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1.
The influence of herbaceous and woody vegetation control, either singly or in combination, on leaf gas exchange, water status, and nutrient relations of planted eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was examined in a central Ontario clearcut over four consecutive growing seasons (GSs). Net carbon assimilation (An), leaf conductance to water vapour (Gwv), water use efficiency (WUE), and midday leaf water potential (ψm) were measured periodically during the second to fourth GSs of vegetation control treatments, while leaf nutrient relations were examined in GS five. Leaf An and Gwv were reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in the presence of herbaceous vegetation in GS two, by both herbaceous and woody vegetation in GS three, and only by woody vegetation (largely trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)) in GS four. Leaf WUE was increased (p ≤ 0.05) in all three GSs in which herbaceous vegetation control was applied and where woody vegetation provided partial shading of planted white pine. Leaf water status was comparatively less responsive to vegetation control treatments, but leaf ψm was increased (p ≤ 0.05) in the presence of woody vegetation in GSs two and four, likely due to shading and reduced atmospheric evaporative demand of the white pine seedling environment. Within a given GS, the effects of vegetation control on An, Gwv, and ψm were strongly linked to treatment-induced changes in total vegetative cover, and light and soil moisture availability. Seedling height, diameter, and volume growth rates were positively correlated with An and WUE in GSs two and three, but less so in GS four. Vector analysis suggested that herbaceous competition induced foliar N, P, and K deficiencies in five-year-old white pine seedlings while competition from aspen resulted in foliar Ca deficiency. 相似文献
2.
Data on tree biomass are essential for understanding the forest carbon cycle and plant adaptations to the environment. We determined biomass accumulation and allometric relationships in the partitioning of biomass between aboveground woody biomass, leaves and roots in Nothofagus antarctica. We measured above- and belowground biomass of N. antarctica trees across different ages (5–220 years) and crown classes (dominant, codominant, intermediate and suppressed) in three site qualities. The biomass allocation patterns were studied by fitting allometric functions in biomass partitioning between leaves (ML), stem and branches (MS) and roots (MR). These patterns were tested for all pooled data and according to site quality and crown classes. Biomass accumulation varied with crown class and site quality. The root component represented 26–72% of the total biomass depending on age and site. N. antarctica scaling exponents for the relationships MLvs. MS, MAvs. MR, and MSvs. MR were close to those predicted by the allometric biomass partitioning model. However, when biomass allocation was analyzed by site quality the scaling exponents varied following the optimal partitioning theory which states that plants should allocate more biomass to the part of the plant that acquires the most limiting resource. In contrast, the crown class effect on biomass partitioning was almost negligible. In conclusion, to obtain accurate estimations of biomass in N. antarctica trees the allometric approach appears as an useful tool but the site quality should be taken into consideration. 相似文献
3.
采用盆栽控制试验,研究了不同浓度(0、60、120和180 mmol·L-1)Na2SO4胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长具有显著的抑制效应。不同浓度Na2SO4胁迫沙枣的株高、侧枝数、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积以及各组织(除根)生物量均显著低于对照,且均随盐胁迫浓度的升高呈下降趋势,而根冠比值则由对照的0.153 1显著增加到180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫幼苗的0.348 7。(2)盐胁迫显著降低了沙枣幼苗的光合能力。随着Na2SO4胁迫的加剧,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降的趋势,而气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)则依次增加,且Pn下降主要受气孔限制;180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫沙枣幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr分别为对照的71.57%、30.85%、67.15%和51.65%,而Ls和WUE则分别为对照的1.91、1.38倍。(3)盐胁迫强度与幼苗株高、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积、茎生物量、叶生物量、总生物量等生长指标以及Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr等光合参数呈极显著负相关,叶片的光合参数与总叶面积、单株叶片数呈显著或极显著正相关,而叶片的生长指标、光合参数与幼苗的株高生长和生物量累积也呈显著或极显著正相关。 相似文献
4.
