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1.
Pecan scab, caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusicladium effusum, is the most destructive disease of pecan. Little is known of the population genetic diversity of this pathogen. In this study, microsatellites were mined from the F. effusum genome, and flanking primers were subsequently designed. A total of 275 microsatellites were screened, and 33 selected primers produced reliable, polymorphic markers against 46 isolates of F. effusum from 11 diverse locations in the southeastern USA. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from two to 17, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) from 0.475 to 0.911. A unique pattern informative combination (UPIC) analysis of three groups of 12 isolates each and 33 primers consistently showed a minimum number of markers required for the maximum discrimination of isolates equal to 3. The characteristics of the unique patterns (UP) and informative contents (IC) were very similar. However, the primers that were selected by UPIC were not necessarily the same for each of the three groups. Using all 46 isolates showed each locus was polymorphic, with a single‐population level Shannon's information index of 1.516, indicating substantial diversity. These markers show a range in polymorphic content and power of discrimination that will be valuable tools for studies of genetic diversity in F. effusum.  相似文献   

2.
To test how efficiently plantations and seed orchards captured genetic diversity from natural Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subspecies pallasiana Holmboe) seed stands, seed sources were chosen from 3 different categories (seed stands (SS), seed orchards (SO) and plantations (P)) comprising 4 different breeding zones of the species in Turkey. Twenty-five trees (mother trees) were selected from each SS, SO and P seed sources and were screened with 11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Estimated genetic diversity parameters were found to be generally high in all Anatolian black pine seed sources and the majority of genetic diversity is contained within seed sources (94%). No significant difference in genetic diversity parameters (numbers of effective alleles, % of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity) among seed source categories was found, except for a slight increase in observed heterozygosities in seed orchards. For all seed source categories, observed heterozygosity values were higher (Ho = 0.49 for SS, 0.55 for SO and 0.49 for P) than expected ones (He = 0.40 for SS, 0.39 for SO and 0.38 for P) indicating the excess of heterozygotes. In general, genetic diversity in seed stands has been transferred successfully into seed orchards and plantations. However, the use of seeds from seed orchards can increase the amount of genetic diversity in plantations further. The study also demonstrated that number of plus-tree clones (25–38) used in the establishment of seed orchards was adequate to capture the high level of diversity from natural stands.  相似文献   

3.
Bursaphelenchus willibaldi, associated with trees in two separate locations in forests of northern Iran, are characterized and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The Iranian population of B. willibaldi has a body length of 392–595 μm, stylet length of 12–14 μm, c‐index of 9.0–14.5 and PUS length of 51–82 μm. Males have spicules 15–18 μm long along the arch line. The Iranian population showed morphometric variations compared with the originally described samples. For example, it has a shorter body in females and males, greater c‐index, slightly greater range of V, slightly smaller range of PUS and tail length. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the recovered populations revealed both sequenced isolates forming a clade with one European isolate of the species using Bayesian inference (BI) analysis with full Bayesian posterior probability (BPP).  相似文献   

4.
Armillaria species have a global distribution and play variable ecological roles, including causing root disease of diverse forest, ornamental and horticultural trees. Accurate identification of Armillaria species is critical to understand their distribution and ecological roles. This work focused on characterizing an unidentified Armillaria isolate from a Serbian forest using pairing, sequencing of the partial large subunit and intergenic spacer‐1 regions of rDNA (LSU‐IGS1) and the translation elongation factor‐1 alpha gene (tef‐1α) genes, and phylogenetic analyses. Despite previously obtained LSU‐IGS1 RFLP patterns that matched the newly described North American Armillaria altimontana, pairing tests and phylogenetic analyses of LSU‐IGS1 and tef‐1α sequences clearly demonstrate that the unidentified isolate is not A. altimontana. Based on LSU‐IGS1, Armillaria gallica isolates were polyphyletic, and the Serbian isolate clustered with a subset of European A. gallica isolates within a well‐supported clade (99%). Based on tef‐1α, the Serbian isolate appeared as a separate, well‐supported clade (97%) that was basal to other poorly resolved, polyphyletic clades containing European A. gallica isolates. It is speculated that the unidentified Armillaria isolate from Serbia could represent an evolutionary ancestral state because of its separate, basal position compared with other clades comprising polyphyletic European A. gallica isolates. Alternatively, this unidentified Serbian isolate could represent an unusual hybrid because of its high‐level sequence heterogeneity, represented by multiple two‐nucleotide codes, within tef‐1α. Further characterization is needed to confirm the taxonomic status and ecological/evolutionary significance of this unique, unknown Armillaria isolate from Serbia.  相似文献   

