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1.
玉米秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量与米质的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以中熟粳稻扬粳4038为材料,在大田试验条件下研究了玉米秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。三年（2009—2011）试验结果表明: 1）玉米秸秆还田能提高稻田土壤全氮和有机质含量; 2）在不施氮条件下,玉米秸秆还田处理较对照产量提高了18.9%~32.0%; 3）在实地氮肥管理模式下,玉米秸秆还田处理较对照施氮量下降了7.4%~16.7%,但产量提高了0.5%~11.0%,氮肥偏生产力提高了18.0%~31.7%; 4）在不施氮或实地氮肥管理条件下,玉米秸秆还田均较对照显著提高了整精米率、最高黏度和崩解值,降低了垩白粒率、垩白度、最终黏度和消减值;玉米秸秆还田对水稻的出糙率、精米率、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度无显著影响。在不施氮条件下,与对照相比,玉米秸秆还田提高了籽粒中蛋白质含量。上述结果表明,玉米秸秆还田有利于培肥土壤,采用实地氮肥管理将有助于进一步降低水稻施氮量,提高产量和改善米质。 相似文献
2.
Recycling of rice straw to improve wheat yield and soil fertility and reduce atmospheric pollution 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Dr. Himanshu Pathak Ph.D. Ramandeep Singh M.Sc. Dr. Arti Bhatia Ph.D. Dr. Niveta Jain Ph.D. 《Paddy and Water Environment》2006,4(2):111-117
Burning of rice straw is a common practice in northwest India, where rice–wheat cropping system is extensively followed. The practice results in loss of nutrients, atmospheric pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. A field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during the rabi season (November to April) of 2002–2003 to evaluate the efficacy of the various modes of rice straw recycling in soil in improving yield and soil fertility and reducing not only carbon dioxide emission but also nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The treatment with no rice straw incorporation and application of recommended doses of fertilizer (120, 26 and 50 kg N, P and K ha−1, respectively), gave the highest yield of wheat. Treatments with the incorporation of rice straw at 5 Mg ha−1 with additional amount of inorganic N (60 kg N ha−1) or inoculation of microbial culture had similar grain yields to that of the treatment with no straw incorporation. The lowest yield was recorded in the plots where rice straw was incorporated in soil without additional inorganic N and with manure application. All the treatments with rice straw incorporation had larger soil organic C despite the effect on the mineralisation of soil organic matter. Emission of N2O was more when additional N was added with rice straw and secondary when straw was added to the soil because of higher microbial activity. The study showed that burning of rice straw could be avoided without affecting yield of wheat crop by incorporating rice straw in soil with an additional dose of inorganic N or microbial inoculation. However, the reduction of N2O emission due to avoiding burning is in part counterbalanced by an increase in emission during the subsequent wheat cultivation. 相似文献
3.
微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
设置漫灌常规施肥(CK)、微喷灌常规施肥(MC)以及微喷灌减肥20%(MR)3个处理,研究3种不同水肥处理对华北地区夏玉米营养生长和生殖生长以及最终产量的影响。结果表明,常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够促进玉米灌浆期生物量的积累,MC处理比CK处理显著提高9.58%,成熟期没有显著性差异;微喷灌减肥20%没有造成生物量积累的减少。常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够显著促进玉米子粒的灌浆速率,达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高9.99%,灌浆活跃期比CK高7.20%;微喷灌减肥20%处理,与CK处理相比达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1.60 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高10.59%,灌浆活跃期比CK高14.83%,最大灌浆速率低于CK处理。MC处理玉米产量最高,分别比CK处理与MR处理提高6.70%与5.68%(P0.05);MR处理与CK处理没有显著性差异。 相似文献
4.
Youzun Xu Lixiao Nie Roland J. Buresh Jianliang Huang Kehui Cui Bo Xu Weihua Gong Shaobing Peng 《Field Crops Research》2010,115(1):79-84
In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China. 相似文献
5.
直播早稻优化氮肥施用研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
在浙江省金华市对直播早稻优化氮肥施用进行了田间试验研究。试验结果表明,同农民常规的施肥实践相比较,精细养分管理的施肥技术能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可以显著提高氮肥的利用效率和水稻产量。在施氮量达到100 kg/hm2 时,表观肥料回收率达到0.36,氮肥农业效率达到15.24,同时可获得6 t/hm2的产量。 相似文献
6.