To investigate the interactive effects of CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and nitrogen supply on the growth and biomass of boreal trees, white birch seedlings (Betula papyrifera) were grown under ambient (360 μmol mol−1) and elevated [CO2] (720 μmol mol−1) with five nitrogen supply regimes (10, 80, 150, 220, and 290 μmol mol−1) in greenhouses. After 90 days of treatment, seedling height, root-collar diameter, biomass of different organs, leaf N concentration, and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured. Significant interactive effects of [CO2] and N supply were found on height, root-collar diameter, leaf biomass, stem biomass and total biomass, stem mass ratio (SMR), and root mass ratio (RMR), but not on root mass, leaf mass ratio (LMR), leaf to root ratio (LRR), or leaf N concentration. The CO2 elevation generally increased all the growth and biomass parameters and the increases were generally greater at higher levels of N supply or higher leaf N concentration. However, the CO2 elevation significantly reduced SLA (13.4%) and mass-based leaf N concentration but did not affect area-based leaf N concentration. Increases in N supply generally increased the growth and biomass parameters, but the relationships were generally curvilinear. Based on a second order polynomial model, the optimal leaf N concentration was 1.33 g m−2 for height growth under ambient [CO2] and 1.52 g m−2 under doubled [CO2]; 1.48 g m−2 for diameter under ambient [CO2] and 1.64 g m−2 under doubled [CO2]; 1.29 g m−2 for stem biomass under ambient [CO2] and 1.43 g m−2 under doubled [CO2]. The general trend is that the optimal leaf N was higher at doubled than ambient [CO2]. However, [CO2] did not affect the optimal leaf N for leaf and total biomass. The CO2 elevation significantly increased RMR and SMR but decreased LMR and LRR. LMR increased and RMR decreased with the increasing N supply. SMR increased with increase N supply up to 80 μmol mol−1 and then leveled off (under elevated [CO2]) or stated to decline (under ambient [CO2]) with further increases in N supply. The results suggest that the CO2 elevation increased biomass accumulation, particularly stem biomass and at higher N supply. The results also suggest that while modest N fertilization will increase seedling growth and biomass accumulation, excessive application of N may not stimulate further growth or even result in growth decline. 相似文献
5.
Emile S. Gardiner Magnus Löf Joseph J. O’Brien John A. Stanturf Palle Madsen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A1600, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m−2 s−1) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g−1 with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A1600 of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m−2 for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO2 fixation mechanisms. 相似文献
6.
Marney E. Isaac Jean-Michel HarmandDidier Lesueur Joseph Lelon 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(3):582-588
Acacia senegal, an important leguminous tree in arid and semi-arid environments, has shown promise as a multipurpose species, including gum production and soil fertility improvement, linked with N2-fixation capabilities. Of particular interest are ontogenetic and edaphic effects on A. senegal performance in natural populations. Our research objectives were to investigate the effect of tree age and site phosphorus conditions on (1) tree N2-fixation and (2) soil N and C dynamics in natural stands of A. senegal var. senegal, Baringo District, in the Rift Valley, Kenya. Sites consisted of A. senegal saplings (9 months) and mature A. senegal trees (7 years) along an edaphic gradient of soil P availability. A single-tree neighborhood approach was employed using a two by two factorial design: site conditions [high and low soil P contents] and tree age class [juvenile and mature]. Soil (N and C pools and fluxes) and plant metrics were quantified. A soil transfer experiment was also employed to confirm age and site effects on soil N mineralization. On the high soil P site, A. senegal had significantly lower foliar (15N levels than neighboring non-leguminous species (Balanites aegyptiaca), while foliar δ15N values in A. senegal on the low P site exhibited no significant difference with our reference plant, B. aegyptiaca. Across P sites, B. aegyptiaca had similar foliar δ15N values. These results indicate that the rate of N2-fixation of A. senegal trees, as determined with foliar 15N natural abundance methodology, increased with increasing soil P availability in these natural populations. However, N2-fixation rates declined with age. Although soil texture and soil CO2 efflux did not differ between sites or across ages, soils under mature A. senegal at the high P site exhibited significantly greater total N content and total C content in comparison to soils at the low P site and under juvenile plants. Furthermore, under mature A. senegal trees, soil N mineralization rates were significantly greater as compared to under saplings. Soil transplants confirmed that soil microbial activity may be stimulated under mature trees as N mineralization rates were 2-3 fold greater compared to under A. senegal saplings. Our findings suggest that tree age and soil P availability are important factors in the nitrogen budget of natural populations of A. senegal, determining N2-fixation rates, and potentially influencing soil total N and C pools and soil mineral N. This study provides information regarding the adaptation of A. senegal under differing edaphic conditions thus increasing accuracy of management support for A. senegal populations as productive agroforests. 相似文献
7.