5.
Syzygium malaccense is a woody species, known as Malay apple, which is grown as an ornamental or for fruit production in Brazil, mainly in the northern and north‐eastern regions. A high incidence of dieback has been observed in Malay apple in ornamental situations, including streets and gardens. Morphological identification, sequencing analysis of TEF+ITS gene regions and a pathogenicity test confirmed that fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae cause the disease. This is the first report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum causing dieback on S. malaccense trees in Brazil.  相似文献   

6.
The research into the side effect of fungicides used in the control of the most serious disease in apples (Venturia inaequalis) i. e. the research into the influence of fungicides on the population of phytophagous mites, was carried out at Nedeli??e (North-West Croatia) during 1997 and 1998. The study is related to the population of the mites most present in apple orchards, such as red spider mite (Pananychus ulmi) and other mites (Aculus schlechtendali andTetranychus urticae). Fungicides which are known to be effective against scab, i. e.Venturia inaequalis, and used in fruit production in Croatia, were tested in order to investigate their secondary properties which have not yet been studied. The following fungicides were used: cyprodinil, dodine, dichlofluanid + bitertanol (as tank mix), and kresoxim-methyl. The tests were repeated three times; the application time was determined by monitoring the conditions for infection. The treatments were done curatively, i. e. up to 96 h after the onset of infection conditions. The mite population was estimated by the pressing method, which yielded the average number of mites per leaf. All the results were statistically processed by variance analysis and by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, and are presented graphically and in tables. The paper also presents graphically the climatic conditions, scab infections and application time. The research over two years have shown a pronounced suppressive effect of dichlofluanid + bitertanol on populations of phytophagous mites, while the other fungicides used in the research had a neutral effect on the mite papulation.  相似文献   

7.
Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.  相似文献   

8.
Young apple trees exhibiting symptoms of little leaf, margin involute and yellows were observed in an open‐air nursery in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Transmission electron microscopy showed typical phytoplasma bodies in the sieve tube elements of symptomatic leaf samples. In two nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, products of expected size of 1.1 and 1.2 kb were separately generated from the total DNAs of symptomatic samples. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the purified 1.2 kb PCR products indicated that the disease associated with apple trees was ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’ infecting apple trees in China.  相似文献   

9.
Die‐back of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum is a serious problem in plantations of these trees in Ecuador. Similar symptoms have also been observed on trees of this species in various parts of South Africa. The most common fungi isolated from disease symptoms on S. parahyba var. amazonicum in both locations were species of the Botryosphaeriaceae. The aim of this study was to identify these fungi from both Ecuador and South Africa, and to test their pathogenicity in greenhouse and field trials. Isolates obtained were grouped based on culture morphology and identified using comparisons of DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF‐1α) gene regions. The β‐tubulin‐2 (BT2) locus was also sequenced for some isolates where identification was difficult. Three greenhouse trials were conducted in South Africa along with a field trial in Ecuador. Neofusicoccum parvum was obtained from trees in both areas and was the dominant taxon in South Africa. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the dominant taxon in Ecuador, probably due to the subtropical climate in the area. Isolates of Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme (from South Africa only), Neofusicoccum umdonicola and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (from Ecuador only) were also obtained. All isolates used in the pathogenicity trials produced lesions on inoculated plants, suggesting that the Botryosphaeriaceae contribute to the die‐back of S. parahyba trees. While the disease is clearly not caused by a single species of the Botryosphaeriaceae in either region, N. parvum has been introduced into at least one of the regions. This species has a broad host range and could have been introduced on other hosts.  相似文献   

10.
Ocean Expo Park, established in 1976 on subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan, has approximately 8000 planted or naturally grown trees in an area of 77.2 ha. Windfall of these trees occurs mainly due to typhoons; wood chips made from the trunks and roots of windfall trees are commonly used as mulching material throughout the park areas, despite possible infection by pathogenic fungi such as Phellinus noxius, the pathogen causing brown root rot. P. noxius is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and has a broad host range. The fungus can infect host plants with mycelia via root-to-root contact or with basidiospores. Here, we report the current status of tree damage caused by brown root rot in the park and infer the infection routes of P. noxius based on microsatellite markers. Among a total of 294 trees surveyed in the park, P. noxius was isolated from 13 trees of five species. P. noxius was observed more frequently on Ficus microcarpa than on other tree species. Ficus superba var. japonica was identified as a new host species, and Bombax ceiba was first recorded as a host plant of P. noxius in Japan. Among the 13 P. noxius isolates from the diseased trees, 2 isolates from adjacent diseased trees were considered to be of the same genet, while the other 11 isolates were different genets, indicating that infection by basidiospores occurred frequently among trees in the entire park, although spread via root systems also occurred between at least two adjacent trees. An identical genet was not detected at distant locations, which suggests that the disease does not spread via chips. However, mulching with chips can lead to wood decay due to decaying fungi other than P. noxius. Therefore, in accordance with the precautionary principle, the park currently prohibits the chipping and mulching of windfall or damaged trees and is considering disposal methods such as burning.  相似文献   

