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1.
为了探明水稻胚乳发育的过程和糊粉层形成的机理, 用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察了水稻糊粉层细胞和内胚乳细胞在颖果发育过程中的结构变化,用能谱仪分析了胚乳细胞中元素的种类和相对含量。结果表明, 糊粉层细胞是由胚乳表层细胞转化而来的。糊粉层细胞中的P、K、Mg和Ca等矿质元素含量要明显高于内胚乳细胞。发育初期糊粉层细胞中富含线粒体、圆球体和小液泡;发育中后期小液泡积累蛋白质和矿质元素而形成糊粉粒。在发育中后期,内胚乳细胞随着细胞内淀粉体的充实,细胞核发生形变而衰亡;而糊粉层细胞的核在发育过程中不消亡。糊粉层的形成与表层细胞积聚矿质和脂类等“灌浆废物”(指非内胚乳细胞的贮藏物)有关。因而,转运灌浆物质多的胚乳背部,其糊粉层细胞的层数要比腹部和侧部多。谷物胚乳发育分为游离核期、细胞化期、分化期和成熟期四个时期。 相似文献
2.
四个不同粒重水稻品种颖果发育的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以粒重差异较大的4个水稻品种为供试材料,采用树脂切片、酶解胚乳细胞和显微观察等方法,比较研究了品种间在颖果生长、胚乳细胞增殖、果皮和胚乳结构等方面的差异,探讨了影响颖果生长的因素。 大粒品种颖果发育时间较小粒品种长,其胚乳细胞数、胚乳干质量及单个胚乳细胞平均干质量均高于小粒品种。在粒重相近的情况下,籼稻颖果发育和淀粉积累快于粳稻。与小粒品种相比,大粒品种子房壁细胞中淀粉粒多,子房壁细胞生长的持续时间长,果皮及背部维管束衰亡迟。 小粒品种胚乳外层细胞在花后7 d已转化成糊粉层细胞,大粒品种胚乳外层细胞要在花后10 d才转化成糊粉层细胞。 大粒品种的库容大和生理活性期长是其颖果能显著增大的生理原因。 相似文献
3.
【目的】阐明水稻糊粉层细胞、亚糊粉层细胞与中心胚乳贮藏细胞的结构特性。【方法】采用光镜、透射电镜与扫描电镜对水稻胚乳组织进行观察研究。【结果】糊粉层细胞分化过程中,大液泡变成小体积蛋白贮存液泡,蛋白贮存液泡又转变成糊粉粒。颖果背部比腹部有更多层糊粉层,但背部糊粉层细胞内糊粉粒的形成与积累速度却较慢。亚糊粉层细胞起初含有一些脂质体,后来脂质体消失,而其内部淀粉体与蛋白体逐渐增多。中心胚乳贮藏细胞含有淀粉体与蛋白体,蛋白体以液泡型蛋白体为主,它们可以相互融合而变大。中心胚乳贮藏细胞内的淀粉积累速度明显快于亚糊粉层细胞内的。成熟颖果的中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体最为密集,背部和侧部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体排列较疏松,腹部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体最为稀疏。【结论】水稻颖果背部与腹部的糊粉层细胞和亚糊粉层细胞的结构差异可能与养分吸收与转运有关;中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体发育速度快于亚糊粉层细胞。 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2005,41(1):23-29
Rice oil bodies enclosed by unique structural proteins, oleosins, are found in the embryo and the aleurone layer, but not the starchy endosperm where starch and storage proteins are accumulated. To examine oleosin promoter specificity, a sesame storage protein, 2S albumin, was expressed in transgenic rice seeds under the control of a rice oleosin promoter. In all transgenic rice seeds, the sesame 2S albumin was found exclusively in the bran fraction after milling. Immunological staining revealed that the sesame 2S albumin was also located in the embryo and the outermost cells of the starchy endosperm. Furthermore, immunogold labeling showed that the transgenic 2S albumin was deposited in both type-I and type-II protein bodies of the outermost cells of the endosperm as well as in the type-II protein bodies of the embryo. The methionine and cysteine contents in the bran from four homozygous transgenic lines were elevated by 24–38 and 50–62%, respectively, compared with those of wild-type plants. The results suggest that the rice oleosin promoter is bran-specific and could be used to add value to rice bran, an abundant by-product of rice polishing, by genetic engineering. 相似文献
5.