依托在黄土高原半干旱旱农区建立的不同培肥措施的田间定位试验,以不施肥(NA)为对照,研究4个等氮量的不同培肥措施单施化肥(CF)、单施商品有机肥(SM)、商品有机肥+化肥(SC)和单施玉米秸秆(MS)对旱作玉米水氮利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,单施化肥和有机无机配施显著提高了玉米产量及水氮利用效率,与不施肥相比,单施化肥和商品有机肥+化肥配施处理子粒产量、生物产量和水分利用效率分别增加了148.8%、136.5%、70.8%和105.7%、70.8%、81.6%。与单施化肥相比,商品有机肥+化肥、单施商品有机肥、单施玉米秸秆处理氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低了20.37%、83.97%、12.19%和50.18%、73.78%、44.14%。单施化肥处理和施商品有机肥+化肥处理均可提高玉米产量、生长期耗水量、水分利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,施商品有机肥+化肥产投比低于单施化肥。 相似文献
7.
Li Lin Zhang Zheng Tian Hua Umair Ashraf Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Al Aasmi Alaa Tang Xiangru Duan Meiyang Wang Zaiman Pan Shenggang 《水稻科学》2022,29(1):89
To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (MPST) rice, the seedlings of two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm2 and straw return at 6 t/hm2 in early seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment comprised of following treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), MDS (deep N fertilization and straw return), MBS (broadcasting fertilizer and straw return), MD (deep N fertilization without straw return), MB (broadcasting fertilizer without straw return). Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%?72.22% due to total above-ground biomass, leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%?55.80%, 38.52%?52.17% and 17.89%?28.40%, respectively, compared to the MB treatment. In addition, the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%?43.69%, N recovery efficiency by 141.45%?164.65%, N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%? 134.19%, nitrate reductase by 46.46%?60.86% and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%?31.02%, compared to the MB treatment. The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment. Hence, deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China. 相似文献
8.
实地氮肥管理下的水稻生长发育和养分吸收特性 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
以代表性水稻品种为材料，研究了实地氮肥管理模式下水稻的生长发育和养分吸收规律。与农民习惯施肥方法相比，实地氮肥管理在产量不降低甚至有所提高的前提下可以较大幅度地降低施氮量。实地氮肥管理水稻有效穗数有所下降，但其分蘖成穗率明显提高。穗分化前实地氮肥管理水稻叶面积指数和根质量低于农民习惯施肥法，抽穗后结果则相反。实地氮肥管理提高了抽穗期水稻的有效叶面积和高效叶面积的比率、抽穗至成熟的干物质积累、抽穗后根冠比和剑叶的光合速率以及齐穗期群体透光率。实地氮肥管理水稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收高峰均出现在穗分化至抽穗期，此阶段氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占最终总吸收量的45.6%~46.2%、39.6%~43.6％和44.2%～45.2％，均明显高于农民习惯施肥方法。对实地氮肥管理产量提高原因及养分吸收规律进行了讨论。 相似文献
9.
10.
Proyuth Ly Quynh Duong Vu Lars Stoumann Jensen Arjun Pandey Andreas de Neergaard 《Paddy and Water Environment》2015,13(4):465-475
We studied the effects of water regimes and nutrient amendments on CH4 and N2O emissions in a 2 × 3 factorial, completely randomised growth chamber experiment. Treatments included continuously flooded (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and three organic amendments: no amendment-control, rice straw (RS) and biochar (BC). Compound fertiliser was applied to all treatments. Rice was grown in columns packed with a paddy soil from Cambodia. Results revealed faster mineralisation of organic carbon (RS and BC) when applied in water-saturated conditions lasting for 2 weeks instead of flooding. This resulted in lower total CH4 emissions in treatments under AWD than those under the CF water regime, namely 44 % in RS treatments and 29 % in BC treatments. Nitrous oxide fluxes were generally non-detectable during the experimental period except after fertilisation events, and the total N2O–N emissions accounted for on average 1.7 % of the total applied mineral fertiliser N. Overall, the global warming potentials (GWPs) were lower in treatments under AWD than those under the CF water regime except for the control treatment with only mineral fertiliser application. Grain yields were slightly higher in treatments under AWD than the CF water regime. Hence, the yield-scaled GWP was also lower in the treatments under the AWD water regime, namely 51 % in RS, 59 % in BC and 17 % in control treatments. Control treatments had the lowest GWP, but provided the highest yield. The yield-scaled GWP under these treatments was therefore lower than under the other treatments. 相似文献
11.
