共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
以石家庄市城区土壤为例,阐述了广场、居住区、公园、开发区、农田5种土地利用类型不同土壤剖面中重金属As、Cd、Co、Cu、Ni、Pb含量的分布特征,并对土壤所呈现特征的原因进行了分析,以期为城市重金属污染防治提供依据。结果表明,各重金属含量总体上都是随土层深度加深而减小,在地表有富集现象,说明人类活动对重金属含量有影响;Cd、Pb在开发区富集最为明显,Co和Ni富集于15~30 cm土层,广场土地利用类型各重金属元素都是在30~45 cm的土层含量高。Pb、Cd 2种元素垂向迁移距离较大;而As、Ni、Co 3种元素的土壤剖面的的垂向迁移不是很明显,其含量均低于土壤背景值,Cu元素迁移距离较大在公园剖面中表现最为突出,表明灌溉作用是重金属元素Cu迁移的主要原因,说明不同土地利用方式对土壤重金属含量有着明显的作用。 相似文献
2.
Rae TD Schmidt PJ Pufahl RA Culotta VC O'Halloran TV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,284(5415):805-808
The copper chaperone for the superoxide dismutase (CCS) gene is necessary for expression of an active, copper-bound form of superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in vivo in spite of the high affinity of SOD1 for copper (dissociation constant = 6 fM) and the high intracellular concentrations of both SOD1 (10 microM in yeast) and copper (70 microM in yeast). In vitro studies demonstrated that purified Cu(I)-yCCS protein is sufficient for direct copper activation of apo-ySOD1 but is necessary only when the concentration of free copper ions ([Cu]free) is strictly limited. Moreover, the physiological requirement for yCCS in vivo was readily bypassed by elevated copper concentrations and abrogation of intracellular copper-scavenging systems such as the metallothioneins. This metallochaperone protein activates the target enzyme through direct insertion of the copper cofactor and apparently functions to protect the metal ion from binding to intracellular copper scavengers. These results indicate that intracellular [Cu]free is limited to less than one free copper ion per cell and suggest that a pool of free copper ions is not used in physiological activation of metalloenzymes. 相似文献
3.
中华蜜蜂普通气味结合蛋白ASP2的气味结合功能模式分析 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
【目的】研究中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana）体外重组普通气味结合蛋白AcerASP2与不同气味信息的结合功能和模式。【方法】通过诱导条件的优化和纯化,在获得的重组AcerASP2蛋白基础上,研究竞争性荧光探针1-NPN及不同结构气味信息与蛋白的相互作用关系,并通过同源建模和分子对接解析蛋白与气味信息的结合模式和机理。【结果】通过条件摸索获得了可溶性表达的重组中蜂ASP2蛋白,荧光光谱分析1-NPN与AcerASP2的解离常数K1-NPN为7.38 μmol•L-1,结合位点数n为1.0321。在7种气味信息中,4-烯丙基藜芦醚亲和力最强,其IC50和解离常数KD分别达到7.09和3.46 μmol•L-1。分子对接显示AcerASP2具有1个呈狭长的口袋状的疏水性结合内腔,4-烯丙基藜芦醚绝大部分位于该预测疏水性内腔中,且与Lys74产生2个氢键。【结论】中华蜜蜂AcerASP2由于特殊的空间结构而具有较强的气味信息结合能力,且易通过与疏水内腔中的赖氨酸残基产生氢键而促进结合。 相似文献
4.
5.
DGT法原位测量水体中金属有效态组分及动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据不同厚度扩散膜DGT(梯度扩散薄膜)对金属络合易解离态解离能力差异性这一原理,提出了一套计算金属解离动力学及有效态组分方法,并将其应用于水体Zn、Ni、Cu、Fe、Mn、Cd、Pb等金属形态及运移动力学特征差异性计算中。结果表明,研究提出的计算方法,克服了原有方法过拟合的缺点,可以不借助第三方金属形态分析软件一次性计算出金属有效态含量、组分构成及K-1值,且计算结果更好地体现出有效态中络合易解离部分的贡献,计算公式假设参数少,避免了金属价态、有机质组分构成差异性等因素对有效态含量计算的影响。 相似文献
6.
We demonstrate electron-stimulated migration for carbon monoxide (CO) molecules adsorbed on the Pd(110) surface, which is initiated by the excitation of a high-frequency (HF) vibrational mode (C-O stretching mode) with inelastic tunneling electrons from the tip of scanning tunneling microscopy. The hopping phenomenon, however, cannot be detected for CO/Cu(110), even though the hopping barrier is lower than in the CO/Pd(110) case. A theoretical model, which is based on the anharmonic coupling between low-frequency modes (the hindered-translational mode related to the lateral hopping) and the HF mode combined with electron-hole pair excitation, can explain why the hopping of CO is observed on Pd(110) but not on Cu(110). 相似文献
7.
