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1.
Mark W. Brunson 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(6):632-637
Resilience-based frameworks for social-ecological systems (SES) are prominent in contemporary scientific literatures, but critics suggest these approaches may promise more than they deliver. A fundamental premise underlying the SES approach is that, because of the scope of human activities worldwide, we cannot separate ecological and human elements of nature when tackling our biggest challenges. Proponents argue that managers should not seek optimal solutions, but instead build capacity to adapt and transform systems to thrive within unpredicted or novel ecological states. If the range profession is to take advantage of resilience ideas, we need better tools and concepts for understanding interconnected systems. SES research and management strategies will pose practical difficulties, most notably finding ways to bridge differences between the methods of social and natural sciences. Also needed are institutions that involve scientists, managers, and stakeholders in analysis and informed governance, thereby addressing a key tenet of “resilience thinking” while accounting for the “wicked” nature of problems that, like many facing rangeland managers today, do not have a single best solution but only more or less feasible responses. In hopes of guiding managers toward more feasible options, I offer a model of rangeland social-ecological systems describing how management choices are influenced by, and may affect, human and natural systems at local and regional-to-global scales through both top-down and bottom-up processes. 相似文献
2.
Maria Johansson Sabrina Dressel Emma Kvastegård Göran Ericsson Anke Fischer Bjørn P. Kaltenborn 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2016,21(2):158-168
European researchers from both the natural and social sciences show growing interest in studying interactions between society and wildlife. A wealth of theoretical frameworks, concepts, and methods are used, but an integration of perspectives is lacking. This research note summarizes results from two workshops that included 63 delegates from 25 European countries, as well as a follow-up survey of 41 respondents. Two main theoretical approaches to the study of human–wildlife interactions were identified. One approach focuses on the collective societal level relying on theories of governance, social representation, deliberative procedures, and commons theory. The other approach targets individuals or groups, and is based on theories such as the cognitive hierarchy, theory of reasoned action, and theory of planned behavior. Interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to identify the best options for wildlife conservation and management in a more politically integrated Europe. 相似文献
3.
《畜牧兽医学报》是中国科协主管、中国畜牧兽医学会主办的学术性期刊，创刊于1956年7月，现在年出版12期，刊出论文276篇，共计257万字左右，是我国畜牧兽医科研人员重要的学术交流园地。本刊连续人选《中文核心期刊要目总览》，现在已是国内外15家文摘刊物和数据库的文献源。先后获得“全国农学会系统优秀期刊”、北京市新闻出版局“优秀科技期刊编辑质量奖和办刊条件奖”、连续4届获全国畜牧兽医优秀期刊评比一等奖，成为最有影响的畜牧兽医类期刊之一。但与国际知名期刊相比，本刊还有一定差距。为应对国内外期刊竞争的挑战，今后《畜牧兽医学报》应在品牌化、精品化、网络化、国际化等方面下功夫，并强化服务意识，逐步缩小差距，紧跟科技发展的步伐，使本刊早日步入世界优秀期刊行列，为繁荣我国畜牧兽医科技事业做出更大的贡献。 相似文献
4.
从国家经济增长方式转变、发展现代产业体系和建设生态文明的角度,阐述了现代农牧业与传统农牧业的区别,草业在现代化大农业中的突出功能和主要问题;提出整合资源、团结协作、振兴草业是市场和国家发展的需要;激励青年草业科技工作者深入实际,着力创新,处理好自然科学与社会科学、SCI论文与成果转化、基本功与创新、个人追求与三农三牧的关系,在科学研究与社会实践中建功立业。 相似文献
5.
The integration of the veterinary, medical and environmental sciences necessary to predict, prevent or respond to emerging zoonotic diseases requires effective collaboration and exchange of knowledge across these disciplines. There has been no research into how to connect and integrate these professions in the pursuit of a common task. We conducted a literature search looking at the experiences and wisdom resulting from collaborations built in health partnerships, health research knowledge transfer and exchange, business knowledge management and systems design engineering to identify key attributes of successful interdisciplinary (ID) collaboration. This was followed by a workshop with 16 experts experienced in ID collaboration including physicians, veterinarians and biologists from private practice, academia and government agencies. The workshop participants shared their perspectives on the facilitators and barriers to ID collaboration. Our results found that the elements that can support or impede ID collaboration can be categorized as follows: the characteristics of the people, the degree to which the task is a shared goal, the policies, practices and resources of the workplace, how information technology is used and the evaluation of the results. Above all, personal relationships built on trust and respect are needed to best assemble the disciplinary strength of the professions. The challenge of meeting collaborators outside the boundaries of one's discipline or jurisdiction may be met by an independent third party, an ID knowledge broker. The broker would know where the knowledge could be found, would facilitate introductions and would help to build effective ID teams. 相似文献
6.