小麦胚乳传递细胞发育的结构观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为从细胞学方面了解小麦产量和品质的形成机制,以扬麦5号为材料,利用光镜和透射电镜观察了小麦颖果发育过程中胚乳传递细胞的结构变化,并探讨了胚乳传递细胞的生理功能。结果表明：（1）胚乳传递细胞是胚乳发育过程中最早分化的细胞类型,它们发生在紧邻胚乳腔的胚乳表层,由位于外侧1~2层糊粉层传递细胞和位于内侧1~2层内胚乳传递细胞构成;（2）颖果发育成熟时,内胚乳传递细胞核衰亡,糊粉层传递细胞核依然完整;（3）胚乳传递细胞发育呈明显的极性,且具时空性;（4）糊粉层传递细胞胞质较浓,富含粗面内质网、线粒体、高尔基体和脂质体;质膜皱褶,在局部区域外翻,形成众多的原生质管;（5）内胚乳传递细胞胞质较稀,液泡化程度较高,富含淀粉体;（6）胚乳传递细胞未加厚以及未形成壁内突的壁区域分布有大量的胞间连丝;（7）胚乳传递细胞中线粒体呈极性分布,即质膜附近线粒体的密度较大。根据胚乳传递细胞的结构特点推测,经胚乳传递细胞的养分输送既可通过质外体途径又可通过共质体途径来完成。 相似文献
6.
施氮时期对扬稻6号颖果发育及稻米品质的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过盆栽试验研究了相同施氮量下不同施氮时期（分蘖期和孕穗期）对扬稻6号颖果发育及稻米品质的影响。与对照相比,增施氮肥（尿素）特别是孕穗肥能显著提高稻米精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量,降低垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量;在分蘖期和孕穗期施氮肥能明显影响颖果发育,提高粒重,而后者的效果更为明显;在颖果发育过程中不同时期增施氮肥能显著降低颖果的总淀粉和直链淀粉含量,但对支链淀粉含量影响较小;不同时期增施氮肥特别是孕穗肥对淀粉体和蛋白质体的发育及结构均有显著影响,能显著改变籽粒中不同部位特别是腹部淀粉体和蛋白质的分布、数目和形状。与对照相比,淀粉体和蛋白质体的排列更紧密、相互间空隙较少、数量增加、密度增大,淀粉体形状多数呈晶状体。 相似文献
7.
小麦WFZP基因编码的乙烯响应因子是植物中特有的转录因子，参与果实成熟、花叶器官衰老、脱落和种子发育等过程。为探明 wfzp基因突变对小麦颖果发育的影响，以甲基磺酸乙酯诱变的两个 wfzp基因突变体（ wfzp1和 wfzp2）和野生型小麦品种济麦22为材料，运用树脂超薄切片和显微观察技术观察小麦WFZP基因突变体颖果的形态结构发育特征。结果显示， wfzp突变体颖果发育有如下特征：（1）在颖果发育早期，两个突变体的外果皮发育进程较快，中果皮降解时间提前； wfzp1内果皮管细胞消失较快，与 wfzp1突变体相比， wfzp2突变体的管细胞发育缓慢；（2）两个突变体胚乳细胞的分化和发育明显较快，细胞中淀粉和蛋白体的积累量明显增多，细胞的充实度高，尤其在 wfzp2突变体中表现较为明显；（3）两个突变体胚乳传递细胞与糊粉层传递细胞的生长分化进程加快。研究结果为进一步探究乙烯响应转录因子调控小麦颖果发育提供了形态学参考。 相似文献
8.
The starchy endosperm of the mature wheat grain comprises three major cell types, namely sub-aleurone cells, prismatic cells and central cells, which differ in their contents of functional components: gluten proteins, starch, cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) and lipids. Gradients are established during grain development but may be modified during grain maturation and are affected by plant nutrition, particularly nitrogen application, and environmental factors. Although the molecular controls of their formation are unknown, the high content of protein and low content of starch of sub-aleurone cells, compared to the other starchy endosperm cells types, may result from differences in developmental programming related to the cells having a separate origin (from anticlinal division of the aleurone cells). The gradients within the grain may be reflected in differences in the compositions of mill streams, particularly those streams enriched in the central and outer cells of the starchy endosperm, respectively, allowing the production of specialist flours for specific end uses. 相似文献
9.
