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1.
Horiguchi K Naito J Ishida M Harigaya T 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2007,53(3):515-523
Several studies have indicated that prolactin (PRL) assumes oligomeric, proteolytically cleaved, phosphorylated and glycosylated forms. Phosphorylated PRL (PPRL) is considered to be the most important posttranslationally modified form in the rat. In the present study, we examined whether or not PRL is present in the mouse pituitary gland in the phosphorylated form. Mouse pituitary PRL was digested with acid phosphatase, resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, stained with Coomassie brilliant blue, and then immunoblotted against the anti-PRL, anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphothreonine antibodies. We also examined whether PRL is phosphorylated by protein kinases and semi-quantified the ratios of PPRL to PRL in the pituitary gland. The results indicated that three types of PRL are present in the pituitary glands of both male and female mice. One was non-phosphorylated (isoform 1), and the other two were immunoreactive to anti-phosphoserine (isoform 2) and/or anti-phosphothreonine (isoform 3) antibodies. The ratio between isoforms 2 and 1 of the 30-day-old female mice was higher than that of the 20-day-old female mice. However, the ratios among the three isoforms in the male pituitary glands did not differ with age. The ratio of PPRL to isoform 1 was obviously reduced after ovariectomy (OVX), and it recovered with estrogen replacement. These results suggest that estrogen influences PRL phosphorylation in female mice. 相似文献
2.
本试验通过在饲粮中添加维生素与矿物质、调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平,旨在研究其对浙东白鹅母鹅繁殖性能、血液生殖激素浓度和生殖轴相关基因mRNA相对表达量的影响.选择138只月龄相近的浙东白鹅种母鹅,按体重相近原则分为3组,分别饲喂不同的饲粮,试验期150 d,测定繁殖性能(平均产蛋数、平均蛋重、受精率和孵化率)、血液生殖激素[卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、孕酮(P4)、雌二醇(E2)、催乳素(PRL)]浓度和生殖轴相关基因[促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、卵泡刺激素-β(FSHβ)、雌激素受体1(ESR1)、雌激素受体2(ESR2)、卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)、催乳素(PRL)、催乳素受体(PRLR)] mRNA相对表达量的变化.结果表明:1)添加维生素与矿物质可显著提高浙东白鹅母鹅第1产蛋周期平均蛋重和受精率(P＜0.05);提高第2产蛋周期内血液FSH和P4的浓度,降低LH浓度,改变E2、P4和PRL浓度波动(P＜0.05);下调下丘脑PRLR、垂体PRL和卵巢PRLR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05),上调卵巢ESR2基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05).2)调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平可显著提高浙东白鹅母鹅第2产蛋周期平均蛋重(P＜0.05);提高浙东白鹅第2产蛋周期内血液LH浓度,降低FSH浓度,改变E2和P4浓度波动(P＜0.05);上调下丘脑GnRH、垂体PRL和PRLR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05),下调卵巢FSHR基因的mRNA相对表达量(P＜0.05).由此得出,添加维生素与矿物质、调整饲粮能量蛋白质水平可通过影响产蛋周期内部分血液生殖激素浓度和波动,局部调节生殖轴相关基因的mRNA相对表达量,改善浙东白鹅母鹅的繁殖性能. 相似文献
3.
催乳素及其受体在青年公羊驼皮肤中分布的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
羊驼是一种经济价值很高的毛用动物，研究包括激素在内的各种因素对羊驼毛生长的调控极为重要。作者采用基因芯片杂交技术发现青年公羊驼皮肤中不仅存在PRL及其受体基因，而且还存在PRL相关蛋白基因，提示羊驼皮肤是PRL的一个垂体外合成部位，同时羊驼皮肤还可以合成PRL相关蛋白及PRL受体；通过荧光定量分析比较，认为羊驼皮肤合成的PRL是极少量的，垂体是PRL合成的主要部位；通过免疫组织化学技术确定PRL及其受体蛋白主要分布在羊驼毛囊上皮根鞘、表皮、皮脂腺等，提示PRL对羊驼皮肤及其衍生物可能以内分泌、自分泌和旁分泌的方式发挥作用。 相似文献
4.