Crossing disciplinary boundaries, particularly between social and ecological sciences, challenges those seeking to contribute to solving complex and multidimensional environmental problems on rangelands. In this Special Issue we present a set of 13 papers that to varying degrees attempt to integrate, or bring together, diverse approaches across disciplines to understand silvopastoral systems. The papers are about rangelands in numerous countries and regions, including Spain, Estonia, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, the United States, Latin America, and Sweden. Silvopastoral systems provide ecosystem goods and services important to communities, cultures, and society. Management deliberately exploits the diversity fostered by rangeland systems that mix woody species with a well-developed herbaceous understory, offering a greater diversity of products, species, vegetation structural characteristics, and habitat components than either grassland or forest. Biodiversity often peaks at the intermediate levels of tree and shrub cover characteristic of silvopastoral systems. We introduce the papers grouped by four overarching topics: 1) typologies and scales, 2) social-ecological interactions, 3) integrated management, and 4) multiple knowledge systems. Unfortunately, silvopastoral systems often run afoul of ongoing intensification and simplification trends in agricultural production that reduce their economic and ecological resilience. Privately owned systems, the most common in this issue, are subject to the need for owner income. Finding ways to support the benefits of these systems for the public is difficult, as management traditions must be conserved as well as the land. We hope this issue illustrates the value of multifunctional systems and offers insights into how they work. 相似文献
7.
The social and ecological contexts for rangeland management are changing rapidly, prompting a reevaluation of science, management, and their relationship. We argue that progression from steady-state management to ecosystem management has served the rangeland profession well, but that further development toward resilience-based management is required to ensure that ecosystem services are sustained in an era of rapid change. Resilience-based management embraces the inevitability of change and emphasizes that management should seek to guide change to benefit society. The objectives of this forum are to: 1) justify the need for adopting resilience-based management, 2) identify the challenges that will be encountered in its development and implementation, and 3) highlight approaches to overcoming these challenges. Five grand challenges confronting the adoption of resilience-based management, based upon the insights of 56 rangeland researchers who have contributed to this special issue, were identified as: 1) development of knowledge systems to support resilience-based management, 2) improvement of ecological models supporting science and management, 3) protocols to assess and manage tradeoffs among ecosystem services, 4) use of social-ecological system models to integrate diverse knowledge sources, and 5) reorganization of institutions to support resilience-based management. Resolving the challenges presented here will require the creation of stronger partnerships between ecosystem managers, science organizations, management agencies, and policymakers at local, regional, and national scales. A realistic near-term goal for achieving such partnerships is to initiate and support collaborative landscape projects. The creation of multiscaled social learning institutions linked to evolving knowledge systems may be the best approach to guide adaptation and transformation in rangelands in the coming century. 相似文献
8.
Valli-Laurente Fraser-Celin Alice J Hovorka Jennifer J Silver 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2018,23(4):341-358
Researchers argue that human–wildlife conflict (HWC) can be understood better in terms of conflict between humans over wildlife. We explore human conflict over wildlife by using a social constructionist approach to examine meanings of African wild dogs in Botswana. In 2013 and 2015, we conducted a qualitative study in four study sites by completing: (a) 113 semi-structured interviews with individuals in the agricultural, conservation, and tourism sectors; (b) participant observation; and (c) document analysis. Our results reveal that wild dogs are socially constructed as problem animals, as an endangered species, and as an economic resource, reflecting stakeholders’ diverging agendas, priorities, and values. The social constructions are driven by and emblematic of politico-economic and sociocultural trends, and competing development trends in Botswana. We propose: (a) seeing HWC as human conflict over wildlife can increase communication between conservationists and affected communities, and (b) integrative management plans that increase collaboration among stakeholder groups. 相似文献
9.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy was a novel spongiform encephalopathy, in an hitherto unaffected species, that had characteristics of a point source epidemic, with an agent that could have been incorporated into a wide variety of feedstuffs and iatrogenically administered to na?ve populations, and there was early evidence that it was not restricted to bovines. It was vital to establish, albeit experimentally, which other species might be affected, and whether the epidemic could be maintained by natural transmission, if the source was removed. In contrast, scrapie has been endemic throughout Great Britain for centuries, is maintained naturally (even if we don't know exactly how) and has a known host range. The principles, process and integration of evidence from different types of studies, however, are similar for both of these transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and can be applied to any emerging or suspected spongiform encephalopathy. This review discusses the experimental approaches used to determine TSE transmissibility and infectivity and how they relate to natural disease and control measures. 相似文献
10.