以农乐988和扬糯1号两个品种的玉米颖果为材料,利用树脂半薄切片、组织化学染色及生理测定等方法研究胚乳组织和细胞的发育过程。结果表明,两个玉米品种粒重及淀粉含量的变化呈S形生长曲线;可溶性糖变化呈单峰曲线,授粉后12 d含量最高;总蛋白含量在授粉后6 d较高。颖果粒重和总蛋白含量农乐988>扬糯1号;可溶性糖及淀粉含量扬糯1号>农乐988。授粉后0~2 d胚乳处在游离核期,授粉后3~5 d胚乳处在细胞化期,授粉6 d以后胚乳细胞开始分化,内胚乳细胞出现淀粉体和蛋白体。胚乳中淀粉的积累由颖果顶端向基部、由胚乳外层向中央推进。扬糯1号胚乳发育较提前,失活较晚;农乐988胚乳发育相对滞后,失活较早。玉米胚乳发育和颖果发育关系紧密,胚乳游离核期和细胞化期相当于颖果形成期,胚乳分化期相当于颖果乳熟期,胚乳成熟期相当于颖果蜡熟期与完熟期。 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2003,38(2):217-227
Proteome analysis in the pI 4–7 range of aqueous extracts from whole barley seeds results in complex 2D-gel spot patterns that represent proteins from all seed tissues. Proteins were extracted from dissected aleurone layer, embryo and endosperm for separate analysis of these components and comparison with single seed extracts. The analysis showed that while the starchy endosperm comprises approximately 85% of the mature seed dry weight, it contributes less than 50% of the soluble protein to seed extracts. Although the aleurone layer and embryo are minor components of the seed in terms of dry weight, their proteins contribute significantly to the 2D-gel pattern. Distinct but overlapping patterns were observed for the dissected tissues. While whole seed gels contained about 850 spots, endosperm, aleurone layer and embryo gels had about 575, 850 and 1000 spots, respectively, representing a total increase of at least 15%. Protein patterns were also reduced in complexity and this enrichment of subsets of proteins facilitated identification by mass spectrometry of proteins of interest in mature seed tissues and developing endosperm. These techniques can therefore be used with advantage to describe the proteomes of dissected seed tissues. 相似文献
11.
为了进一步明确小麦颖果发育和萌发过程中盾片的结构特征,以扬麦13为材料,采用超薄切片、显微和超微观察及Image-pro Plus软件图像分析等技术,研究了小麦盾片在颖果发育及萌发过程中的结构变化。结果表明,花后16d,颖果靠近胚乳的胚周缘细胞由外到内分别分化为盾片上皮细胞和盾片薄壁细胞。在颖果发育过程中,盾片上皮细胞形态由不规则形转变为细长形,数目逐渐增加,面积逐渐减小。盾片上皮细胞中淀粉粒不断降解,颈部盾片上皮细胞呈细长形,而底部细胞呈多边形和椭圆形。盾片薄壁细胞淀粉粒不断增多,体积变大。花后16~20d细胞液泡化,积累脂质体和植酸钙镁颗粒,细胞核中核染色质明显降解。在萌发过程中,盾片上皮细胞由不规则形和多边形向圆形转变,细胞的数目先减少后增加,面积先增加后呈减小趋势。薄壁细胞内淀粉体不断变形、塌陷并逐渐降解,蛋白体发生解体,而脂质体先降解而后又重新合成。由以上结果说明,小麦盾片具有吸收转运养分、贮藏养分及保护胚等功能。 相似文献
12.
Protein bodies ontogeny and localization of prolamin components in the developing endosperm of wheat caryopses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During caryopsis development, prolamins are initially stored in individual protein bodies, then generate a protein matrix in the ripe caryopsis. The ontogeny of the protein bodies was analyzed by fluorescence and electron microscopy from 7 to 43 days after anthesis (dAA), a period of time from the cellularization of endosperm to its desiccation. A series of antibodies specific to each prolamin type (α/β-, γ-, ω-gliadins, low-molecular weight and high-molecular weight glutenin subunits) made it possible to localize and co-localize the different prolamins in organelles of endosperm cells at different developmental stages. Protein bodies containing prolamins were observed as early as 7 dAA. At the early developmental stages, protein bodies were spherical with diameters around 1–2 μm. Later, around 15 dAA, the PBs enlarged, and aggregation and/or coalescence were prominent at 21 dAA. From 33 dAA, individual PBs were no longer visible, but a protein matrix was confined in the space between starch granules. All prolamins were found in the same protein bodies, without any segregation according to their types. Immunochemical labelling of prolamins failed to reveal in TEM analyses any particular internal organization in protein bodies. Glutenin subunits and gliadins were observed in the Golgi apparatus at the early stages of endosperm development. 相似文献
13.
