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1.
Influence of wood planing on the second-order effects of moisture sorption in sugar maple 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Summary Two types of machines, a conventional planer, and a fixed-knife pressure-bar planer were used to prepare matched specimens
of sugar maple wood. After adsorption and desorption, both experiments at 21 °C, the EMC, swelling in all principal directions
as well as compliance coefficient in radial compression were measured. Two specimen sizes were used for these expe‐riments.
For a given equilibrium moisture content, tangential and radial dimensions were greater after desorption than after adsorption,
as previously described. When equilibrium was reached by gaining moisture, the wood was stiffer in radial compression compared
to when the equilibrium was reached after losing moisture. The magnitude of this phenomenon, second-order effects of moisture
sorption, was slightly affected by the type of planing. These effects on swelling were greater for large specimens prepared
by conventional planing compared to fixed-knife pressure-bar planing. Small specimens showed similar magnitudes of this phenomenon
with both planing methods. No differences between planing methods were found for the radial compliance coefficient measured
on either specimen size. Therefore, the second-order effects of moisture sorption appeared to be a bulk phenomenon and not
restricted to the superficial layers of wood.
Received 9 December 1997 相似文献
2.
分析和讨论了影响马尾松木材横向液体渗透性及其各向异性的机理.对马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性和弦向液体渗透性进行了测量.结果表明,马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性大于弦向液体渗透性,并且,马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性和弦向液体渗透性都是从边材向心材逐渐减小,并随着含水率的下降而升高.其原因是径向液体流动的主要通道是木射线和水平树脂道,弦向主要是管胞壁和交叉场上的纹孔. 相似文献
3.
Ma Er-ni Zhao Guang-jie Cao Jin-zhen 《中国林学(英文版)》2005,7(2):43-46
In order to investigate the shrinking and swelling behavior of wood at a non-equilibrium state, the moisture sorptlon processes of wood under constant and changing conditions were studied. For the static sorption experiment, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） specimens were subjected to the adsorption processes at 25℃, 10 different relative humidity environments and the moisture contents were measured at distinct time intervals of adsorption processes. For the dynamic sorption experiment, the specimens were exposed to periodically and linearly varying relative humidity between 45% and 75% at 25℃. Moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes in response to the changing relative humidity were measured. The main results from the experiments indicated that： the moisture sorption isotherms of Chinese fir at equilibrium state and different stages of adsorption processes could be characterized by S-shape curves. From the non-equilibrium state to the equilibrium state, the sigmoid moisture sorption isotherms changed from smooth, gradually increasing values to a steep rise at 100% humidity. Furthermore, under dynamic conditions with a constant temperature and a linearly and periodically varying relative humidity, the moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes of the specimens generally waved but lagged behind the relative humidity change. 相似文献
4.
Moisture sorption tests and compression tangential tests at 25°C were carried out on specimens of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) wood from Peru. The tests were performed over seven adsorption and five desorption moisture conditions, and differences in strength between adsorption and desorption curves at a given equilibrium moisture content were evaluated. The results showed that second-order effects in mahogany wood were not discernible in either the tangential compliance coefficient or for the stress at the proportional limit in tangential compression. 相似文献
5.
The effect of heat treatment on the surface colour and hygroscopic properties of pine wood were investigated in this study. Boards of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) were subjected to thermal treatment at 200°C, for 4, 6, and 8 h. The change of equilibrium moisture content and density values of the specimens in order to facilitate the understanding of the treated material behavior. The colour parameters L*, a* and b*, used to depict the total colour change (Δ E) of wood surface, were shown to change proportionally to the treatment intensity. Moreover, swelling in the tangential and radial directions and absorption of the specimens appeared to be enhanced in great extent by the thermal treatment process. The mean value of swelling percentage in the tangential direction decreased 10.26%, 17.22%, and 19.60% for specimens treated for 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, referring to the final measurement after 72 h of immersion. In radial direction, mean value of swelling percentage decreased 19.56%, 32.75%, and 34.65% for treated for 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively, after 72 h immersion, which attests the decrease in swelling and improvement in the hygroscopic behavior of Scots pine wood. 相似文献
6.
Changes in physical properties of tropical and temperate hardwoods below and above the fiber saturation point 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in physical and mechanical properties of wood were analyzed using sorption tests combined with dimensional measurements and perpendicular-to-the-grain tangential compression tests. In order to determine the influence of wood structure on these changes, three hardwood species (Fagus grandifolia, Brosimum alicastrum and Cariniana domestica) presenting different anatomical structures were studied. Two experimental techniques were used to perform moisture sorption tests at 25°C. The first technique used saturated salt solutions (from 33 to 90% relative humidity) and the second used the pressure membrane method (above 96% relative humidity). Special attention was given to the “fiber saturation region”, where changes in wood properties started to take place. Results showed that at equilibrium moisture content (EMC), radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage, as well as changes in transverse strength occurred above the fiber saturation point (FSP). This behavior can be explained by the effect of hysteresis at saturation on wood properties. This hysteresis indicates that loss of bound water takes place in the presence of liquid or capillary water, which contradicts the concept of FSP. The initial EMC at which bound water starts to be removed varied largely among the wood species. 相似文献
7.