Management of rangelands, and natural resources in general, has become increasingly complex. There is an atmosphere of increasing expectations for conservation efforts associated with a variety of issues from water quality to endangered species. We argue that many current issues are complex by their nature, which influences how we approach them. We define a complex problem as one that varies in time and space. In other words, one answer may not be correct for all sites or during all years. For simple problems a generalized answer may be sufficient, and even for complex problems, general rules provide a good starting point. However, we suggest that it is important to distinguish between simple and complex problems. Several key obstacles emerge when considering complex natural resource problems, namely, 1) no single entity can handle all aspects of the problem and 2) significant knowledge gaps exist and will continue to exist into the future. We suggest that overcoming these obstacles will benefit from 1) a framework for effective partnerships and 2) a mechanism for continuous learning. Managing complex problems will require some combination of the following: 1) a process-based understanding of the problem (i.e., what causes variation in time and space), 2) adaptive management, and 3) effective coordination of research and management. There are many examples of organizations applying portions of these approaches to complex problems; however, it seems that in many cases the process has simply evolved in that direction rather than being a planned strategy. We suggest that as a profession we need to have a discussion about the nature of the problems we are addressing and how researchers and managers can jointly address these problems. 相似文献
11.
Debra P.C. Peters J.y.e. Belnap John A. Ludwig Scott L. Collins José Paruelo M. Timm Hoffman Kris M. Havstad 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(6):613-622
A critical challenge for range scientists is to provide input to management decisions for land units where little or no data exist. The disciplines of range science, basic ecology, and global ecology use different perspectives and approaches with different levels of detail to extrapolate information and understanding from well-studied locations to other land units. However, these traditional approaches are expected to be insufficient in the future as both human and climatic drivers change in magnitude and direction, spatial heterogeneity in land cover and its use increases, and rangelands become increasingly connected at local to global scales by flows of materials, people, and information. Here we argue that to overcome limitations of each individual discipline, and to address future rangeland problems effectively, scientists will need to integrate these disciplines successfully and in novel ways. The objectives of this article are 1) to describe the background, historical development, and limitations of current approaches employed by these disciplines; 2) to describe an integrated approach that takes advantage of the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of these individual approaches; and 3) to discuss the challenges and implications of this integrated approach to the future of range science when climate and human drivers are nonstationary. This integration will be critical for applying range science to the management of specific land units; will contribute to and benefit from the development of general ecological principles; and will assist in addressing problems facing society at regional, continental, and global scales. 相似文献
12.
D.D. Briske Nathan F. Sayre L. Huntsinger M. Fernandez-Gimenez B. Budd J.D. Derner 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2011,64(4):325-334
The debate regarding the benefits of rotational grazing has eluded resolution within the US rangeland profession for more than 60 yr. This forum examines the origin of the debate and the major reasons for its persistence in an attempt to identify common ground for resolution, and to search for meaningful lessons from this central chapter in the history of the US rangeland profession. Rotational grazing was a component of the institutional and scientific response to severe rangeland degradation at the turn of the 20th century, and it has since become the professional norm for grazing management. Managers have found that rotational grazing systems can work for diverse management purposes, but scientific experiments have demonstrated that they do not necessarily work for specific ecological purposes. These interpretations appear contradictory, but we contend that they can be reconciled by evaluation within the context of complex adaptive systems in which human variables such as goal setting, experiential knowledge, and decision making are given equal importance to biophysical variables. The scientific evidence refuting the ecological benefits of rotational grazing is robust, but also narrowly focused, because it derives from experiments that intentionally excluded these human variables. Consequently, the profession has attempted to answer a broad, complex question—whether or not managers should adopt rotational grazing—with necessarily narrow experimental research focused exclusively on ecological processes. The rotational grazing debate persists because the rangeland profession has not yet developed a management and research framework capable of incorporating both the social and biophysical components of complex adaptive systems. We recommend moving beyond the debate over whether or not rotational grazing works by focusing on adaptive management and the integration of experiential and experimental, as well as social and biophysical, knowledge to provide a more comprehensive framework for the management of rangeland systems. 相似文献
13.