11.
Sweet crab apple (Malus coronaria) is a popular ornamental tree planted in gardens and urban forests in South Korea. In 2018, severe symptoms were observed on street plantings of sweet crab apple in Jinju, South Korea including shoot blight: shoot tips, twigs and foliage of infected trees turned brown, and dried completely. The causal agent isolated from the disease lesions was identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava based on biochemical tests, pathogenicity, and 16S rRNA and rpoD gene sequencing. On artificial inoculation, this pathogen not only caused shoot blight on sweet crab apple, but also bulb rot and leaf blight on onion. Here, we report the occurrence of bacterial shoot blight caused by P. viridiflava in sweet crab apple for the first time in the world.  相似文献   

12.
India is the largest grower of Eucalyptus with an area of 3.943 million hectares under plantations and E. tereticornis is the predominant species in the plains of southern India with an average productivity of 12–25 m3 ha−1 year−1. With the aim to establish seedling seed orchards of the species, seed lots of fifteen provenances were imported from Australia and a trial was laid. In the present study the genetic diversity existing in the seed orchard was estimated using ISSR–PCR. Seven ISSR primers amplified 663 amplicons in the size ranging from 255 to 2,711 bp. The total number of polymorphic bands varied from 59 to 123 with 100% polymorphic banding profiles. The average gene diversity (Hj) of all the provenances ranged from 0.0589 to 0.1109 and the total gene diversity estimated was low (H T = 0.130) when compared to the earlier reports from other eucalypts species. Analysis of Molecular Variance partitioned the ISSR variation into inter and intra population components. The inter population component accounted for 55.2% of the variation and the intra population component accounted for 46.3% (P < 0.001). A neighbour-joining analysis was done using the dissimilarity matrix to determine the aggregation of the individuals into clusters. Existence of population structure among the populations was revealed in STRUCTURE analysis but geographical region based clustering was not observed. The assessment of intra and inter genetic variation documented in the present study suggests that, along with the phenotypic traits, knowledge about genetic diversity measured at the DNA level in individuals of seed orchards provide an objective guide for selective culling of trees for maintaining optimal diversity for enhanced genetic gains.  相似文献   

13.
It has been previously shown that European mountain ash ringspot‐associated virus (EMARaV), a multipartite, negative‐strand RNA plant virus, is pathogenic for European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.). However, its transmissibility to and replication in other host species remains poorly understood. In this work, we performed experimental inoculations of seventeen virus‐tested species and interspecies hybrids of subfamily Maloideae (family: Rosaceae) with buds from EMARaV‐infected S. aucuparia trees. Surprisingly, a majority of the graft‐inoculated tree species, for instance Sorbaronia, Aronia and Amelanchier, developed symptoms typical for EMARaV infection. These symptoms included chlorotic spots of various size and shape and mottling on leaves but not on flowers and fruits. The propagation of EMARaV in graft‐inoculated tree species was subsequently confirmed by molecular detection tools. Based on these results, we carried out a systematic survey throughout the Czech Republic and identified the presence of EMARaV in wild growing trees in all explored regions, with massive disease infestation in several locations. More importantly, EMARaV infection was newly detected in S. aucuparia subsp. moravica, S. aucuparia × Crataegus sanguinea cv. Granatnaja, (Sorbus aria × Aronia arbutifolia) × S. aucuparia cv. Burka, cv. Finskaja (a Sorbus hybrid of unknown origin) and Aronia melanocarpa; all these EMARaV‐infested trees were grown in production orchards. The sequencing of the nucleocapsid (NC)‐coding gene from several of these EMARaV isolates provided insight into the population structure and phylogenetic relationships of the EMARaV variants occurring in the Czech Republic. Together, our biological and molecular findings extend our knowledge on the host range of EMARaV and provide the first evidence of its natural occurrence in hosts dissimilar to S. aucuparia.  相似文献   