Tohei A 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2004,50(1):9-20
In order to clarify the functional relationship between thyroid, adrenal and gonadal hormones, hypothyroidism was induced by administration of thiuoracil in adult male and female rats, and the effects of hypothyroidism on the adrenal and the gonadal axes were investigated in the present study. 1. The functional relationship between thyroid and adrenal hormones: Adrenal weights and corticosterone were lowered, whereas the secretion of ACTH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) increased in hypothyroid rats compared to euthyroid rats. These results indicate that hypothyroidism causes adrenal dysfunction directly and results in hypersecretion of CRH and AVP from the hypothalamus. 2. The functional relationship between thyroid and gonadal hormones: The pituitary response to LHRH was lowered, whereas the testicular response to hCG was not changed in hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism suppressed copulatory behavior in male rats. These results suggest that hypothyroidism probably causes dysfunction in gonadal axis at the hypothalamic-pituitary level in male rats. In adult female rats, hypothyroidism inhibited the follicular development accompanied estradiol secretion, whereas plasma concentrations of progesterone and prolactin (PRL) increased in hypothyroid female rats. Hypothyroidism significantly increased the pituitary content of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) though it did not affect dopamine synthesis. These results suggest that hypothyroidism increases pituitary content of VIP and this increased level of VIP likely affects PRL secretion in a paracrine or autocrine manner. In female rats, inhibition of gonadal function in hypothyroid rats mediated by hyperprolactinemia in addition to hypersecretion of endogenous CRH. 相似文献
5.
Prolactin gene expression in mouse pancreatic islets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Toshio HARIGAYA Michiko KOMORI Harumi WATANABE Satoshi WATANABE Takuji MATSUI 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(1):29-34
6.
Twelve crossbred gilts, 169 ± 3 days of age and 72.8 ± 3.4 kg body weight, were hypophysial stalk-transected (HST)1 or sham hypophysial stalk-transected (S-HST). Gilts were ovariectomized 6 days later and assigned to four treatments of 3 gilts each in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. One-half of the HST and S-HST gilts received 5 mg estradiolbenzoate (EB) or corn oil vehicle im at 0800 hr daily for 5 days beginning 64 ± 3 days after HST or S-HST. Blood was collected by jugular vein cannula at 0830 and 0900 hr the day after the last injection of EB or oil. Immediately after the 0900 hr sample, 200 μg thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were injected (iv). Mean basal serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was similar for HST (10.3 ± 1.0 ng/ml) and S-HST (12.3 ± 1.7 ng/ml) gilts, however mean basal serum PRL concentration was greater (P<.05) for EB-treated gilts (13.7 ± 1.3 ng/ml) than for oil-treated gilts (8.8 ± .5 ng/ml). Mean serum PRL concentration of all gilts increased within 10 min and returned to approximately 20 ng/ml by 150 min after TRH. Maximum serum PRL concentrations at 10 min after TRH were greater (P<.01) for S-HST (255.9 ± 29.6 ng/ml) than HST gilts (83.4 ± 18.8 ng/ml), but were not different for EB (198.0 ± 50.6 ng/ml) and oil-treated gilts (141.4 ± 36.3 ng/ml). Area under the serum PRL response curve after TRH was greater (P<.005) for S-HST than HST gilts and for EB than oil-treated gilts (P<.05). These results do not eliminate the possible influence of estrogen on PRL secretion at the hypothalamus, but do indicate that estrogen directly stimulated the anterior pituitary gland to secrete PRL. 相似文献
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8.
Hormone interactions confer specific proliferative and histomorphogenic responses in the porcine mammary gland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K.C. Horigan J.F. Trott A.S. Barndollar J.M. Scudder R.M. Blauwiekel R.C. Hovey 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2009
Mammary gland growth and morphogenesis are regulated by interactions between hormones as much as by their individual actions. The effect of these interactions on the mammary gland phenotype in species other than rodents is relatively undefined. We investigated the individual and combined effects of estrogen (E), progestin (P), and prolactin (PRL) on mammary gland development in gilts. Pigs were shown to have a ductal-lobular parenchyma that underwent hormone-stimulated progression of terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) morphogenesis similar to that in the human breast. Ovariectomy plus hypoprolactinemia abolished mammary gland growth. Estrogen alone stimulated mammary epithelial cell proliferation, terminal bud formation, and the progression of TDLU1 structures to a TDLU2 morphotype. Maximal epithelial cell proliferation, DNA content, parenchymal area, and morphological development of the porcine mammary gland were realized following treatment with E + PRL or E + P + PRL. In contrast, P alone did not promote epithelial cell proliferation, TDLU type progression, mammary gland growth, or morphogenesis. These data indicate that interactions between E and PRL are the main determinants of growth and morphogenesis in the porcine mammary gland. 相似文献
9.