Elycia J. WALLIS 《Integrative zoology》2006,1(2):78-79
Museums increasingly seek to publish data on the internet. However, individual records from a natural sciences database are not meaningful. The combined results of a number of datasets can be made much more meaningful by using a graphical display. In this paper, a project undertaken by a group of Australian natural sciences collecting institutions is described. Issues about data quality and other aspects of data management are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Andrew Ash Philip Thornton C.r.s. Stokes Chuluun Togtohyn 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(6):563-568
In this article we test the notion that adaptation to climate change in grazed rangelands requires little more effort than current approaches to risk management because the inherent climate variability that characterizes rangelands provides a management environment that is preadapted to climate change. We also examine the alternative hypothesis that rangeland ecosystems and the people they support are highly vulnerable to climate change. Past climate is likely to become an increasingly poor predictor of the future, so there is a risk in relying on adaptation approaches developed solely in response to existing variability. We find incremental, autonomous adaptation will be sufficient to deal with most of the challenges provided by the gradual expression of climate change in the next decade or two. However, projections of greater climate change in the future means that the responses required are qualitatively as well as quantitatively different and are beyond the existing suite of adaptation strategies and coping range. The proactive adaptation responses required go well beyond incremental on-farm or local actions. New policies will be needed to deal with transformational changes associated with land tenure issues and challenges of some displacement and migration of people in vulnerable parts of rangelands. Even where appropriate adaptation actions can be framed, issues of when to act and how much to act in a proactive way remain a challenge for research, management, and policy. Whether incremental or transformational involving system changes, a diversity of adaptation options will be required in different rangeland regions to enhance social and ecological resilience. 相似文献
15.
本文以Web of Science和CNKI数据库中检索到的2000—2019年有关草地遥感研究的1 388篇文献为数据源,运用CiteSpace Ⅴ软件从发文趋势、期刊、学科、国家、机构、作者、研究热点、活力等角度,定性定量地开展文献可视化分析。结果表明：草地遥感研究具有多领域、多学科交叉融合特点,中外文发文量均随年份的增加呈上升趋势,核心期刊以Remote Sensing为首;中国在该领域有较高的积极性,但影响力低于美国和德国;共有83个国家的488个科研机构就草地遥感领域的研究展开了793次合作,各机构国内合作交流较国际间频繁;核心作者间未形成稳定的作者群,且普通作者形成的合作群体内部交流合作远多于群体之间;中外文研究热点共同集中在草原生态治理和资源利用上,相比于外文,中文研究更加集中在解决当前草原生态问题;高被引文献半衰期较短（2.5~3.5年）,文献老化速度较快。 相似文献
16.
以植被-生境学分类(vegetation-habitat classification system of grassland,VHCS)方法为基础的定性的中国草地分类系统,以及定量的气候-土地-植被综合顺序分类系统(comprehensive and sequential classification system of grassland,CSCS)是我国常用的2大草地分类系统。在实际应用中,因“草原”和“草地”概念的重叠、混淆和交叉,以及定性分类和定量分类的差异,造成了操作上的困扰,研究结果亦不便相互交流。本研究通过2大系统一级单位-“类”的分类指标、名称和属性的对比,分析了2个系统“类”的兼容性,建立了两者间的对应关系,并利用基本同期的CSCS分类图和数字化的中国草地资源图(VHCS),以内蒙古自治区和甘肃省为例,在ArcGIS平台上进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:1)以广义草原或草地概念为基础的CSCS是一个大系统,兼容了以中国为例的VHCS分类系统;2)兼容VHCS的CSCS的类,两者在分类指标、名称和属性方面均能达到统一;3)空间叠置分析表明,若不考虑森林和非地带性类,内蒙古和甘肃区域2个分类系统分类结果的兼容性分别达到61.4%和61.1%;有差异的区域,基本上表现出草地实际调查结果(VHCS)是比原生潜在草地(CSCS)在更恶劣气候条件下的低分类级别的草地类,说明人为干扰已超过了原生草地生态系统的生存阈限,导致草地逆行演替;4)对CSCS与VHCS分类结果的对比分析研究,可科学地揭示人为干扰下草地的演替状态,并明确草地恢复和重建的目标。 相似文献
17.
