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1.
The effect of early and late sowing dates on the establishment of Orobanche crenata Forsk. (crenate broomrape) in resistant and susceptible cultivars of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were studied over four seasons in southern Spain. Differences in establishment, development and shoot emergence of the parasite were compared. With resistant faba bean and vetch cultivars, there was reduced attachment and shoot emergence of O. crenata with all sowing dates. Susceptible cultivars were more severely affected by the parasite with early sowing. Orobanche crenata development was also delayed in resistant cultivars. Crop yield, estimated by the number of pods per plant, decreased with late sowings. The combined use of resistant cultivars and early sowing is a useful tool as part of an integrated control strategy. Resistant cultivars allow early sowing (with low O. crenata attack), thus avoiding yield losses due to the short crop cycle with late sowing. 相似文献
2.
The influence of broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk) infection levels on commercial broad bean (Vicia faba L.) crops was investigated and an equation relating yield losses to O. crenata density was derived. O. crenata growth was weakly and negatively related to the final height or shoot number of the broad bean plant. O. crenata decreased seed yield mainly by reducing the number of pods. The number of seeds per pod was also decreased by O. crenata infection when competition occurred at late-crop growth stages when most of the pods had already developed. Bean unit seed weight was only weakly affected by infection. Correlation coefficients between O. crenata number and broad-bean seed yield per plant were significant at P=0·05 and greater than 0·70 in most locations. On average, about four O. crenata per broad-bean plant decreased seed yield by half. An estimation of the percentage of losses in any field can be calculated from the equation: %loss = 100 × 0·124 × OcN. where OcN is the average final number of emerged O. crenata per plant. 相似文献
3.
Prediction of yield loss caused by Orobanche spp. in carrot and pea crops based on the soil seedbank
Root parasites of the genus Orobanche cause serious losses in many subtropical crops. Direct control options are very limited and crop yield loss can reach 100%. Prediction of potential damage in a crop before sowing or planting would support farmers in their choice of crop. This paper discusses the relationship between the number of Orobanche spp. seeds in the field and yield loss in peas (Pisum sativum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) in Israel. Yield loss due to Orobanche crenata Forsk. in peas was 100% at high infestations, whereas in carrots when O. crenata and O. aegyptiaca were present it stabilized at about 50% for moderate infestations of 200 seeds per kg of soil. Statistical analyses related the yield loss from parasitism in peas and carrots to the numbers of Orobanche seeds remaining in the soil. A rectangular hyperbolic model, previously applied to competition data, fitted the data well. Confidence intervals for per cent yield loss were calculated using the bootstrap method. The practical applications of these models in predicting yield loss are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Weed control is a major concern for organic farmers around the world and non-chemical weed control methods are now the subject
of many investigations. Field studies were conducted in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from 2004 to 2006 at the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute experiment field to determine the weed suppressive
effects of winter cover crops. Treatments consisted of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), gelemen clover (Trifolium meneghinianum Clem.), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and a control with no cover crop. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications.
To determine the weed suppressive effects of the cover crops, weed density and total weed dry biomass were assessed at 14,
28, and 56 days after termination (DAT) of the cover crops from all plots using a 50 × 50 cm quadrat placed randomly in each
plot. After cover crop kill and incorporation into soil, tomato seedlings variety ‘H2274’ were transplanted. Broadleaved weed
species were the most prominent species in both years. Total weed biomass measured just prior to cover crop incorporation
into the soil was significantly lower in S. cereale plots than in the others. The number of weed species was lowest at 14 DAT and later increased at 28 and 56 DAT, and subsequently
remained constant during harvest. This research indicates that cover crops such as L. multiflorum, S. cereale, V. sativa and V. villosa could be used in integrated weed management programs to manage some weeds in the early growth stages of organic tomato. 相似文献
5.
The broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk) susceptibility to glyphosate applied on faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by the parasite growth stages at the time of application was studied under field conditions. Glyphosate treatments delayed O. crenata emergence. Single glyphosate application to faba-bean infected with O. crenata predominantly at the stage (a) (small nodule) and (b) (nodules with initial vestigial roots) resulted in a moderate to low control. When the stages (c) (shoot bud already visible) or (d) (shoot and vestigial roots well developed) were the predominant stages, an excellent control was achieved with a single glyphosate application at 60 g ha?1. Increased development stages, with the shoot emerged from the shoot bud, decreased its susceptibility to glyphosate. La lutte contre Orobanche crenata en culture de férerole avec le glyphosate; influence des doses d'herbicide et du stade de développement du parasite 相似文献
6.