Wheat bran tissue fractionation using biochemical markers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Carole Antoine Stphane Peyron Valrie Lullien-Pellerin Joël Abecassis Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2004,39(3):467
Phenolic acid analysis of hand-isolated outer grain layers and endosperm led to the identification of markers of pericarp and aleurone layers, respectively. A new dehydrotrimer of ferulic acid (DHT) was found to be concentrated in the outer pericarp of wheat bran whereas p-coumaric (p-CA) acid was mainly in the aleurone layer. Phytates were also used as a marker of aleurone layer and starch as a marker of starchy endosperm. Biochemical markers constitute an original method for determining the histological composition of any technological bran fractions. A pin milling process was applied to coarse bran produced by a conventional milling process. Three different fractions (B1, B2 and B3) were obtained by sieving the bran products and then the smallest bran particle fraction (B3) was air-classified to obtain two particle size fractions (B3a and B3b with a D50 of 83 and 7 μm, respectively). The biochemical composition of these fractions was used to calculate the distribution of tissues according to the sieving process. The dissociation behavior of individual bran tissues upon mechanical fractionation was investigated in relation to particle size and discussed according to their mechanical properties. 相似文献
14.
为探明干旱胁迫下小麦颖果内源激素与胚乳发育的关系,以小麦品种扬麦16为材料,在幼苗返青至颖果成熟阶段进行干旱处理,采用树脂切片及显微摄影等技术观察小麦颖果和胚乳细胞发育的形态结构特征,并通过酶联免疫吸附法测定颖果生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA_3、GA_4)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、二氢玉米素核苷(DHZR)的含量。结果显示,干旱胁迫缩短了小麦颖果发育进程,促进颖果早衰,导致颖果发育不良;显著降低了籽粒千粒重、可溶性糖含量和总淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量;促进颖果发育早期胚乳细胞分裂和淀粉积累,抑制了发育后期胚乳细胞的分裂、体积扩大和淀粉体充实,并提高了颖果整个发育过程中胚乳蛋白体的积累;提高了颖果发育前期IAA、GA_3、GA_4、ZR和DHZR的含量,ABA含量在整个发育时期均较高。说明干旱胁迫能通过影响颖果内源激素的积累来调控胚乳发育。 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2002,36(2):199-208
The three major botanical components (starchy endosperm, aleurone layer and pericarp) of eight durum wheat samples exhibited significantly different compositions and concentrations in phenolic acids. The starchy endosperm, the aleurone layer and the pericarp were respectively characterised by a low content in ferulic acid (FA), a high content intrans -sinapic acid (t -SA), and a high content in ferulic acid dehydrodimers (DHD). These three chemical markers can be exploited to differentiate the three grain botanical parts within milling fractions and to evaluate the milling efficiency, particularly the separation between bran and endosperm. The histological dissociation of the wheat grain generated by the milling process can be investigated further into details using the three phenolic acids markers. A separability index (S i) was proposed in order to quantify the ease of dissociation of endosperm from bran. Differences in S i values between wheat varieties grown under various agricultural conditions demonstrated the relevant variability of this character. The structural and molecular factors implied in the control of tissue dissociation are discussed in details. 相似文献
16.
Effects of Nitrogen Application Time on Caryopsis Development and Grain Quality of Rice Variety Yangdao 6 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application time(during the tillering or the booting stages)with the same nitrogen rates on the caryopsis development and grain quality of rice variety Yangdao 6.The increased nitrogen fertilizer(urea),especially applied during the booting stage,could evidently increase the milled rice rate,head rice rate and protein content in rice grains compared with the control(no nitrogen application),and decrease chalky grain rate and amylose content.Moreover,the increased nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the caryopsis development and enhanced the grain weight when nitrogen applied during the tillering and the booting stages,especially during the booting stage.During caryopsis development the increased nitrogen fertilizer applied during the tillering and booting stages could obviously decrease the total starch and amylose contents,but not obviously for the amylopectin content in rice grain.Increased topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer,especially applied during the booting stage,had significant effect on the development and structures of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts.That is,it could change the distribution,number and shape of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts in the endosperm cells especially in grain abdomen.Compared with the control the arrangements of amyloplasts and proteinoplasts were closer,with more numbers,higher density and less interspaces each ohter.Furthermore,most amyloplasts showed polyhedron under the increased nitrogen fertilizer level. 相似文献
17.