Townsend D Lahankar SA Lee SK Chambreau SD Suits AG Zhang X Rheinecker J Harding LB Bowman JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5699):1158-1161
We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of formaldehyde (H2CO) dissociation to H2 and CO at energies just above the threshold for competing H elimination. High-resolution state-resolved imaging measurements of the CO velocity distributions reveal two dissociation pathways. The first proceeds through a well-established transition state to produce rotationally excited CO and vibrationally cold H2. The second dissociation pathway yields rotationally cold CO in conjunction with highly vibrationally excited H2. Quasi-classical trajectory calculations performed on a global potential energy surface for H2CO suggest that this second channel represents an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction mechanism: One hydrogen atom explores large regions of the potential energy surface before bonding with the second H atom, bypassing the saddle point entirely. 相似文献
8.
分别从安徽郎溪、湖南长沙和广西柳州采集发育于第四纪红色黏土母质的红壤,研究土壤发育程度对重金属离子Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）吸附的影响以及重金属离子在红壤表面的吸附机制,为土壤重金属污染防治和修复提供参考。结果表明,3种红壤对Cu（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量均随土壤发育程度的增加、阳离子交换量的降低而减小,其吸附量大小依次为：安徽红壤〉湖南红壤〉广西红壤;在相同条件下,3种红壤对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量大于对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。广西红壤对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量随着介质离子强度的增大而降低,说明重金属离子在红壤表面上的吸附机制随着所处介质条件的变化而变化。 相似文献
9.
以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象. 相似文献
10.
采用反应平衡法并结合盆栽试验研究了H2O2对重金属污染土壤的活化作用及对后续植物修复中重金属根际效应的影响.研究表明污染土壤施入H2O2后,水溶性总铜、总锌均较对照有显著的增加,说明H2O2对污染土壤重金属的活化有很强的效果.Fe2+加入使重金属活性降低,施加量越高,土壤溶液水溶性铜锌含量越低.经H2O2预处理的土壤栽种黑麦草后将进一步溶出铜锌,其中,对黑麦草根际水溶态铜含量的影响比锌显著.H2O2预处理并不改变污染土壤重金属的主要存在形态,但经H2O2预处理的土壤栽种黑麦草后,水溶态+交换态铜含量增幅较大说明经H2O2预处理重金属在土壤中的结合强度可能减弱,易于受根际的影响而活化.H2O2预处理土壤栽种黑麦草后,弱专性吸附态铜锌均明显增加、残渣态铜锌减少.即提取试验和盆栽试验结果均表明H2O2预处理对提高土壤中重金属的生物有效性、促进植株吸收重金属效果显著. 相似文献
11.
随着城市污水处理厂数量的迅速增加,污泥的处置及其环境影响受到越来越多的关注。污泥土地利用因具有处理费用低廉及高效性的特点,已成为重要的污泥处理方式。然而污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了施污后的水稻田土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。与对照相比,在直接施用污泥的水稻田土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量显著增加。但即使是在施污60t/hm2的土壤中,Cu、Pb、Zn的含量亦远低于中国土壤环境质量标准。在施污的水稻田土壤中4种重金属元素的形态分布规律为:残渣态>可氧化态>可还原态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态。这些重金属元素在水稻田土壤中相对稳定性顺序为Zn>Cu>Cd=Pb。 相似文献
12.
上海临港新城地表沉积物与径流重金属污染研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以上海临港新城主城区为研究区域,分析了交通区、商居混合区和文教区地表沉积物的粒径组成和重金属污染,监测了不同功能区的地表径流水质;同时估算了地表沉积物和地表径流中6种重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As)单位面积污染负荷和径流年污染负荷。结果表明:不同功能区地表沉积物样品粒径分布较为相似,65%~85%以上的颗粒质量集中在直径300μm以下的细沙中;不同功能区地表沉积物中,交通区Cu、Pb、Cr浓度较高,商居混合区和文教区的Hg和As的浓度较高,Cd在各功能区分布较为平均;不同功能区地表径流瞬时水样重金属浓度波动范围较大,文教区径流水质重金属污染较为严重。文教区沉积物6种重金属单位面积污染负荷和地表径流年污染负荷均高于商居混合区和交通区,文教区Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As单位面积沉积物污染负荷分别为2.03、0.205、2.42、2.82、0.0171和1.63 mg/m2,地表径流年污染负荷分别为37.21、1.10、19.46、9.60、0.83和7.22 g/(hm2·a)。 相似文献
13.
The selective oxidation of alcohols in aqueous phase over supported metal catalysts is facilitated by high-pH conditions. We have studied the mechanism of ethanol and glycerol oxidation to acids over various supported gold and platinum catalysts. Labeling experiments with (18)O(2) and H(2)(18)O demonstrate that oxygen atoms originating from hydroxide ions instead of molecular oxygen are incorporated into the alcohol during the oxidation reaction. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the reaction path involves both solution-mediated and metal-catalyzed elementary steps. Molecular oxygen is proposed to participate in the catalytic cycle not by dissociation to atomic oxygen but by regenerating hydroxide ions formed via the catalytic decomposition of a peroxide intermediate. 相似文献
14.