Over the last two decades, the demand for organic products has grown rapidly in the world due to increased concern about side
effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. Studies were conducted in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from 2004 to 2005 at the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in Samsun, Turkey, to determine the suppressive effects
of summer cover crops on weeds. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications.
Treatments consisted of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], sudangrass [Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc.], hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and bare ground with no cover crop. Weed density and total weed dry biomass were assessed before and at 14, 28, and 56 days
after incorporation (DAI) of the cover crops. The cover crops produced between 1.2 and 3 t ha−1 biomass and grain sorghum produced more dry matter than any other species in both years. After incorporation of the cover
crops, hairy vetch and sorghum treatments showed fewer weed species, and lower weed density than the other cover crops in
both years. Hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass were the most effective cover crops and reduced total weed dry biomass
by 90.3%, 87.4%, and 86.9% in 2004, and by 88%, 86.3%, and 85.2% in 2005, respectively. Cover crop residue suppressed many
broadleaved weed species but failed to control grass weeds. Hairy vetch treatments produced the highest yield, followed by
sudangrass and grain sorghum. Yields with grain amaranth and pea were similar to that of the control. These results indicate
that hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass can be used to suppress weeds in early season of organic lettuce production. 相似文献
7.
Evgenia Dor Hanan Eizenberg Daniel M. Joel Evgeny Smirnov Guy Achdari Joseph Hershenhorn 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(2):285-291
Weeds of the genus Orobanche are obligatory chlorophyll-lacking root parasites that infect and severely damage many dicotyledonous agricultural crops in warm-temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The genus comprises over 100 species, at least six of which are notable weeds. Orobanche palaestina Reut. is an endemic Mediterranean species, previously reported to parasitize thistles [Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. and Cirsium phyllocephalum Boiss. & Bl.] and annual legumes in native Mediterranean habitats, mainly in disturbed places such as roadsides and waste sites. In recent years, we have observed a rapid expansion of O. palaestina populations adjacent to commercial agricultural fields in the Jezreel Valley of Israel. The ability of O. palaestina to infect crops was tested in pots under nethouse conditions. The experiments revealed that O. palaestina is able to parasitize agricultural crops. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), gazania (Gazania uniflora Gaertn.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) were found to be potential hosts for this parasite, and all of them, except vetch and artichoke, were preferred to thistle, the native host. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) induced O. palaestina seed germination and root attachment, but the attached parasites could not reach maturity and died soon after the attachment stage. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) were not parasitized by O. palaestina. 相似文献
8.
Localized placement of prometryne, linuron and diuron in the soil at the first or second shoot internodes of dwarf broad bean (Vicia faba L.) equally reduced aerial plant growth, whereas simazine and atrazine had no effect. Growth reduction also occurred when the first shoot internode of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus L.) in the soil was treated with all five herbicides, especially with diuron. Localized placement of these herbicides at the first or second shoot internodes of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the soil equally reduced aerial plant growth. Foliar injury to vetch due to placement of these herbicides in the shoot zone of the soil was markedly reduced by simultaneous treatment with trifluraiin or nitralin which prevented adventitious root development on the shoot without otherwise affecting plant growth. This lack of root development on the shoots treated with trifluraiin was associated with a marked decrease in 14C-labelled atrazine uptake, which probably accounted for the reduction in atrazine phytotoxicity. A similar explanation may account for the reduced phytotoxicity of the other herbicides in the presence of trifluraiin or nitralin. 相似文献
9.