Julia Hobson Haggerty Kathleen Epstein Michael Stone Paul C. Cross 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(2):171-174
Amenity migration describes the movement of peoples to rural landscapes and the transition toward tourism and recreation and away from production-oriented land uses (ranching, timber harvesting). The resulting mosaic of land uses and community structures has important consequences for wildlife and their management. This research note examines amenity-driven changes to social-ecological systems in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, specifically in lower elevations that serve as winter habitat for elk. We present a research agenda informed by a preliminary and exploratory mixed-methods investigation: the creation of a “social-impact” index of land use change on elk winter range and a focus group with wildlife management experts. Our findings suggest that elk are encountering an increasingly diverse landscape with respect to land use, while new ownership patterns increase the complexity of social and community dynamics. These factors, in turn, contribute to increasing difficulty meeting wildlife management objectives. To deal with rising complexity across social and ecological landscapes of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, future research will focus on property life cycle dynamics, as well as systems approaches. 相似文献
18.
在调查重庆市科技期刊发展现状的基础上，深入分析了重庆市科技期刊的基本特点，指出了重庆市科技期刊存在的问题与差距，并对此提出促进重庆市科技期刊发展的合理化建议和对策：（1）管理体制应当适应不同的科技期刊各自发展的需要，不搞一种模式。（2）学术期刊组织有创新精神的专家、学者，撰写论文反映他们最新的研究成果，突出本校、本单位的重点学科；科普类和技术类期刊直接在生产第一线，选择有创新意识、有突出成绩、有写作能力和热情的人，组成一支较稳定的写作队伍，突出专业特色。（3）科技期刊事实上面对的是生产第一线的科技工作者与热爱科学技术的民众和具有相当水准、富有研究成果的专家、学者及有丰富实践经验的科技工作者，科技期刊工作者处在这两个群体之间，应当发挥好桥梁、纽带作用。（4）努力稳定现有编辑队伍，提倡和弘扬团队精神，抓好编辑人才的继续教育，扩大刊物的影响、编辑人员的社会影响力；广泛引进人才，开展全方位的交流。 相似文献
19.
论知识经济与我国草地畜牧业可持续发展的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据知识经济的发展观从决策观念、学术思想和产业政策等方面阐述了知识经济与我国草地手业匠关系。笔 认为,科技创新与制度创新的统一是“知识经济”的精髓。对于草地畜牧业而言,在草地使用权不确定和畜产品市场扭曲的情况下,技术措施的应用可能会强化经济增长对草地生态环境的负效应。消除草地承包政策中的不确定因素和加强牧业生产的组织化是“科技进步”促进草地手业持续发展的“制度”要求。决策观念和学术思想的转变是迎接 相似文献
20.
Emily F. Pomeranz Daniel J. Decker William F. Siemer Arthur Kirsch Jeremy Hurst James Farquhar 《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2014,19(5):448-457
The trend in wildlife management over the last two decades has been to develop locally based approaches for responsiveness to local conditions, but some state wildlife agencies are finding the amount of staff time required to service this approach prohibitive. Although local engagement strategies have been lauded as assuring that public trust obligations of state government to citizens are met, we can expect that states with a local focus as their operational level of stakeholder engagement may opt to change their approach to reflect their resource limitations. We argue for comprehensive regional level effort to understand stakeholders augmented with local engagement processes where needed to deal with special circumstances in smaller areas within a region. Such an approach can be anticipated to have implications for stakeholder engagement and human dimensions research needs, which we discuss in the context of public trust resource administration and good governance of wildlife resources. 相似文献