煤矸石中几种重金属元素含量及形态变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对抚顺西露天矿煤矸石山表层煤矸石进行多点取样,分析测定了矸石山表层煤矸石重金属Cd,Pb,Ni,Zn,Cr,Cu的含量及其形态特征。结果表明,煤矸石中Cd,Ni,Cu元素高出抚顺地区土壤环境背景值,其中Cd,Ni超出土壤环境质量2级标准。煤矸石重金属元素存在形态的分布规律总体与元素含量具有一致的变化规律,元素Cd,Pb,Ni,Zn,Cr,Cu的赋存形态普遍以残渣态、可还原态为主,可氧化态次之,弱酸可提取态比例最低。 相似文献
15.
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to select a particular adsorbed molecule, probe its electronic structure, dissociate the molecule by using electrons from the STM tip, and then examine the dissociation products. These capabilities are demonstrated for decaborane(14) (B(10)H(14)) molecules adsorbed on a silicon(111)-(7 x 7) surface. In addition to basic studies, such selective dissociation processes can be used in a variety of applications to control surface chemistry on the molecular scale. 相似文献
16.
[目的]了解Pb2+在牛血清白蛋白上的结合部位。[方法]采用平衡透析方法,研究在模拟生理(pH6.3)条件下Pb2+、金属离子与牛血清白蛋白的结合平衡,并探讨了Pb2+-BSA体系的逐级稳定常数。[结果]Pb2+在BSA上存在2类结合部位,BSA对Pb2+有1.6个强结合部位和6.5个弱结合部位。Pb2+在白蛋白分子中可能存在第1个较强的结合部位,与Zn2+相同。Pb2+在白蛋白分子中可能存在第2个较强的结合部位,与Cu2+相同。Zn2+-Pb2+-BSA三元体系中强结合部位数明显减少,说明Pb2+的优先配位基团在位点siteA。通过非线性最小二乘法拟合Bjerrum方程,确定Pb2+-BSA体系的逐级稳定常数约为104。[结论]该研究可为判断Pb2+在BSA上各结合部位之间的协调性提供参考。 相似文献
17.
Subbaraman R Tripkovic D Strmcnik D Chang KC Uchimura M Paulikas AP Stamenkovic V Markovic NM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6060):1256-1260
Improving the sluggish kinetics for the electrochemical reduction of water to molecular hydrogen in alkaline environments is one key to reducing the high overpotentials and associated energy losses in water-alkali and chlor-alkali electrolyzers. We found that a controlled arrangement of nanometer-scale Ni(OH)(2) clusters on platinum electrode surfaces manifests a factor of 8 activity increase in catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction relative to state-of-the-art metal and metal-oxide catalysts. In a bifunctional effect, the edges of the Ni(OH)(2) clusters promoted the dissociation of water and the production of hydrogen intermediates that then adsorbed on the nearby Pt surfaces and recombined into molecular hydrogen. The generation of these hydrogen intermediates could be further enhanced via Li(+)-induced destabilization of the HO-H bond, resulting in a factor of 10 total increase in activity. 相似文献
18.
Intercalated clay catalysts 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pinnavaia TJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,220(4595):365-371
Recent advances in the intercalation of metal complex cations in smectite clay minerals are leading to the development of new classes of selective heterogeneous catalysts. The selectivity of both metal-catalyzed and proton-catalyzed chemical conversions in clay intercalates can often be regulated by controlling surface chemical equilibria, interlamellar swelling, or reactant pair proximity in the interlayer regions. Also, the intercalation of polynuclear hydroxy metal cations and metal cluster cations in smectites affords new pillared clay catalysts with pore sizes that can be made larger than those of conventional zeolite catalysts. 相似文献
19.
Rogers HC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,159(3819):1057-1064
Hydrogen interacts with many metals to reduce their ductility (2) and frequently their strength also. It enters metals in the atomic form, diffusing very rapidly even at normal temperatures. During melting and fabrication, as well as during use, there are various ways in which metals come in contact with hydrogen and absorb it. The absorbed hydrogen may react irreversibly with oxides or carbides in some metals to produce a permanently degraded structure. It may also recombine at internal surfaces of defects of various types to form gaseous molecular hydrogen under pressures sufficiently high to form metal blisters when the recombination occurs near the outer surface. In other metals, brittle hydrides that lower the mechanical properties of the metal are formed. Another type of embrittlement is reversible, depending on the presence of hydrogen in the metal lattice during deformation for its occurrence. Under some conditions the failure may be delayed for long periods. A number of different mechanisms have been postulated to explain reversible embrittlement. According to some theories hydrogen interferes with the processes of plastic deformation in metals, while according to others it enhances the tendency for cracking. 相似文献
20.
Determination of dissociation constants by two different methods yield the following mean values in 20 millimolar phosphate, pH 7.0, 25 degrees C: 0.27 micromolar for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH); 0.29 micromolar for NADH with deuterium in the nicotinamide 4-B position (B-NADD); and 0.46 micromolar for NADH with deuterium in the nicotinamide 4-A position (A-NADD). These results indicate that dehydrogenases are capable of recognizing and distinguishing the appropriate hydrogen in the coenzyme already in the initial binding reaction. 相似文献