等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以1989年建立的国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究等氮条件下有机无机肥长期配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,长期氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)及氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(牛粪+NPK、秸秆+NPK)有利于玉米产量的提高,与不施肥(CK)相比,分别提高192.0%、218.3%和192.6%。NPK、牛粪+NPK及秸秆+NPK处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单施氮肥处理。经18年长期定位试验,与试验初期相比均能提高土壤有机质含量、全氮含量及碱解氮含量,以牛粪+NPK处理效果最好,分别增加46.6%、28.6%和36.8%。施用牛粪及秸秆后土壤pH值年纪间变化不大,长期施用化肥土壤pH值降低。 相似文献
12.
再生稻肥料管理对不同品种产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】探明肥料管理、品种及其互作对再生稻头季和再生季产量和品质的影响,为再生稻高产优质育种和栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以4个华中地区主推的再生稻品种为材料,设置4种肥料管理方法,分别测定水稻的产量和产量构成因素、稻米品质(加工品质和外观品质)、干物质生产及相关农艺性状等。【结果】相比推荐施肥对照(CK),全生育期施用再生稻专用缓释肥(SRF)使两季施肥的次数从5次减少到3次,而且产量在头季和再生季分别达8.86和6.39 t/hm 2,较CK仅降低了6.2%和9.1%。SRF在头季减产主要归因于较低的结实率,而在再生季减产是每穗颖花数和总颖花数共同下降的结果。促芽肥施与不施对再生季产量没有影响。再生稻两季的加工品质和外观品质主要受品种的影响,肥料处理及其与品种的互作影响很小。相比其他3个品种,甬优4949的头季和再生季产量最高,加工品质和外观品质最好。【结论】施用专用缓释肥和省施促芽肥均能够在不大幅损失稻谷产量的同时减少施肥次数促进再生稻轻简化栽培。 相似文献
13.
The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of rice straw management and application of different types
of organic fertilizer on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted
in a farmer’s field at Muang Yai village, Khon Kaen province in 2005. A split-plot design was used, with the main plot under
rice straw management (incorporating into the soil and burning), and sub-plots by type of organic fertilizer (green manure,
cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer) and one plot under no-fertilizer application. It was found that rice straw incorporated
into the soil had no significant effect on grain yield when compared with the effect of burning. Organic fertilizer of cattle
manure and powder organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield over that of green manure and no-fertilizer application.
This paper is listed as a series of articles of the special issue “Water and Food” 6(1), March 2008. 相似文献
14.
为了明确水稻秧池培肥技术对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响,以便为苏北地区水稻机插秧技术推广应用提供参考,通过大田随机区组试验,设置不施肥(CK)、复合肥+尿素(CF+N)、二铵+尿素(TF+N)、复合肥+尿素+有机肥(CF+N+O)、二铵+尿素+有机肥(TF+N+O)5个处理,研究水稻秧池有机肥培肥对苏北地区机插秧秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,TF+N处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加13.52%、20.14%、10.19%、9.09%、5.00%;CF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、茎基宽、叶龄分别显著增加7.29%、10.72%、13.64%、2.50%;TF+N+O处理的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎基宽分别显著增加11.21%、13.07%、9.38%、13.64%。在产量方面,与CK相比,TF+N处理的穗数、穗粒数、理论产量和实际产量分别显著增加4.56%、8.91%、14.13%、11.60%,CF+N+O处理的实际产量显著增加9.63%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,短期内有机肥培肥秧池效果不显著;二铵配施尿素培肥秧池效果最好,水稻产量最高。 相似文献
15.
实地氮肥管理对稻米品质的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
在大田试验条件下,观察了实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。与农民习惯施肥法相比,实地氮肥管理在水稻产量持平或略有提高的情况下明显降低了施氮量。实地氮肥管理提高了稻米的加工品质,降低了垩白米率、垩白面积和垩白度,提高了稻米的透明度,改善了外观品质;实地氮肥管理还明显降低了直链淀粉含量,提高了胶稠度,降低了糊化温度和蛋白质含量。此外,实地氮肥管理明显提高了米粉的最高黏度、崩解值,降低了消减值,改善了稻米的食味品质。农户示范也取得了类似的结果。对实地氮肥管理改善稻米品质的原因进行了讨论。 相似文献
16.
