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泾惠渠灌区浑水泥沙输移特征 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
通过对泾惠渠灌区2013年夏秋灌期干支斗渠浑水资料的实时取样分析,探究渠灌区渠系挟沙水流含沙量及泥沙级配的时空变化规律,量化描述不同粒径悬移质泥沙颗粒的输移特征,旨在获得灌渠渠系内挟沙水流历经冲淤过程不同粒径悬沙沿程的垂向分布与输移规律,为渠灌区的运行及泥沙问题的处理提供理论基础。灌区内进行的原型取样测流工作在选定的具有代表性的干-支-斗渠线路上进行,观测分析了灌区渠系含沙量及不同粒径泥沙颗粒沿垂线分布的特征,验证分析了挟沙水流历经淤积过程含沙量分布的变化规律。通过对典型渠系线路不同粒径悬移质泥沙的沿程调整计算分析,表明不同粒径泥沙沿程的输移特征不同,各分组沙的冲淤特征并不都和全沙平均计算结果一致,其中级配曲线左端一定粒径范围（约＞0.015 mm）的粗沙与全沙具有同冲同淤的规律。该研究可为泾惠渠灌区泥沙处理利用以及渠灌区浑水调控理论与技术的进一步研究提供依据。 相似文献
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湖南武水流域泥沙颗粒特性及分形规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
流域土壤流失的泥沙颗粒及其分布与流域土壤有关,影响流域土地质量和输沙过程。以武水流域天然河道的53次降雨径流输沙过程实测资料为基础,运用R-R(Rosln-Rammler)粒径分布函数法分析了泥沙颗粒级配特性及其分形规律。结果表明,流域多年均悬移质泥沙颗粒组成为粘粒11%、粉粒51%、细砂粒32%和粗砂粒6%,以粉粒和细砂粒为主体,占83%。1981年以后,悬移质泥沙颗粒中粘粒和粉粒含量相对减少,悬移质泥沙颗粒呈变粗的趋势。悬移质泥沙颗粒组成具有分形特征,分形维数D与小于0.005 mm粉粒及粘粒含量呈较显著相关,与中值粒径相关性较差。流域推移质泥沙颗粒中值粒径平均为0.874 mm,推移质泥沙以砂、石砾为主。推移质泥沙颗粒组成具有分形特征,分形维数D与小于0.3 mm细砂及粉粒含量呈显著相关。流域泥沙级配及其变化,有利于分析泥沙来源,采取相应的治理措施,控制泥沙。 相似文献
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旋流排沙渠道是基于旋转水流的特点提出的一种水沙分离新技术,为明确不同来流条件对旋流排沙渠道排沙特性的影响,该研究通过物理模型试验探究了来流流量、来流流速、泥沙级配及下游渠道水力条件下旋流排沙渠道的排沙、余沙及淤沙特性,分析了其截沙率变化规律。结果表明,当来流条件改变时,旋流排沙渠道的排沙特性发生规律性变化,在来流流量增加或流速增加或来沙中值粒径减小情况下,旋流排沙渠道的排沙量减小,余沙量增加,其中改变来流流量对截沙率的影响最为明显,最大变幅为16.3%。不同水沙条件下0.075～0.315 mm细颗粒泥沙的排沙量及余沙量均存在较大差异,且下游渠道余沙均以该粒径区间的泥沙为主,而粒径>0.315～3.0 mm泥沙的排除效果受水沙条件改变的影响极小。排沙洞内泥沙淤沙量随来流量和泥沙中值粒径的增加而增加,而随流速的增加而减少,但各水沙条件下最大淤沙量仅为来沙量的2.6%。在渠道下游设置挡水板后,旋流排沙渠道的排沙性能得到进一步提升,提高了粒径>0.16～0.315 mm泥沙的排除效果,与不设挡水板相比截沙率增加了4.6个百分点,也改善了排沙洞内的泥沙淤积问题。旋流排沙渠道具有良好的泥沙分选效果,能有效排除高含沙水流中的粗颗粒泥沙（在不同水沙条件下最小截沙率为76.9%）,从而减少了泥沙对渠道下游设施的影响,因此工程中可通过优化流量、流速、下游水力条件等提升旋流排沙渠道的排沙特性。研究明确了不同水沙条件下旋流排沙渠道的适用性,成果可为其在工程中的设计和应用提供参考。 相似文献
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以2009年8月4日蒋家沟的一场泥石流入汇小江后泥沙观测资料为基础,分析了蒋家沟泥石流入汇小江后的泥沙输移特征。泥石流为小江直接提供了大量的悬移质泥沙,导致入汇时小江输移的泥沙量剧增,输沙率达到了平时的5倍以上;部分堆积于入汇口的泥石流固体物质也在泥石流结束后受小江水流冲刷再次起动,使小江悬移质输沙率在泥石流结束后呈平稳下降,与蒋家沟呈幂曲线下降形成明显的区别。由于泥石流输入的泥沙中细颗粒更容易被小江水流输移,因此尽管入汇的泥石流泥沙中粗颗粒含量较高,但在小江泥沙中含量增加的却是较细的粉沙、黏土颗粒,小江悬移质的中值粒径与含沙量、输沙率和流量的关系曲线都呈上凸形。 相似文献