为了解冠层生物量积累、分配及枝叶大小对麻竹立竹受营林措施干扰(钩梢)后的响应,对不同竹龄全梢、钩梢麻竹地上构件生物量、生物量比、单叶特征、大小枝生物量分配比例及商品竹叶数量进行了调查.结果表明:麻竹立竹地上现存生物量分配格局为秆＞枝＞叶.叶生物量、叶/枝和叶/秆生物量比为2年生＞3年生＞1年生.随着竹龄的增加,枝、秆生物量、地上生物量和枝/秆生物量比总体上呈增加的趋势.2年生和3年生立竹枝、叶生物量分配比例显著高于1年生立竹,秆生物量分配比例显著小于1年生立竹.此外,随着竹龄的增加,立竹减少了对0 ～8 mm枝生物量的分配,增加了对8～16 mm、16 mm以上枝生物量的投入,以提高空间拓展能力,截获更多光资源.钩梢强烈影响了生物量分配格局,显著减小了麻竹立竹枝、叶、秆、地上生物量.钩梢后麻竹立竹增加了枝、叶生物量分配比例,减少了秆生物量的分配比例,同时提高了单叶叶面积和单叶干质量,增加了8～16 mm、16 mm以上枝生物量分配比例,减小0～8 mm枝生物量分配比例,以权衡枝叶的生长,提高立竹对环境的适合度.钩梢后立竹叶/枝、叶/秆、枝/秆生物量比升高,表明生物量分配更多地向叶和枝倾斜.钩梢麻竹商品竹叶数量较全梢麻竹增加29.68％,且发生部位明显降低,钩梢后冠层下部商品竹叶数量增加79.73％,中部商品竹叶数量增加25.81％,降低了采摘高度.在钩梢后的一个生长季内,钩梢影响了麻竹立竹资源利用策略,表现为枝与叶之间关系的变化,但随钩梢年限的增加其变化规律如何尚需进一步研究. 相似文献
8.
Burak K. Pekin Matthias M. Boer Craig Macfarlane Pauline F. Grierson 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Water stress and fire disturbance can directly impact stand structure, biomass and composition by causing mortality and influencing competitive interactions among trees. However, open eucalypt forests of southwest Australia are highly resilient to fire and drought and may respond differently to increased fire frequency and aridity than forests dominated by non-eucalypt species. We measured the variation in stem density, basal area, stand biomass, sapwood area, leaf area and litterfall across 16 mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest stands along an aridity gradient in southwest Australia that had variable fire histories. Fire frequency was defined as the total number of fires over a ∼30-year period and aridity as the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to annual precipitation. Total stand biomass and sapwood area were predicted from diameter at breast height of individual jarrah and marri trees using allometric equations. Leaf area was estimated using digital cover photography. More arid and frequently burnt stands had higher stem density, especially of smaller trees, which were mainly jarrah. Overall, both standing biomass and leaf area decreased at more arid sites, while sapwood area was largely unaffected by aridity, suggesting that these stands respond to increased water limitation by decreasing their leaf area relative to their sapwood area. Biomass of marri was reduced at more arid and, to a lesser extent, at more frequently burnt stands. However, total stand biomass (jarrah and marri) and leaf area index did not vary with fire frequency, suggesting that less marri biomass (due to slower growth rates, higher mortality or less recruitment) was compensated by an increase in the density of jarrah trees (regeneration). We conclude that increased fire and drought shift tree species composition towards more fire-resistant species and result in denser stands of smaller trees. In contrast, total stand biomass declines with increasing aridity, but has no association with fire frequency. 相似文献
9.
