth stage (d28) during successful pregnancy. The eNOS mRNA was also enhanced in the pregnant uteri and gradually decreased near the term of pregnancy. Western blot analysis also showed elevation of the iNOS and eNOS protein levels during the course of successful pregnancy till the functional maturation of the placenta (d18). Immunohistochemical study revealed distinct localizations of iNOS along the radial arteries and eNOS at the spiral arteries and arterial sinuses in the developing placenta. This may reflect that iNOS and eNOS participate in pregnancy success through placentation-specific vascular formation and by supporting adequate blood circulation in the rabbit placenta. 相似文献
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Jayasekara WS Yonezawa T Ishida M Yamanouchi K Nishihara M 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2005,51(2):265-272
20Alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of progesterone to its inactive form 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20alpha-OHP). 20Alpha-HSD is expressed in the murine placenta, suggesting a role, yet unidentified, played by this enzyme during the course of pregnancy. To elucidate the possible roles of 20alpha-HSD during pregnancy, 20alpha-HSD gene expression in the placenta was examined by Northern blot analysis, and progestin (progesterone and 20alpha-OHP) concentrations in the maternal and fetal sera and the amniotic fluid were measured by radioimmunoassay in pregnant Shiba goats. The expression of 20alpha-HSD mRNA was observed in the placenta and the intercaruncular part of the uterus during mid to late pregnancy. Analysis by in situ hybridization revealed that 20alpha-HSD mRNA was mainly localized in the endometrial epithelium of the caruncle side of the placenta. Considerable enzyme activity of 20alpha-HSD was also detected in the cytosolic fraction of the placenta and intercaruncular part of the uterus. Although concentrations of progesterone and 20alpha-OHP in the maternal serum showed similar profiles, progesterone levels in the fetal serum stayed extremely low throughout the pregnancy. The 20alpha-OHP concentration in the fetal serum was always higher than that in the maternal serum. In the amniotic fluid, the concentrations of both progesterone and 20alpha-OHP remained at very low levels throughout the pregnancy. These results support the notion that 20alpha-HSD protects the fetus from the cytotoxic effects of progesterone, and thereby maintains the normal development of the fetus. 相似文献
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子宫自然杀伤(uterine natural killer, uNK)细胞是哺乳动物妊娠早期胎盘蜕膜中数量最多的免疫细胞。妊娠期间,uNK细胞对子宫免疫耐受环境建立,胎盘以及胎儿的发育等均具有重要调控作用。目前,有关妊娠中uNK细胞独特生物活性调控机制研究非常缺乏。本文综合相关研究,介绍了妊娠过程中uNK细胞在母-胎免疫耐受建立、胎盘和胎儿发育过程中重要调控作用,并总结激素、糖代谢以及DNA甲基化等对其他组织NK细胞调控机制研究,为探索uNK细胞调控分子机制提供新的研究方向和思路。 相似文献