H. M. LAWSON 《Weed Research》1983,23(1):27-38
Competition between annual weeds and vining peas (Pisum sativum L.) at five target population densities between 11 and 194 plants/m2 was examined by means of periodic destructive sampling of weedy and weed-free plots. A further area of each plot was cut and vined to assess yields. Weeds impaired vegetative development, particularly by reducing tillering in low density crops. This resulted in weedy plots having fewer pods per plant at harvest but a lower proportion of flat pods than weed-free plots. Weeds had no effect on numbers or weights of peas in full pods nor on tenderometer values of samples of vined peas. Adverse effects of weeds on the growth of individual crop plants decreased with increasing crop density. However, at lower crop densities many of the additional pods on weed-free plots contributed little to vined yield, while at higher densities, direct or indirect effects of weeds increased the problem of maintaining sufficient photosynthetic area during pod swelling to prevent pod abscission and poor ovule development. Regression analysis of yield on crop density and of yield on numbers of pods per plant showed that vined yield per hectare was reduced by weeds by a constant amount across the range of densities and numbers of pods examined. Vining throughput was also reduced in weedy as compared with weed-free crops, even on high density plots where little or no weed vegetation remained at harvest. In general, weed presence had effects similar to those caused by increasing crop density, but without the additional contribution to yield made by extra plants. Higher density crops suppressed weeds very effectively but were no less vulnerable to yield loss than those of lower density; they therefore merit just as much attention to effective weed control as crops suffering more visibly from competition by weeds. 相似文献
10.
The interactions between the root parasitic weed Orobanche crenata Forsk. and its host plant faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) were quantified under controlled and field conditions at ICARDA's Tel Hadya research station. In the field experiments conducted in 1993–94 and 1994–95 faba beans were sown on two dates, in plots with 0, 50, 200 and 600 O. crenata seeds kg–1 soil, under both limited and sufficient moisture supply. The effects of temperature on the duration of the early developmental stages of O. crenata were investigated in a growth chamber. The extent of O. crenata infestation was closely related to the number of parasite seeds in the soil. The seed-density treatment with 600 seeds kg–1 soil resulted in complete crop failure. Furthermore, O. crenata infestation was higher under sufficient than under limiting water supply conditions, irrespective of sowing date. Only in the moderately infested plots, did shifting of the planting time of faba bean result in a significant decrease in parasite dry weight and an increase in crop seed yield. The timing of germination, attachment and further developmental stages of O. crenata was not related to faba bean growth stage and was affected primarily by soil temperature. The duration of O. crenata developmental stages was estimated using the thermal time concept. The relationship between total number of parasite attachments at the harvest of the faba bean crop and O. crenata seed density was dependent on maximum faba bean root-length density measured by the start of pod-filling in each treatment combination of sowing date and moisture supply. The results are discussed with reference to implications for the development of a dynamic simulation model for the prediction of faba bean yield losses caused by O. crenata . 相似文献
11.
There is an increasing interest in the legume species Medicago truncatula as a model plant for structural and functional genomic studies that can be used to identify agronomically important genes in legumes. Field screening has shown very high levels of resistance to Orobanche crenata in M. truncatula. However, in vitro studies with O. crenata, Orobanche foetida, Orobanche ramosa and Orobanche minor showed useful variation among accessions at early stages of the parasite–host interaction. Significant differences were observed in the levels of germination of O. crenata and O. foetida seeds induced by different accessions of M. truncatula. Only limited germination was observed on accession SA‐4327. All accessions induced little O. ramosa and O. minor germination. Accessions also varied in the number of O. crenata and O. foetida attachments supported, with few developing on accession SA‐27774. The variation observed for induction of germination and of subsequent attachment will be useful to isolating and characterizing genes involved in the early stages of Orobanche–host plant interaction and for the study of the biosynthetic pathways of production for germination stimulants. 相似文献
12.
Usman Ijaz Michael Ayliffe Kedar Adhikari Harbans Bariana Urmil Bansal 《Plant pathology》2020,69(7):1227-1236
Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species. 相似文献
13.
The effects on plant growth of applying trifluralin or nitralin combination with simazine, atrazine, prometryne and linuron to the upper 5-cm root region of vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) were investigated. Foliar injury due to herbicides of the second group was markedly reduced in each species by simultaneous treatment with trifluralin or nitralin both of which inhibited lateral root growth without affecting aerial plant growth or tap root extension growth. This inhibition of lateral root growth in roots treated with trifluralin or nitralin was associated with reduced uptake and subsequent transport to the foliage of 14C-labelled simazine in vetch and pea and 14C-labelled atrazine in soybean. This probably accounted for the reduction in simazine and atrazine phytotoxicity. In the presence of trifluralin or nitralin comparatively higher amounts of radioactivity were retained in the roots of pea and soybean and this reduced the amount of 14C available for transport to the foliage. This was not evident in vetch. 相似文献
14.