Lipid compared with carbohydrate calories in the diet of peripartal sows was examined for specific metabolic effects. Blood samples from second-parity Yorkshire sows fed isocaloric-isonitrogenous diets that differed by either glucose or corn oil supplying 20% of the daily metabolizable energy intake were assayed for growth hormone (GH), insulin and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. On d 97 to 103 of gestation, serum GH levels were reduced following feed intake; the reduction was greater (P less than .05) in glucose-fed sows during the postprandial period. Insulin concentration was increased following consumption of either diet, but to a greater (P less than .05) extent in glucose-fed sows corresponding to the greater (P less than .05) blood glucose response. Basal, fasting concentrations of PRL were not affected by dietary energy source; however, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusion resulted in a greater (P less than .05) PRL response of fat-fed sows. Samples obtained on d 8 to 11 of lactation revealed that TRH stimulated (P less than .05) GH secretion and the response was greater (P less than .05) in fat-fed sows. Plasma insulin concentration was increased (P less than .05) following feeding, and the increase was greater (P less than .05) in glucose-fed sows. Similar to the response measured in gestating sows, TRH-induced increases in PRL was greater in fat-fed, lactating sows. Sham-nursing did not influence maternal PRL concentration compared with the immediate increase noted following natural nursing. No effect of dietary energy source on reproductive performance characteristics was noted. Results of this study have shown that dietary lipid, compared with carbohydrate, selectively increased the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to a GH and PRL secretagogue such as TRH. The beneficial effects of lipid in the diet of peripartal swine may be attributable, in part, to the effect of dietary lipid on maternal pituitary PRL synthesis and(or) release. 相似文献
10.
Blanco A Moya L Flores R Agüera E Monterde JG 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2002,49(1):13-17
The side-effects of anabolic steroid implants on mammary gland ultrastructure were evaluated in female lambs treated with oestradiol (n = 10) and with oestradiol plus trenbolone acetate (n = 10). Ten non-implanted lambs were used as controls. Apart from the ultrastructural study of the mammary gland, an assessment of the prolactin pituitary cell population was carried out by immunological methods. Our results showed that oestrogenic implants exert stimulating effects on mammary gland development, both by activating the synthesis process at mammary gland cell levels and by increasing prolactin pituitary production. Nevertheless, there was no evidence of secretory products in the lumen of the gland. Implants containing trenbolone acetate counteracted the mammary stimulus of oestrogens showing ultrastructural images of cell autolysis and necrosis. 相似文献
11.
Pituitary and serum from 86 male or female horses of various reproductive states were collected in the normal breeding season (summer) and in the nonbreeding season (winter) at a commercial slaughterhouse. Concentrations of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and reproductive steroids in serum and gross appearance of the reproductive tract and gonads were used to catagorize reproductive state. Concentrations of PRL were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter in pituitary and serum of mares, stallions and geldings. In summer, mares had higher (P less than .01) concentrations of PRL in serum than stallions. In mares, concentrations of LH in pituitary were higher (P less than .05) in summer than in winter. Concentrations of LH in serum were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter in mares and geldings, higher (P less than .01) in mares than in stallions in summer, higher (P less than .01) in geldings than in stallions in summer and higher (P less than .01) in mares with low serum progesterone (P) concentrations than in mares with high P concentrations in summer. Concentrations of FSH in pituitary and serum did not differ between summer and winter for any type of horse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
12.
为确定王不留行对奶牛乳蛋白合成信号转导通路的影响,本试验通过水浸提方法制备王不留行提取液,采用Western blotting方法分别检测经王不留行水浸提液、雌激素及催乳素处理的泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳蛋白合成信号分子的表达变化。结果显示,王不留行水浸提液、雌激素及催乳素都可以促进p-STAT5、p100、GAS、S6K1及p-mTOR的表达,进而促进乳蛋白合成,且添加蛋氨酸可以促进这一作用。提示,王不留行具有和雌激素、催乳素相似的作用,并在转录和翻译水平调节泌乳基因表达。 相似文献
13.