M. L. Parker A. Grant N. M. Rigby P. S. Belton J. R. N. Taylor 《Journal of Cereal Science》1999,30(3):209
The structure of the vitreous endosperm of raw and popped grains of popcorn maize and sorghum has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. In both cereals, popping produces everted grains consisting of expanded endosperm foam attached to the pericarp and embryo tissue. As previously reported, each bubble of the foam is formed from an individual starch granule inflated by internal steam pressure. Large fissures may contribute significantly to the expansion of the endosperm foam. The cell walls of the vitreous endosperm of both cereals are shattered into small fragments, which separate slightly as the cell contents expand during popping. Despite this, the endosperm cells retain their polygonal outline. Intact cell walls of raw endosperm, wall fragments from popped endosperm foam, and fragments isolated after treatment of the foam withalpha -amylase, were visualised through the autofluorescence of their ferulic acid content. The in vitro digestibility of popped sorghum was unchanged compared to raw sorghum, whereas that of wet-cooked sorghum was greatly reduced. It is suggested that popping-induced wall fragmentation improves the accessibility of the protein and starch reserves of the endosperm to digestive enzymes. 相似文献
18.
J. Raymond Ellis Corazon P. Villareal Dr Bienvenido O. Juliano 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1986,36(1):17-26
Brown rice of IR36 and IR42 check samples from the 1982 dry and wet season yield trials showed good correlation of milled-rice protein and brown-rice protein (r=0.97**,n=40) with 10% bran-polish removal by an emery abrasive mill. Among selected grain samples of both varieties, 80 to 86% of brown-rice protein was retained in the milled rice with both friction and abrasive mills. Stereological morphometry of 1-µm-thick sections showed that endosperm storage protein decreases in amount with increasing distance from the aleurone layer. A similar protein gradient was found in both average-protein and high-protein samples. Milling removed all of the pericarp, seed coat and nucellus, and virtually all of the aleurone layer and embryo, but removed very little of the nonaleurone endosperm, except from the lateral ridges. 相似文献
19.
Development of the endosperm of Sorghum bicolor during the endoreduplication-associated growth phase
《Journal of Cereal Science》2006,43(2):209-215
Spatial occurrence of endoreduplication, a variant of the cell cycle resulting in endopolyploidy, was investigated in the developing sorghum caryopsis between 5 and 16 DAP (days after pollination). This was a period of intense mitotic and endoreduplication-associated endosperm growth. Endopolyploidy was quantitatively analyzed on median caryopsis sections using image densitometry that provided in situ cytometrical data. In the endosperm, the first endopolyploid nuclei with a nuclear DNA content of 12C (where 1C represents the nuclear DNA content of a non-replicated haploid genome) were detected at 5 DAP. In subsequent days progressively higher levels of endopolyploidy occurred, and nuclei with the highest amount of DNA (96C) were first observed at 10 DAP. The highly endopolyploid nuclei were located only in the central region of the endosperm and their occurrence coincided with the onset of starch deposition in the endosperm. Cells with non-endopolyploid nuclei (3C and 6C) were found exclusively in the peripheral layers of the endosperm. No starch was observed in the basal part of the endosperm where the highest level of endopolyploidy was 24C. The volume of endosperm nucleai and cells showed a positive correlation with the level of endopolyploidy. Endoreduplication was also prominent in the pericarp, where the highest level of endopolyploidy was 16C. 相似文献
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不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的差异,以强筋小麦皖麦38和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,比较了两者胚乳细胞游离核分裂状况、细胞数目的增殖变化、细胞体积的变化、糊粉层发育、淀粉体和蛋白质体发育等内容,主要结果如下：（1）皖麦38游离核有丝分裂所占比例较大,扬麦9号无丝分裂所占比例较大,且受温度影响较大;（2）胚乳细胞增殖均呈"S"型曲线变化,皖麦38胚乳细胞增殖较快,胚乳体积较大,最终粒重较高;（3）皖麦38胚乳细胞中大淀粉体数目多于扬麦9号,而小淀粉体数目表现却相反;（4）皖麦38与扬麦9号相比较,糊粉层出现时间较晚,而且糊粉层细胞壁较厚,被甲苯胺蓝染色更浓;（5）成熟籽粒中淀粉粒形状有饼形、椭圆形和近圆球形三种。皖麦38胚乳中饼形和椭圆形淀粉粒较多,且相互结合较紧密;扬麦9号饼形和近球形淀粉粒较多,胚乳结构疏松。 相似文献