Field studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of imazaquin and glyphosate in controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and O. aegyptiaca Pers.) in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Northern Syria. Several rates and times of application of the herbicides were tested. Nearly complete control of broomrape was achieved with both the herbicides when they were sprayed twice (when the broomrape attachments to the faba bean roots were at tubercle stage of develoment and 15 days later) at a rate of application of 80 g a.i. ha?1 for glyphosate and 10 g a.i. ha?1 for imazaquin. However, the yield of faba bean did not increase with these treatments, suggesting that the herbicides at these rates were still causing some physiological disorder in the plant that counteracted the beneficial effect of broomrape control on the performance of faba bean plants. 相似文献
15.
The effect of localized placement of trifluralin on uptake patterns of soil-applied 45Ca in vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) and 32P in vetch and pea was investigated in two soil zones in the roots and in the shoot zone before and after plant emergence. When trifluralin was in the upper root zone severe inhibition of lateral roots occurred as well as a marked decrease in uptake of 45Ca and 32P from this zone. Root growth in the lower zone was unaffected, but uptake of 45Ca and 32P was slightly reduced. Compensatory adventitious root growth as well as a marked increase in uptake of 45Ca and 32P occurred in the shoot zone. Neither root growth nor uptake of 45Ca or 32P in the upper root zone were affected by the presence of trifluralin in the lower root region. When trifluralin was placed in the shoot zone after plant emergence, adven-titious roots on the shoots were inhibited and uptake of 45Ca and 32P was reduced. 相似文献
16.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1999,54(3-4):87-96
Experiments were performed to elucidate the biochemical nature of the differential response of resistantVicia atropurpureacv. Popany and susceptibleVicia sativacv. Yovel to the parasitic weedOrobanche aegyptiaca. Plant root material was obtained by growing vetch plants in association withOrobancheseeds on glass microfibre filter sheets inserted in polyethylene bags replenished by nutrient solution. Higher concentrations of bound phenolics, free phenolics and lignin, and higher activity of peroxidase were observed in cv. Popany roots as a result ofO. aegyptiacainfection than were found in cv. Yovel vetch. No differences in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins levels were detected between infected and non-infected roots of either vetch cultivar. These results suggest that the resistant vetch defense mechanism involves elevated induction of the phenylproponoid pathway uponOrobancheinfection, conferring mechanical and chemical barriers confronting the invading parasite. 相似文献
17.
J. Pinowski 《EPPO Bulletin》1973,3(1):107-109
From the point of view of Polish agriculture, the rook (Corpus frugilegus L.) causes the most damage. Jackdaws (C. monedula L.) usually forage together with rooks and are equally abundant as a breeding species in the southern and central regions of Poland. Fields under spring oats, barley, wheat, maize, peas and winter wheat are the main feeding grounds of rooks and jackdaws. Unlike the corvine birds, starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), in Poland, only cause damage to cherry orchards, although in certain areas they also attack strawberries and currants. The house sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) cause considerable damage to ripening crops of wheat, barley, and sunflowers. Domestic pigeons cause considerable damage to crops of peas, wheat and maize grown within a 50 km radius of a town. 相似文献
18.