杉木浸渍改性材的尺寸稳定性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用聚乙烯醇缩甲醛改性剂对杉木木材进行浸溃改性，对其改性材的尺寸稳定性进行研究。结果表明：改性材的弦向、径向和体积干缩率与素材相比均有不同程度的下降；改性材的弦向、径向和体积湿胀率与素材相比也均有不同程度的下降，但当改性剂浓度超过20％时，下降才较明显；改性材吸水率随改性剂浓度的上升而下降，最大可由改性前的197％下降到改性后的155％；改性材的抗干缩系数（ASE）随改性剂浓度上升而增加，最大可达18．8％。杉木改性材的尺寸稳定性能要明显优于素材。 相似文献
8.
Summary The swelling rate of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) in water was determined on cross sectional, quartersawn, and flatsawn samples. The rate of swelling from six initial moisture content levels to saturation was measured in both the tangential and radial directions.Internal restraints were found to influence the swelling rate of the quartersawn and flatsawn samples in their radial and tangential directions, respectively. These restraints occurred when swelling commenced from a low initial moisture content and were attributed to the compressive forces imposed on the outer swelling surface by the dry unswollen interior of the wood.The restraining effect was also obvious in the change with time of the ratio of tangential-to-radial swelling at the lower initial moisture content levels. In the case of the quartersawn samples, swelling from oven-dry to saturation, the ratio was at first approximately 3.5: 1.0, but decreased with time to an equilibrium ratio 2.2: 1.0. The ratio for the flatsawn samples, swelling from zero to saturation, was at first approximately 0.58: 1.0, but increased with time to about 2.0: 1.0. No obvious effects of internal swelling restraints were observed during the swelling of the cross sectional samples.The tangential-to-radial swelling ratios for all three types of samples increased with increasing initial moisture content. This indicated that swelling at the higher levels of moisture content may have been largely in the tangential direction.
Prepared for the meeting of International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Section 41 Working Group on Wood Physics, Paris, France, June 1, 1966.
Contribution from the Department of Wood Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as Paper No. 2186 of the Journal Series. This research was done by the author at North Carolina State University (under the direction of Alfred Joaquin Stamm) as part of a National Science Foundation research grant.
Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the Univeristy of Wisconsin. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die Quellungsgeschwindigkeit von Engelmannsfichte (Picea engelmannii Parry) in Wasser wurde an Querschnitten sowie an radial und tangential geschnittenen Proben dieses Holzes bestimmt. Ausgehend von sechs verschiedenen Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten wurde die Quellungsgeschwindigkeit bis zur Sättigung in tangentialer und in radialer Richtung gemessen.Innere Behinderungskräfte beeinflußten, wie festgestellt werden konnte, die Quellungsgeschwindigkeit der radial bzw. tangential geschnittenen Proben in tangentialer oder radialer Richtung. Diese Quellungsbehinderung trat vor allem im Falle niedriger Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten in Erscheinung und wurde jenen Druckkräften zugeschrieben, die den äußeren quellenden Schichten durch die noch nicht gequollenen inneren Holzteile entgegenwirken. Die Wirkung der Behinderung war ebenso an der änderung der Zeitkomponente des Quellungsverhältnisses tangential/radial bei niedrigen Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten deutlich zu erkennen. Bei der Quellung der Radialproben vom Darrzustand bis zur Sättigung betrug dieses Verhältnis zunächst 3,5: 1,0 und sank dann mit der Zeit bis zu einem Ausgleichsverhältnis von 2,2: 1,0. Bei der entsprechenden Quellung der Tangentialproben von Darrtrockenheit bis zur Sättigung waren die Werte zuerst 0,58: 1,0, stiegen dann aber mit der Zeit auf etwa 2,0: 1,0 an. Bei den quer geschnittenen Proben war dagegen keine Auswirkung behindernder, innerer Kräfte auf die Quellung festzustellen.Bei allen drei Probenarten wurde das tangential/radial-Quellungsverhältnis mit ansteigender Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeit größer. Dies ist ein Hinweis dafür, daß bei höheren Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten die Quellung überwiegend in tangentialer Richtung erfolgt.
Prepared for the meeting of International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Section 41 Working Group on Wood Physics, Paris, France, June 1, 1966.
Contribution from the Department of Wood Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as Paper No. 2186 of the Journal Series. This research was done by the author at North Carolina State University (under the direction of Alfred Joaquin Stamm) as part of a National Science Foundation research grant.
Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the Univeristy of Wisconsin. 相似文献
9.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(3-4):135-142
Abstract The moisture sorption and swelling of spruce specimens impregnated with linseed oil and unimpregnated controls were studied in two sorption experiments: from 0 to 55% relative humidity (RH) and from 55% RH to water saturation. Sorption isotherms were also determined using a sorption balance. The impregnated specimens had lower rates of both moisture sorption and swelling than the unimpregnated controls; however, there was no significant difference in final moisture contents. In addition, the linseed oil impregnation did not improve the dimensional stability of the wood; in most cases the specimens impregnated with linseed oil swelled more than the unimpregnated controls. For the impregnated specimens, reductions in swelling rates were in most cases seen without corresponding reductions in final swelling. The moisture sorption rate was reduced for the impregnated specimens but there were generally no reductions in equilibrium moisture content. 相似文献
10.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1):45-53
Abstract Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP. 相似文献
11.
《Wood material science & engineering》2007,2(1):45-53
Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected for moisture sorption and swelling tests at 25°C. These tests evaluated the fiber saturation point (FSP) by two methods: following adsorption over distilled water, and from the volumetric swelling intersection point. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density and interlocked grain were also determined on matched samples. The results indicated that adsorption tests over distilled water were not applicable for determining FSP in all wood species. Condensation of water vapor apparently occurred, even though temperature during adsorption was controlled to the nearest 0.01°C. The volumetric swelling intersection point method was judged more appropriate. FSP ranged from 15 to 25% for tropical hardwoods and was 30% for sugar maple wood. FSP was negatively correlated with wood density, acetone extracted fraction, interlocked grain and ash content. These parameters each exerted similar effects on variability in FSP. 相似文献
12.
13.
Patrick Perre Anh Tuan Dinh Carole Assor Xavier Frank Gilles Pilate 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(3):481-498
Mechanical tests on micro-samples were performed in the three material directions in normal, opposite, and tension wood collected from a poplar tree. Two custom micro-devices were designed and built in the laboratory to test samples under pure tension in the transverse direction and under 4-point bending conditions in the longitudinal direction. Both devices were designed to handle samples with a small transverse section (a few square mm), which allowed to select zones with homogenous anatomical features. The results indicate a very high longitudinal stiffness in tension wood (up to 35 GPa compared to an average of 18 GPa for normal wood). Considering wood density, the value represents a specific modulus that is nearly 70 % crystalline cellulose. However, tension wood is slightly less stiff in the tangential and radial directions (1,150 vs. 1,500 MPa for normal wood in the radial direction and 430 vs. 530 MPa in the tangential direction). 相似文献
14.
利用聚乙烯醇缩甲醛改性剂对杨树木材进行浸渍改性,对其改性材的尺寸稳定性进行研究。结果表明:改性材的径向、弦向和体积干缩率与素材相比均有不同程度的下降;从全干到吸水饱和状态的过程中,当改性剂达到一定浓度时,改性材的径向、体积湿胀率与素材相比有明显下降,弦向线湿胀率下降不明显。从气干到吸水饱和状态的过程中,改性材的径向、弦向湿胀率与素材相比均有不同程度的下降;改性材体积湿胀率随着改性剂浓度的上升而呈下降趋势,当改性剂浓度为30%时,改性材体积湿胀率为6.85%,与素材相比下降了5.54%。改性材吸水率随改性剂浓度的上升而下降,最低可达159%;改性材的抗干缩系数(ASE)随改性剂浓度上升而增加,最大可达47.8%。改性材的尺寸稳定性能要明显优于杨树素材。 相似文献
15.
In order to clarify the effects of extraction and compression on the hydroscopicity of wood, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.） heartwood samples with or without extraction were radially or tangentially compressed under water-saturated condition at room temperature. Warm water and 1% sodium hydroxide were used as different solutions for extraction. Water absorption capacity and moisture adsorption isotherms of the compressed samples were then tested. The fractal dimension of internal wood surfaces （Dfs） was calculated based on adsorption isotherms by FHH equation. Results showed that in both compressed groups, the hydroscopicity of samples extracted by sodium hydroxide solution improved greatly, while that of samples extracted by warm water changed little, compared with that of water-saturated samples. Recovery of set and the change of hydroscopic environment inside wood were main reasons for the difference of water absorption among water-saturated samples and samples extracted with warm water and sodium hydroxide solution. The swelling rate of samples extracted by sodium hydroxide solution significantly increased. Moreover, the swelling rate in the tangential direction of tangentially compressed samples was obviously higher than that in radial direction of radially compressed ones. Dfs values of woods extracted by warm water and sodium hydroxide solution decreased by 0.002 and 0.007 in a radially compressed group and by 0.013 and 0.013 in a tangentially compressed group, compared to those of water-saturated one. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the extraction and compression treatments used in this study have no obvious effects on internal wood surface. 相似文献
16.