狮头鹅PRL基因的克隆及原核表达 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了进一步研究PRL对狮头鹅繁殖性能的生理调节机制,采用RT-PCR方法从狮头鹅脑垂体组织扩增获得PRL基因的cDNA序列,克隆至pMD18-T载体获得重组质粒pMD18-PRL,并进行序列测定和分析。将测序正确的cDNA序列定向克隆到pET32a(+),构建表达载体pET32a-PRL,并转化至BL21(DE3)大肠杆菌表达目的蛋白,经IPTG诱导后进行SDS-PAGE检测和Western Blot分析。狮头鹅PRL基因编码区含有600个核苷酸,编码199个氨基酸(GenBank No.GQ856665),与其它禽类PRL具有高度保守性;狮头鹅PRL蛋白二级结构由多个α螺旋和β转角及无规卷曲构成,推测N端70～76、95～102、150～155和207～213区段为其抗原表位的优势区。SDS-PAGE检测表明狮头鹅PRL基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达,可溶性表达产物约占全菌总蛋白的53.6%,融合蛋白分子量约41ku,并用镍柱亲和层析法分离纯化融合蛋白。Western Blot分析证实了所获的融合蛋白具有较强抗原性。试验结果为进一步研究PRL基因的生物功能及其对狮头鹅就巢、产蛋等生产性状的影响奠定了基础。 相似文献
14.
After 8 wk exposure to 8 h of light per day, prolactin (PRL) averaged 18.3 ng/ml of serum in eight male calves. Four calves then received 16 h of light per day; 6 wk later (age 14 wk) PRL averaged 93.8 ng/ml of serum, whereas PRL averaged 36.9 ng/ml of serum in four calves maintained under 8 h of daily light. By wk 20, PRL was not different in calves exposed to 16 or 8 h of daily light, averaging 34.7 and 17.2 ng/ml serum. Testosterone averaged .43 ng/ml of serum at wk 8 but was greater at wk 14 in calves receiving 16 h of light daily when compared with controls receiving 8 h of light (1.92 vs. .97 ng/ml of serum). Testosterone concentrations were not different between photoperiod treatments at wk 20. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were unaffected by photoperiod. In a second experiment, four male calves were castrated at approximately 2 wk of age while four similar controls were left gonadally intact. After 8 wk exposure to 8 h of light per day, PRL averaged 12.3 ng/ml of serum in all calves. After 6 wk exposure to 16 h of light per day, PRL in serum increased in castrates to 48.0 ng/ml and in controls to 59.8 ng/ml. We conclude that serum concentrations of PRL and testosterone, but not LH, increased in bull calves receiving 16 h of light daily relative to calves receiving 8 h of light, and that the PRL response to photoperiod is independent of the testes. However, 16 h light-induced stimulation of serum concentrations of prolactin is not maintained indefinitely. 相似文献
15.
Developmental changes in pituitary content and secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL), testicular size and steroidogenic function, testicular LH- and FSH-binding activity, and growth of the accessory sex organs were examined for 24 Dorset X Leicester X Suffolk rams (born in March) every 30 days from 30 to 150 days of age, and again at 200 days. Pituitary LH and FSH contents increased between 30 and 60 days of age and remained constant until 150 days, when contents were somewhat greater than on either 120 or 200 days. LH-pulse amplitude and frequency, and mean FSH concentration, were highest at 60 and (or) 90 days of age. Testicular growth increased dramatically between 90 and 150 days of age in association with increases in the number of LH- (100-fold) and FSH- (33-fold) binding sites in the testis and a small increase in blood testosterone concentration (1 ng/ml). During the same period, pituitary content and blood concentration of PRL increased to maximal values, epididymal, vesicular gland and bulbourethral gland weights increased 6-fold, and body weight doubled. Between 150 and 200 days of age, testosterone concentration increased considerably (8 ng/ml), as did LH-pulse frequency and the amount of LH- and FSH- binding in the testis; the reproductive organs continued to grow at a rate faster than that of the body as a whole. Testicular development of ram lambs was accompanied by increases in the secretion of all three pituitary hormones with gonadotropic properties, and in the number of LH and FSH receptors. 相似文献
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17.