14.
Mortality of Nothofagus trees in the southern‐central Chile region has been observed for over 30 years. A field survey conducted in 2013 detected partial defoliation and bleeding cankers on Nothofagus obliqua in a pure stand in the Nahuelbuta coastal ranges of the Biobío region. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated from stem cankers and soil samples around symptomatic N. obliqua trees: All isolates were identified as Phytophthora pseudosyringae. These isolates were pathogenic on 1‐year‐old N. obliqua and Nothofagus alpina, and on detached twigs of adult N. obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi trees. This paper is the first to report association and pathogenicity of P. pseudosyringae with N. obliqua, N. alpina and N. dombeyi native to the Biobío region of Chile. The potential of P. pseudosyringae to cause damage in natural Nothofagus stands in Chile must be determined.  相似文献   

15.
Species of Armillaria were identified from 645 isolates obtained in a nation‐wide survey in Albania. The material was collected from ca. 250 permanent plots, established for monitoring forest health, and from forests and orchards attacked by Armillaria. Armillaria mellea s.s. occurred on several coniferous and broadleaved trees in most areas examined, although it was absent above 1100–1200 m in northern Albania. This species damaged Abies and Quercus spp. and, to a lesser extent, other forest trees. Armillaria mellea was also commonly recorded causing damage in orchards and vineyards. Armillaria gallica was a common saprophyte or weak pathogen in coniferous and deciduous forests at altitudes from 600 to 1600 m, and less commonly on oaks at lower altitudes. Armillaria ostoyae was rare in central and southern Albania, but common in northern Albania, causing significant damage to pine and other conifers, mostly at altitudes from 600 to 1800 m. Armillaria cepistipes was recorded at altitudes from 800 to 1800 m as a saprophyte or weak pathogen on conifers and deciduous trees, mostly in beech and silver fir forests. Armillaria tabescens was found in oak forests at altitudes from sea level to 900 m. In orchards, A. tabescens occasionally attacked almond and pear trees. Armillaria borealis was found in a few locations in northern Albania, at altitudes from 800 to 1800 m.  相似文献   

16.
Wild apple forests in the Tian Shan Mountains in north‐western China have been adversely affected by an unknown disease in recent years. Symptoms attributed to this disease that affects wild apple trees include xylem browning and dieback which are suggestive of infection by Fusarium species. Therefore, the research team conducted the first survey for Fusarium in the afflicted wild apple forests. Twig samples with symptoms of xylem browning and dieback were collected in the Xinyuan, Gongliu, Yining and Huocheng Counties of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in China. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological observation, sixty strains of Fusarium accounted for 48% of the total number of fungi isolated from samples were subsequently classified into six species including twenty‐four F. avenaceum, seventeen F. solani, ten F. tricinctum, five F. proliferatum, two F. sporotrichioides and two unfamiliar Fusarium sp. 1. The five previously known species of Fusarium were then tested for pathogenicity to leaves and twigs in vitro. The results indicated that all of the species, except for F. tricinctum, can cause obvious lesions on the leaves of host plants and on the twigs of Fuji and wild apple. This is the first report of Fusarium species pathogenicity in Xinjiang wild apple forests, confirming a new host for these pathogens in this study.  相似文献   

17.
The fungus Ceratocystis huliohia was detected for the first time in dead and dying Metrosideros polymorpha trees on the Island of Kaua?i, Hawai?i, U.S.A. Fungal isolates were recovered from diseased trees into culture, and identities were confirmed by diagnostic qPCR assay and DNA sequencing. Growth chamber inoculations confirmed C. huliohia pathogenicity on M. polymorpha seedlings and subsequently the same fungus was recovered, completing Koch's postulates. DNA sequence analysis revealed a unique ITS haplotype for Kaua?i isolates of C. huliohia that has not been found on Hawai?i Island.  相似文献   