William R. Cobb Rodney E. Will Richard F. Daniels Marshall A. Jacobson 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(12):4032-4039
We quantified the effect of water and nutrient availability on aboveground biomass and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in four species from the southeastern United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The 6-year-old stands received five levels of resource input (control, irrigation with 3.05 cm water week−1, irrigation + 57 kg N ha−1 year−1, irrigation + 85 kg N ha−1 year−1, and irrigation + 114 kg N ha−1 year−1). Irrigation significantly increased foliage, stem, and branch biomass for sweetgum and sycamore, culminating in 103% and 238% increases in total aboveground biomass. Fertilization significantly increased aboveground components for all species resulting in 49, 58, 281, and 132% increases in total aboveground biomass for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Standing total aboveground biomass of the fertilized treatments reached 79, 59, 48, and 54 Mg ha−1 for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration for loblolly pine, sweetgum, and sycamore foliage. Irrigation increased total stand nitrogen content by 6, 14, 93, and 161% for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased total nitrogen content by 62, 53, 172, and 69% with maximum nitrogen contents of 267, 212, 237, and 203 kg ha−1 for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Growth efficiency (stem growth per unit of leaf biomass) and nitrogen use efficiency (stem growth per unit of foliar nitrogen content) increased for the sycamore and sweetgum, but not the loblolly or slash pine. 相似文献
10.
设置0、50、100、150、200、300、400、600 mg·株-1 8个N处理,通过盆栽试验研究氮素对闽楠苗生长及光合特性的影响.结果表明:随着供氮量的增加,闽楠苗高、地径、叶面积和根、茎、叶及整株生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中,苗高、地径和叶面积均在供氮量100 mg·株-1时最高,而各器官生物量及整株生物量均在供氮量150 mg·株-1时最大;根冠比则随着供氮量的增加呈现单调递减趋势;闽楠苗光合特性与生长表现是契合的,随供氮水平的提高,闽楠苗叶绿素a、b及总量先升高后降低,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率值也均呈先仰后抑之势,恰在供氮量100 mg·株-1时,以上光合参数值均达最高,且不同氮素处理间闽楠光合气体交换参数和蒸腾速率差异均显著.综合闽楠苗各生长及光合指标的分析结果,100～150 mg·株-1的供氮量为闽楠苗温室培育的适宜范围. 相似文献
11.
We investigated the effect of small-scale overstory gaps on the ecophysiology and growth of Quercus ithaburensis saplings. The study aim was to characterize how changes in daily exposure to direct beam radiation affect photosynthetic performance in the short term and growth and biomass partitioning in the long term. Using individual net-houses, the following treatments were applied: (a) Unshaded (daily irradiance = 100 %), (b) shading net with no gap (Shade-daily irradiance = 6 %), (c) shading net with 1 h gap allowing direct beam radiation (11:00 am–12:00 pm, Shade+1-irradiance = 20 %), (d) shading net with 3 h gap (11:00 am–2:00 pm, Shade+3-irradiance = 44 %). The experiment was performed in an irrigated field. We measured growth, biomass allocation, leaf traits, daily courses of leaf gas exchange and water potential. Oak dry-weight increased while height to dry-weight ratio and specific leaf area decreased with increasing daily exposure to direct beam radiation. Leaf chlorophyll content was less affected. Higher net carbon assimilation rates (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and A/gs were associated with higher instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) throughout the entire experimental PPFD range. However, during gap-hours, while exposed to saturating radiation levels of similar level (ca. 1,800 µmol photon m?2 s?1), A in the Shade+1 oaks was about half that of the Shade+3 oaks and nearly one-third that of the Unshaded oaks. Patterns of gs, intercellular CO2 (Ci) and quantum efficiency of photosystem II pointed towards the possibility of a metabolic limitation. In conclusion, oaks benefited significantly from small scale overstory gaps though their capacity to utilize transient saturating radiation levels decreased with decreasing gap duration. 相似文献
12.
植物功能性状由生境条件和遗传因素共同决定,田间控制实验能够揭示植物功能性状在种内和种间的变异程度.采集南北样带温带区8个地点6种栎属树种的种子,通过田间栽培试验,以均一环境下1年生幼苗为对象,研究比较种内及种间比叶重、单位叶面积光合速率、单位叶重量光合速率、总干物质含量和根冠比5种功能性状的变化差异,并且分析幼苗功能性状与种子性状的关系.结果发现:栎属树种种间幼苗的功能性状变异系数高于种内,并且种内功能性状的差异较小,种间差异性较大,而比叶重和叶片光合速率无论在种间还是种内,其变异率都较小;总干物质量和根冠比与种子质量显著相关,随种子质量增加幼苗的总干物质量和根冠比呈现增加的趋势,比叶重和叶片光合速率与种子质量的相关性较小. 相似文献
13.