长期秸秆还田对黑土碳氮及玉米产量变化的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
利用黑土长期定位试验,研究长期秸秆还田对黑土碳氮及玉米产量变化的影响。结果表明:与NPK处理比较,玉米秸秆还田处理没有显著促进黑土有机碳的积累。与试验初期相比,3个处理(CK、NPK和秸秆还田+NPK)土壤有机碳均同步增加,2006年与试验初比较均呈显著差异。与CK、NPK处理相比,秸秆还田+NPK处理能显著提高土壤N素的供应水平。各处理C/N比值在10.23～11.26之间。秸秆还田+NPK处理19年的玉米平均产量为8 958kg/hm2,与NPK处理基本一致,显著高于CK处理,表明施用有机氮(玉米秸秆还田)代替部分无机氮可以达到相同玉米产量水平。 相似文献
17.
免耕玉米秸秆覆盖水稻的生育特性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2002~2003年在大田条件下研究了玉米茬移栽稻不同耕作方式对杂交稻的产量和生长特性的影响。结果表明,玉米茬晚稻以免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理产量最高,免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理次之,分别比传统翻耕移栽增产121%~20.5%和7.5%~7.7%。主要表现在白根比例高,根系伤流量大,分蘖早生快发,干物质量高。玉米茬晚稻免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理各主要生育期叶面积指数大,叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率高,氮素的积累和吸收量大。免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理开花前生长较旺,但后期存在早衰现象。 相似文献
18.
基于秸秆还田条件下辽北地区适宜耕作方式及施肥量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过两年田间小区试验,在秸秆还田条件下,设不同耕作方式(旋耕、翻压和免耕)和还田周期(连年和隔年),研究不同秸秆还田模式和施肥量对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,与常规种植不还田相比,翻压还田处理显著降低耕层土壤容重,免耕还田处理显著增加耕层土壤含水率,秸秆还田提高土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分含量。连年翻压还田处理玉米穗部性状最优,子粒产量最高;其次为免耕还田处理,旋耕还田处理不利于玉米产量的提高。在同等氮肥施用水平下,秸秆还田处理使玉米产量显著提高,在此基础上增加氮肥投入量并未带来显著增产效应。相同秸秆还田条件下,减施50%钾肥处理的玉米子粒产量无显著变化。在辽北地区,秸秆还田配合翻压、免耕耕作措施能够改善土壤理化形状,有利于玉米稳产高产,连年翻压还田对玉米增产效应最理想,且秸秆还田配合适宜的化肥减量措施不仅能保证作物产量,可降低养分流失污染环境的风险。 相似文献
19.
东北黑土区秸秆不同还田方式下玉米产量及养分累积特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
通过4年田间定位试验,研究均匀垄和宽窄行种植模式下秸秆不同还田方式对玉米产量、地上部养分累积的影响。结果表明,种植年份、种植方式和秸秆还田方式均对玉米产量影响显著。宽窄行种植模式下子粒产量较均匀垄种植模式下高5.4%;秸秆还田方式处理间以秸秆深翻还田处理下产量最高,较秸秆不还田处理和秸秆覆盖还田处理分别增幅5.3%和10.0%。在产量构成中,收获穗数是各处理间产量差异的主要因素。进一步分析表明,秸秆深翻还田处理下出苗率和成穗率均最高,且在部分年份处理间差异显著。秸秆深翻还田处理下植株生物量及氮磷累积量分别较秸秆覆盖还田处理增加8.9%、8.3%、19.6%,其子粒中氮累积量最高。研究表明,秸秆深翻还田可显著提高玉米田间保苗率与植株成穗率,显著增加植株对养分的吸收能力以及养分向子粒中的转运效率,进而促进植株生长与产量形成,实现玉米高产稳产。 相似文献
20.
增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2015和2016年在大田试验条件下,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、常规施肥+有机肥(增施鸡粪1 500 kg/hm~2,NPKM)对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK和NPKM处理2015和2016年玉米产量分别增加13.62%和18.61%、36.75%和44.93%。植株叶片SPAD值、植株根系和地上部生物量均表现为NPKMNPKCK。与CK相比,增施有机肥后,土壤呼吸、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著增高,过氧化氢酶活性降低。相关分析表明,连续两年玉米子粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、成熟期的SPAD值和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与吐丝期和成熟期的根系生物量、地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。 相似文献