J Kaufman P N Olson T J Reimers T A Allen S F Soderberg T M Nett S L Wheeler W E Wingfield 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(2):486-492
Serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin, thyroxine, and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in 15 euthyroid dogs and 5 thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration were measured. Although thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs had higher (P less than 0.01) base-line concentrations of TSH in serum than did euthyroid dogs, concentrations of TSH after TRH administration varied at 7.5, 15, and 30 minutes with 14 of 45 samples obtained from healthy dogs having lower TSH concentrations than before TRH challenge. Similarly, concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in the serum of euthyroid dogs 4 hours after TRH administration were similar (P less than 0.05) to concentrations before TRH challenge. Although the mean concentration of thyroxine in serum was elevated (P less than 0.05) 4 hours after administration of TRH to euthyroid animals, as compared with base-line levels, the individual response was variable with concentrations not changing or decreasing in 4 dogs. Therefore, the TRH challenge test as performed in the current investigation was of limited value in evaluating canine pituitary gland function. Although mean concentrations of TSH in serum were higher (P less than 0.05) in euthyroid dogs after TRH administration, the response was too variable among individual animals for accurate evaluation of pituitary gland function. Concentrations of prolactin in the sera of dogs after TRH administration, confirmed previous reports that exogenously administered TRH results in prolactin release from the canine pituitary and indicated that the TRH used was biologically potent. 相似文献
18.
白羽王鸽部分生殖激素表达的发育性变化及其表达的组织差异初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解鸽特殊的就巢泌乳机理,本研究采用放射免疫技术(RIA)和荧光定量PCR技术对公、母鸽在青年期、就巢期和哺育期3个生理时期,血清中催乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)2种激素浓度的动态变化和催乳素受体(PRLR)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)mRNA在脑、肝脏和肾脏3种组织中的表达变化进行检测.结果表明:在测定期间母鸽血液中2种激素的平均浓度均高于公鸽.在青年期,测定前公鸽血清中PRL和E2水平没有显著变化,但在测定后期(124 d)PRL浓度下调,而此时母鸽血清中E2浓度显著提高;就巢期,公、母鸽血清中PRL浓度都有显著升高趋势,并在哺育期达到最高峰,母鸽血清中E2浓度随着就巢时间的延续有下降的趋势,到哺育中期才升高.在鸽脑、肝脏、肾脏3种组织中均表达PRLR和VIP这两种基因,与青年期相比,就巢期公、母鸽脑组织中PRLRmRNA相对表达量显著增加,在哺育第1天达到最高;在就巢期,脑组织中公、母鸽VIP mRNA相对表达量显著高于青年期和哺育期.初步推断PRL对鸽就巢行为的发生和维持起重要作用. 相似文献
19.
T Hashizume T Sasaki S Nonaka T Hayashi M Takisawa M Horiuchi T Hirata E Kasuya 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(2):184-189
It has been reported that the posterior pituitary (PP) gland contains a potent, unknown prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor (PRF) in rats. PRFs are assumed to be produced in neurones located within the hypothalamus, and to be peptidergic in nature. However, little is known about PRFs in domestic animals. To characterize the PRF in the PP of domestic animals, the present study examined the PRL-releasing activity of an acidic extract from bovine PP (bPP) in vitro and in vivo in cattle. First, the PRL-releasing effect of bPP extract was compared with that of PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells. The extract significantly increased PRL concentrations in the culture medium, at doses of 0.002 and 0.02 eq./ml (one eq. is the PP extract from one animal), compared with the control (p < 0.05). PrRP failed to stimulate the release of PRL. TRH significantly increased PRL concentrations in the culture medium, at doses from 10(-9) to 10(-7) M, compared with the control (p < 0.05). The rate of increase in the PRL concentration, by 0.02 eq./ml bPP extract, was significantly greater than that in TRH (p < 0.05). Secondly, plasma PRL responses to the intravenous (i.v.) injection of bPP extract (0.5 eq./head), PrRP [3.59 mug/kg body weight (BW)], TRH (1 mug/kg BW), and a dopamine receptor antagonist (sulpiride, 0.1 mg/kg BW), were examined in calves. PrRP failed to stimulate PRL release; however, plasma PRL increased immediately following the injection of bPP extract, TRH and sulpiride. The PRL-releasing effect of i.v. injections of TRH and sulpiride was more potent than that of bPP extract. Finally, plasma PRL responses to the intra-hypothalamic injection of bPP extract were examined in calves. The intra-hypothalamic infusion (arcuate nucleus) of 0.0625 eq./head of bPP extract strongly stimulated PRL release in calves (p < 0.05). The present results show that PP contains a physiologically potent PRF in cattle. 相似文献