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流域系统径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
尺度问题在地貌过程及水文模拟研究中具有重要意义,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟小流域为例,基于毛沟-支沟-干沟尺度序列典型水文站的实测径流泥沙数据,分析流域系统基于事件的径流侵蚀链内泥沙输移的空间尺度效应。结果表明:1)基于侵蚀链毛沟-支沟-干沟不同空间尺度的平均输沙模数、平均含沙量、最大含沙量分别依次为3 912、3 285、3 522 t/km2,497、524、679 kg/m3,639、634、800 kg/m3,且在流域系统中均保持空间上的不变性;2)与单一力学指标相比,引入洪峰流量项的水流功率、单位面积径流能量及水流能量等复合能量指标能更好地描述侵蚀链不同尺度内及尺度间水沙关系;3)侵蚀链的输沙量主要取决于径流量,而洪峰流量能更好地解释侵蚀链内不同尺度径流输沙的差异,在侵蚀输沙的预测变量中引入表征径流变率的指标会提高中小型产沙事件泥沙预报的可靠性;单位洪峰流量(增加1 m3/s)引起的输沙增量是单位径流量(增加1 m3)增沙作用的875倍以上,欲消除侵蚀链内上下游径流输沙的空间尺度效应,则需将对应的洪峰流量比调控至5‰以下,或将对应的径流能量比调控至600以下;4)侵蚀链内上游含沙水流对下游的泥沙输移影响有限,随流域面积增大,含沙水流的空间尺度效应降低,输沙模数300 t/km2的大型侵蚀产沙事件尤为明显。分析结果突出了流域系统径流侵蚀的过程特性和洪水调控可能引起的巨大减沙潜力。因此,针对高含沙水流,侵蚀链内泥沙调控及其水土保持措施的效益评估和功能评价亦应基于过程。研究结果可为全面揭示径流调控系统的水土保持意义、推动水土保持措施效益的精细化评估提供理论依据和科学支撑。 相似文献
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利用1999年黄河下游河道汛前深层(河南段为11 m,山东段为10 m)钻孔淤积物取样资料和2000年以来汛前钻孔取样资料,对黄河下游河道主槽淤积物粒径变化情况进行的分析表明:1960年以前在无三门峡水库影响的“天然”水沙状态下,黄河下游河道主槽淤积物中粒径大于等于0.10 mm的泥沙含量为50.7%;1960~1999年河道主槽淤积物中粒径大于等于0.10 mm的泥沙含量为20.4%,比1960年以前少30.3个百分点;小浪底水库运用初期,下泄的大多为低含沙水流和细泥沙,特别是经过3次调水调沙试验,加剧了河道冲刷,主槽床沙逐渐粗化,粒径大于等于0.10 mm的泥沙含量有向50%靠近的趋势。 相似文献
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坡面径流侵蚀产沙机理试验研究 总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6
利用野外模拟降雨试验,分析不同植被条件覆盖下坡面降雨入渗产流和侵蚀产沙过程特征及其互作关系,阐明不同植被类型对坡面降雨侵蚀产沙过程的调控机理及其差异。结果表明：荒地、草地和坡耕地坡面产流产沙过程线均较林地的强烈,呈现出多峰多谷的特点,产沙过程较产流过程波动更为剧烈;坡面累计产沙量随累计径流量增加呈幂函数显著递增趋势,坡面侵蚀产沙过程表现为发育期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段。在水沙调控方式上,林地主要通过植被根系削减侵蚀动力、增加入渗、削减径流及减缓流速等途径实现水沙调控,具有蓄水减沙的水土保持功效;草地植被主要通过地表植被冠层拦截实现水沙调控,具有直接拦沙的水土保持功效;植被空间结构对水沙调控作用有明显差异,其中植被根系的存在对发挥植被水土保持作用至关重要。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
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Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献