A study on the population dynamics of broom-rape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) in faba bean (Viciafaba L.) was conducted in two locations for 8 years. The O. crenata seed bank increased every year in the 20-cm depth arable layer until it reached approximately 4 million (M) seeds m?2. Seed viability ranged between 53% and 68%, approximately half of the seeds remaining dormant. About 3 × 10?3% of the seed bank became attached to the root system of the faba beans. Only 9% of the attached broomrapes developed and emerged from the soil, possibly reflecting high levels of intraspecific competition. Maximum broomrape seed production for a population of 53 emerged broomrapes per m2 was approximately 4 M seeds m?2. About 43% of the seeds produced were not incorporated into the soil, most probably as a result of their degradation, decomposition or dispersion. Stock semencier et autres paramètres démographiques de I'orobanche crénelée (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) dans des cultures de féverolle (Vicia faba L.) Une étude de la dynamique de populations d'orobanche crénelée (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) dans des cultures de féverolle (Viciafaba L.) a été menée pendant 8 années sur deux sites. Le stock semencier de O. crenata a augmenteéchaque année dans la couche (20 cm) arable du sol jusqu'à atteindre 4 millions (M) de graines m?2. La viabilité des graines était comprise entre 53 et 68%, approximativement la moitié d'entre elles présentaient une dormance. Environ 3 × 10?3% du stock semencier adhérait au système racinaire de la féverolle. Seulement 9% des orobanches adhérantes se développaient et levaient, ce qui pourrait refléter une compétition intraspécifique importante. La production maxi-male de graines par une population de 53 orobanches levées au m2était d'environ 4 M graines m?2. Environ 43% des graines produites n'étaient pas incorporées au sol, très prob-ablement en raison de leur dégradation, de leur décomposition ou de leur dispersion. Bodensamenbank und andere populationsde-mographische Parameter der Sommerwurz Orobanche crenata Forsk. in Bestanden der Acker-Bohne (Vicia faba L.) Bei einer Untersuchung der Populationsdy-namik der Sommerwurz Orobanche crenata Forsk. in Beständen der Acker-Bohne (Vicia faba L.) an 2 Orten über 8 Jahre hin nahm die Bodensamenbank in der Pflugzone von 20 cm Tiefe jedes Jahr zu, bis sie rund 4 Millionen Samen m?2 erreichte. Die Lebensfähigkeit der Samen lag bei 53 bis 68%, etwa die Hälfte war dormant. Ungefähr 3 × 10?3% kamen mit den Bohnenwurzeln in Berührung. Nur 9% davon entwickelten sich und wuchsen heran, worin vielleicht der hohe Grad intraspezifischer Konkurrenz zum Ausdruck kommt. Die höchste Zahl gebildeter Samen eines Sommer-wurzbestands von 53 Pflanzen m?2 war rund 4 Millionen. Etwa 43% der gebildeten Samen gelangten nicht in den Boden, wahrscheinlich weil sie zerstört oder verweht wurden. 相似文献
19.
Linear regression of dry weight of weeds against crop density, together with the use of diversity indices and principal component analysis were used to derive information about changes in the behaviour of annual weeds over the growing season and in response to a wide range of crop densities in vining peas Pisum sativum L. Using linear regression it was possible to quantify reductions in weed dry weights per unit increase in crop plant density The ‘weed losse’ factor was acceptably consistent between experiments. Indices examining richness and evenness showed that numbers of weed species declined with increasing crop density and as the season progressed, but although species evenness became less at successive sampling dates the presence of a pea crop, whatever its density, did not radically alter the composition of the weed flora. Principal component analysis demonstrated that although there was competition within the weed flora, the crop did not replace the dominant weed species on high density plots, but reduced growth of all weed species alike. 相似文献
20.
Effect of defoliation by livestock on stem canker caused by Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus
Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape), an important break crop for cereals across the Australian wheat belt, is being rapidly adopted as a dual‐purpose (forage and grain) crop in mixed farming systems. Stem canker caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans is the most important disease of B. napus in Australia. The primary source of inoculum is airborne ascospores released during autumn/winter which coincides with the grazing of dual‐purpose crops. Field experiments were defoliated by sheep to determine the effect of grazing on blackleg stem canker severity at plant maturity in B. napus cultivars differing in their resistance level and grazed at different times. One cultivar was sown on different dates to investigate the impact of grazing at the same time, but at different growth stages. Defoliation by mowing was compared to defoliation by livestock. Similar amounts of dry matter remained after defoliation by machinery (0·66 t ha?1) or livestock (0·52 t ha?1). However, stem canker severity was higher in the grazed (40% of crown cross‐section diseased) compared with the mown (25%) treatment, which was higher than the ungrazed control (9%). Stem canker severity generally increased with grazing, but the increase was eliminated or reduced in cultivars with good resistance. Grazing during vegetative plant growth minimized the increase in stem canker severity compared with grazing during reproductive growth. Currently, cultivars with good L. maculans resistance are recommended in high disease situations. To avoid excessive yield loss in dual‐purpose B. napus crops due to L. maculans it is recommended that such cultivars are grown even in low‐moderate disease situations. 相似文献