18.
Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of southwestern Australia, is suffering decline and mortality associated with a canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of C. calophylla, and a hypothesis is that Phytophthora root infection is predisposing C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen. Field surveys were conducted in both anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed C. calophylla stands, from where a total of 100 rhizosphere soil samples, from both healthy and cankered trees, were collected. Phytophthora species were isolated from 26% of the samples collected, with Phytophthora incidence significantly higher on disturbed stands than in natural forests (73% and 27%, respectively). Five Phytophthora species were recovered, including P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis. Under‐bark inoculations with the Phytophthora isolates caused significant lesion lengths in excised C. calophylla stems. Corymbia calophylla response to pot infestation trials in the glasshouse varied between Phytophthora species and isolates, with isolates of P. cinnamomi and P. multivora causing a significant reduction in seedling root volume and often leading to seedling death. This study demonstrates that root disease caused by Phytophthora species, especially P. cinnamomi and P. multivora, has the ability to adversely affect C. calophylla health. This study leads the way to do a dual inoculation trial with the canker pathogen Q. coyrecup, and different Phytophthora species to investigate if Phytophthora root infection predisposes C. calophylla to this canker disease.  相似文献   

19.
The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease and is transmitted to new host trees by beetles of the genus Monochamus. The increasing interest in imported wood chips from North America for paper production and energy purposes and the corresponding phytosanitary risk of non‐vector transmission of B. xylophilus has been discussed since 1984, the year of the first interception of B. xylophilus in wood chips in the European Union. The long‐term survival of B. xylophilus in wood chips and its non‐vector spread from infested wood chips to non‐infested trees were studied. Pinus sylvestris logs were inoculated with a suspension of B. xylophilus to produce infested wood chips. During the long‐term storage test, B. xylophilus in P. sylvestris wood chips were examined. Four variants, including sealed and openly stored wood chips at both 15°C and 25°C, were studied. For the test of non‐vector spread, B. xylophilus ‐infested wood chips were placed on three‐ to four‐year‐old P. sylvestris saplings under different conditions. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus survived for more than 1 year at both temperatures in the sealed wood chips, which was significantly longer than for the openly stored variant at 25°C. Temperature, tree condition and wood chip location all influenced non‐vector spread through wood chips. Of the 480 trees that were in contact with infested wood chips and showed clear symptoms of pine wilt disease, B. xylophilus were extracted from 42 pines at 25°C and one pine at 15°C. The highest B. xylophilus infestation rates resulting in clear pine wilt disease symptoms (75%) were found in infested wood chips directly attached to stem‐wounded trees at 25°C. However, more variants exhibited B. xylophilus infestation at this temperature; trees with stem or root injuries plus direct contact with infested wood chips to the wounded part were primarily affected. Moreover, non‐vector spread was also detected in stem‐ and root‐injured pines without any direct contact with infested wood chips. Our results confirmed that B. xylophilus can survive for long periods in wood chips and can be transmitted from infested wood chips to damaged trees, but the likelihood of such PWN establishment should be low compared to spread through vectors. These findings must be considered in the pest risk analysis of B. xylophilus, and studies using outdoor trials should be carried out to complete this pest risk analysis.  相似文献   

20.
We surveyed chestnut stands at 18 sites in 11 locations in Bulgaria in 2005 and 2007 for the presence of chestnut blight. We found chestnut blight in seven locations (Belogradchik, Berkovitsa, Brezhani, Barziya, Govezhda, Petrich and Petrovo) but not in four others (Tsaparevo, Kresna, Dupnica and Botevgrad). We successfully isolated Cryphonectria parasitica from cankers on 606 trees with symptoms of chestnut blight and assayed them for vegetative compatibility (vc) types and mating type. Three vc types were identified among the 606 isolates; all three were among the European vc types with known vegetative incompatibility (vic) genotypes. Vc type EU‐12 was the most common, representing 80% of the isolates, and was found at all locations with blight, with the exception of Belogradchik in north‐west Bulgaria, where all isolates were vc type EU‐2. Only one population (Barziya) had more than one vc type, with a combination of EU‐12 and EU‐10 in almost equal frequencies. Similarly, the diversity of mating types was very low. All but three of 536 isolates assayed were in mating‐type MAT‐1; MAT‐2 was only found in one population in the north‐west (Berkovitsa). We inspected 671 bark samples from chestnut blight cankers with stromata of C. parasitica and found perithecia in only 33, of which 28 were from Berkovitsa where MAT‐2 was present. We did not detect hypoviruses in any of the 270 isolates screened using the standard double‐stranded RNA extraction protocol. Similar to results from previous studies in south‐eastern Europe, the diversity of vc types and mating type of C. parasitica in Bulgaria is low, and reproduction of the fungus is mainly asexual. Unfortunately, naturally occurring hypovirulence was not detected. Nevertheless, we observed a small number of superficial cankers typical of those caused by C. parasitica isolates infected with a hypovirus.  相似文献   

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