Infra-red gas exchange analysis was used to measure leaf-scale physiological parameters of five Wildstar™ cherry clones (Prunus avium L.) and two sources of unimproved stock. Assimilation rate (A), evapotranspiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g
s) and water use efficiency (WUE) were recorded to evaluate whether the quick and simple measurements could be used as a proxy for assessing growth potential of the cherry clones. Differences in A, E and g
s were found between varieties, with clone one always having higher rates than clones two and three. Differences in growth highlighted by an earlier study were linked to the physiological parameters described here. Varieties with high A tended to have good height increment and relative growth rate (RGR), while those with low A, E and g
s had poor height increment. However, clone 5, the clone with the largest height increment, did not have the highest A, suggesting that its good height growth reflected allocation of photoassimilate to main stem growth relative to branches and roots. Likewise, clone 1 and clone 4 (with high A) were ranked only second and third in height growth, indicating that some of the carbon gain was lost in branching. Clones 2 and 3 performed poorly in both physiological parameters and height growth. Although a positive relationship was found between assimilation rate and growth, the relationship was not strong enough to assess growth potential of the cherry clones accurately, perhaps due to differences in the allocation of dry matter within the plant. 相似文献
14.
15.
利用接种褐环乳牛肝菌、鸡油菌、彩色豆马勃、土生空团菌的马尾松苗,在温室采用盆栽方法,研究水分胁迫下,不同菌根化苗对养分的吸收情况.结果表明:在水分胁迫下,外生菌根能显著提高马尾松幼苗对N、P、K的吸收.随胁迫加剧,菌根化苗N、P含量和磷酸酶活性均呈先增后降趋势,在中度胁迫时达最大,其中,接种褐环乳牛肝菌l的苗对N、P吸收效果最好,分别比对照增加56.65％和44.32％;接种彩色豆马勃和褐环乳牛肝菌1的马尾松苗的K含量随胁迫的加剧先增后降,在轻度胁迫时达最大,分别比对照增加221.99％和200.00％.N和K主要分布在叶中,而P在根、茎、叶中分布较均匀,菌根的形成有利于马尾松幼苗N、K的上行运输.在轻度和中度胁迫下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌1对提高马尾松苗N、P、K的吸收和含量效果最好,同时也促进了马毛松幼苗生长和抗旱能力的增强. 相似文献
16.
Yanwei Lu Baoli Duan Xiaolu Zhang Helena Korpelainen Frank Berninger Chunyang Li 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(6):613-613
17.
J.-P. Laclau J.-P. Bouillet J.L.M. Gonçalves E.V. Silva C. Jourdan M.C.S. Cunha M.R. Moreira L. Saint-André V. Maquère Y. Nouvellon J. Ranger 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
Nitrogen fertilizer inputs increased sharply over the last decade in Brazilian eucalypt plantations. Due to the economic and potential environmental cost of fertilizers, mixed plantations with N-fixing species might be an attractive option to improve the long-term soil N status. A randomized block design was set up in southern Brazil, including a replacement series and an additive series design, as well as a nitrogen fertilization treatment. The development of mono-specific stands of Eucalyptus grandis (0A:100E) and Acacia mangium (100A:0E) was compared with mixed plantations in proportions of 1:1 (50A:50E), and other stands with different densities of acacia for the same density of eucalypts. The objective was to assess the effect of inter-specific interactions on the early development of the two species. Aboveground biomass was measured 6, 12, 18 and 30 months after planting, sampling 6–10 trees of each species per treatment at each age, and allometric equations were established in 0A:100E, 100A:0E, 50A:50E and 50A:100E. The height and basal area of E. grandis seedlings were enhanced by 12% and 30%, respectively by N fertilization at age 1 year. Inter-specific competition led to a stratified canopy, with suppression in acacia growth earlier for basal area than for height. The mean number of stems per acacia tree at 36 months after planting was significantly higher in pure stands (3.7), than in 50A:50E (2.7) and in the additive series (between 1.6 and 1.8). H/D ratios were highly sensitive to inter-tree competition for the two species. The suppressed acacia understorey in mixed-species stands did not influence biomass production and partitioning within eucalypts. This pattern led to biomass accumulation combining the two species in 50A:100E that was about 10% higher than in 0A:100E, from age 12 months onwards. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) amounted to 25 Mg ha−1 and 37 Mg ha−1 from age 18 to 30 months in 100A:0E and 0A:100E, respectively. Acacia ANPP in 50A:100E amounted to 2 Mg ha−1 over the same period, as a result of substantial inter-specific competition. An increment in biomass production in these very fast-growing eucalypt plantations was achieved introducing acacia as an understorey and not in the 50A:50E design, as observed in other studies. 相似文献
18.