Wood specimens were prepared in a swollen state using solvent exchange (PS) treatment. The swollen wood specimens were acetylated
using acetic anhydride by heating at 80–120°C. At the beginning of heating, the weight percent gain (WPG) of PS-treated wood
was greater than that of conventionally acetylated wood. This acceleration effect of the PS treatment was explained by the
introduction of treating reagent into the wood polymers where the intermolecular hydrogen bonds were previously broken. On
the other hand, the PS treatment had no influence on the final WPG and moisture sorption characteristics of acetylated wood.
This indicated that the intrinsic reactivity of wood constituents was unaffected by the PS treatment. The acetylation of PS-treated
wood produced greater bulking and slightly higher dimensional stability than that in the case of conventional acetylation
at the same WPG. It was speculated that the expansion of cell lumina due to the PS treatment resulted in greater bulking on
acetylation and lesser swelling of acetylated wood with moisture sorption. 相似文献
17.
18.
Wim Willems 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(3):483-498
By expressing wood moisture content data as a function of adsorption energy, an interesting scaling capability is obtained, wherefrom the general hydrostatic pressure and temperature dependence of wood moisture content is determined. The scaling law is fully consistent with the thermodynamics of swelling. It can be used to transform room condition sorption isotherms to other temperatures and hydrostatic pressures, provided that the wood matrix is not irreversibly modified. A special procedure is suggested for the case of an irreversibly changing wood matrix, as in thermal modification and thermo-hydro-mechanical treatments. Using the present scaling theory, several fundamental aspects of wood moisture sorption are explained, such as the absence of a significant quantity of strongly bound wood moisture, the internal stress generation by sorption hysteresis in the wood cell wall, and the reason for the reversible disappearance of the sigmoid shape of the sorption isotherm at higher temperature. The results of this research may be useful (a) for transformation of known sorption data to other conditions, notably where in situ moisture measurements are difficult to perform and (b) to quantify the effects of internal stresses in the ultrastructure of the cell wall on moisture content. 相似文献
19.
Mehmet Hakan Akyildiz 《Journal of Wood Science》2014,60(3):201-206
The effects of screw type, moisture content, and grain direction on the screw and nail withdrawal strength and bonding strength were investigated for paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa Steud.) wood grown in Turkey. The withdrawal strength was carried out according to the ASTM-D 143 and ASTM-D 1761 and Turkish Standard 6094 in three directions (tangential, radial, and longitudinal) on 60 samples. The moisture content of half of the samples was 12 % and that of the other half 28 %.The experiment of bonding strength (BS EN 205) was applied to both sanded surfaces jointed by poly-vinly acetate and Desmodur-VTKA adhesives. Results of the tests indicate that, the withdrawal strength values at 12 % moisture content were higher than the 28 % for screws whereas the withdrawal strength for 28 % moisture content was higher than 12 % for nails. The maximum withdrawal strength value was found in the chipboard screw. In the case of directions, the withdrawal strength values of radial direction were found to be higher than the others for all parameters. The lowest withdrawal strength values were found in the longitudinal directions for both nails and screws. For adhesive types, the highest bonding strength of D-VTKA was found to be 5.64 N mm?2 and it was higher than the bonding strength with PVAc (5.33 N mm?2). However, there were no significant statistical differences between the two adhesive types. The results show that paulownia wood can be used for different purposes such as house construction, roof systems, and box cases as it possesses enough strength. 相似文献
20.
A model of moisture movement in wood based on water potential and the determination of the effective water conductivity 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Summary A model of isothermal moisture movement in wood during drying using the gradient in water potential as the driving force is proposed. The moisture transport coefficient used in this model is the effective water conductivity. It is a function of moisture content, temperature, and direction of flow. The boundary desorption curve of the effective water conductivity function is established in the radial and tangential directions of aspen sapwood from nearly saturated to dry conditions at 20, 35, and 50 °C using the instantaneous profile method. The results show that the effective water conductivity increases exponentially with moisture content and temperature. The effect of temperature cannot be solely explained by the variation of the viscosity of water. The variation of the moisture content-water potential relationship with temperature would explain a large part of this effect. The effective water conductivity was generally higher in the radial direction than in the tangential direction in a ratio varying from 1/1 to 25/1 depending on moisture content and temperature. The flux-gradient relationship obtained at given moisture contents were found to be linear, confirming the validity of the model for the experimental conditions considered in the present work.The authors wish to thank Peter Garrahan of Forintek Canada Corp., Ottawa for his comments and suggestions. This research was undertaken while the senior author was a grant-holder from the Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide à la Recherche, Gouvernement du Québec 相似文献