[目的] 针对现有灌木生物量模型存在的分量与总量、地上与地下生物量不相容等问题, 探索利用联立方程组 方法, 建立灌木林相容性生物量模型。[方法] 以内蒙古自治区的2种常见灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)为研究对象, 基于大样本的生物量实测数据, 利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 建立了地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型。[结果] 表明:基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数(或植株高度)的地上生物量模型, 其确定系数能达到0.67以上, 但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些, 其中山杏仅0.36;2种灌木的地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到80%以上, 全株生物量的平均预估精度, 山杏能达到86%以上, 柠条能达到92%以上。[结论] 对于无明显主干的丛生状灌木, 不论是地上生物量还是地下生物量, 植冠面积是首要的相关因子, 其次才是丛生枝个数和植株高度;利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 能有效解决不同生物量之间的相容性问题, 同步建立地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型;所建模型完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内相应灌木林的生物量估计。 相似文献
19.
Yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn), two valuable tree species of Pacific Northwest forests, are competitive in low productivity forests on wet, nearly saturated soils with low nitrogen (N) availability and turnover. We propose a mechanism where cedar trees survive in marginal conditions through exploiting a coupled Ca–NO3− nutrient cycle where trees assimilate N as nitrate (NO3−), but must accumulate a counter-ion to NO3− such as calcium (Ca+2) to control their internal cell pH and provide electrochemical balance. The availability of NO3− in cedar forests is favored by increased microbial activity and shifts in microbial community composition that is conducive to N mineralization and nitrification at higher pH. Cedars influence the soils under their canopy by enriching the forest floor with calcium compounds leading to increases in pH. Cedars are also prone to precocious dehardening in the spring when N is released from freeze–thaw events in the soils and conditions appear to favor nitrifying microbial communities. Cedars must concentrate fine-root biomass near the soil surface to access Ca and NO3−, but this beneficial physiological adaptation also creates a vulnerability to periodic root freezing injury that is leading to the decline and mortality of at least one of them—yellow-cedar. 相似文献
20.
Bárbara Cuesta Pedro Villar-Salvador Jaime Puértolas Douglass F. Jacobs José M. Rey Benayas 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
We analysed the physiological bases that explain why large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have improved survival and growth relative to small seedlings in Mediterranean woodland plantations. Large seedlings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with high N concentration (L+), and small seedlings with either high (S+) or low (S−) N concentration, were planted on two sites of different weed competition intensity that created contrasting stress conditions. Seedling survival, growth, gas exchange, N remobilization (NR) and uptake (NU), and water potential were assessed through the first growing season. Weeds reduced survival and growth, but seedling response to weed competition varied among phenotypes and between species. At the end of the first growing season, L+ Aleppo pine seedlings had higher survival than both small seedling types in presence of weeds but no differences were observed in absence of weeds. Mortality differences among phenotypes occurred in spring but not in summer. L+ Aleppo pines grew more than small Aleppo pines independently of weed competition. No holm oak seedling type survived in presence of weeds and no mortality differences among phenotypes where observed in absence of weeds, although L+ holm oak seedlings grew more than small seedlings. Mortality and growth differences in Aleppo pine were linked to marked physiological differences among phenotypes while physiological differences were small among holm oak phenotypes. L+ Aleppo pines had greater root growth, gas exchange, NR, and NU than small seedlings, irrespective of their N concentration. Seedling size in Aleppo pine had a greater role in the performance of transplanted seedlings than N concentration. The functional differences among oak phenotypes were small whereas they were large in pine seedlings, which led to smaller differences in transplanting performance in holm oak than in pine. This suggests that the nursery seedling quality improvement for planting in dry sites could depend on the species-specific phenotypic plasticity and functional strategy. Improved transplanting performance in large Aleppo pine seedlings relative to small seedlings was linked to greater gas exchange, root growth and N cycling. 相似文献