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1.
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2.
In order to assess the capacity of the boreal forest ecosystem to intercept atmospheric carbon over a period of years, a climate-driven growth model (FinnFor, process-based) was applied to calculate the seasonal and inter-annual variability of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and component carbon fluxes (gross primary production - GPP and total ecosystem respiration - TER) against a 10-year (1999-2008) period of eddy covariance (EC) measurements in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in Eastern Finland. Furthermore, the role of climatic factors, leaf area index (LAI) and physiological responses of trees regarding the ecosystem carbon fixation processes were evaluated. An hourly time-step was used to simulate the carbon exchange based on measured tree/stand characteristics and meteorological input for the experimental site, and the dynamic LAI was used throughout the 10-year simulations. The model predicted well the annual course of NEE compared to the measured values for most of the years, with the development of LAI (2.4-3.3 m2 m−2, as simulated). The simulated NEE over the study period shows that, on average, 62% of the variation refers to daily and 88% to monthly measured NEE. Both modeled and measured daily NEE showed similar responses to the temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit during the growing seasons. In the simulation, the annual amount of GPP varied from 720.8 to 910.4 g C m−2 with a mean value of 825.3 g C m−2, and the annual mean TER/GPP ratio was 0.79, close to the measured value. Carbon efflux from the forest floor was the dominant contributor to the forest ecosystem respiration. The inter-annual variation of GPP mostly corresponded to the development of LAI, temperature sum and total incoming radiation over the 10-year simulation period. It was suggested that the process-based model could be applied to study the carbon processes for natural and management-induced dynamics of Scots pine forest ecosystem over longer periods across a wider climate gradient in the boreal zone.  相似文献   

3.
The exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and a beech forest near Sorø, Denmark, was measured continuously over 14 years (1996-2009). The simultaneous measurement of many parameters that influence CO2 uptake makes it possible to relate the CO2 exchange to recent changes in e.g. temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The net CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured by the eddy covariance method. Ecosystem respiration (RE) was estimated from nighttime values and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) was calculated as the sum of RE and NEE. Over the years the beech forest acted as a sink of on average of 157 g C m−2 yr−1. In one of the years only, the forest acted as a small source. During 1996-2009 a significant increase in annual NEE was observed. A significant increase in GEE and a smaller and not significant increase in RE was also found. Thus the increased NEE was mainly attributed to an increase in GEE. The overall trend in NEE was significant with an average increase in uptake of 23 g C m−2 yr−2. The carbon uptake period (i.e. the period with daily net CO2 gain) increased by 1.9 days per year, whereas there was a non significant tendency of increase of the leafed period. This means that the leaves stayed active longer. The analysis of CO2 uptake by the forest by use of light response curves, revealed that the maximum rate of photosynthetic assimilation increased by 15% during the 14-year period. We conclude that the increase in the overall CO2 uptake of the forest is due to a combination of increased growing season length and increased uptake capacity. We also conclude that long time series of flux measurements are necessary to reveal trends in the data because of the substantial inter-annual variation in the flux.  相似文献   

4.
Northern wetlands are critically important to global change because of their role in modulating atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and CH4. At present, continuous observations for CO2 and CH4 fluxes from northern wetlands in Asia are still very limited. In this paper, two growing season measurements for CO2 flux by eddy covariance technique and CH4 flux by static chamber technique were conducted in 2004 and 2005, at a permanently inundated marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. The seasonal variations of CO2 exchange and CH4 flux and the environmental controls on them were investigated. During the growing seasons, large variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) were observed with the range of −4.0 to 2.2 (where negative exchange is a gain of carbon from the atmosphere) and 0-7.6 g C m−2 d−1, respectively. Ecosystem respiration (RE) displayed relatively smooth seasonal pattern with the range of 0.8-4.2 g C m−2 d−1. More than 70% of the total GEP was consumed by respiration, which resulted in a net CO2 uptake of 143 ± 9.8 and 100 ± 9.2 g C m−2 for the marsh over the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005, respectively. A significant portion of the accumulated NEE-C was lost by CH4 emission during the growing seasons, indicating the great potential of CH4 emission from the inundated marsh. Air temperature and leaf area index jointly affected the seasonal variation of GEP and the seasonal dynamic of RE was mainly controlled by soil temperature and leaf area index. Soil temperature also exerted the dominant influence over variation of CH4 flux while no significant relationship was found between CH4 emission and water table level. The close relationships between carbon fluxes and temperature can provide insights into the response of marsh carbon exchange to a changing climate. Future long term flux measurements over the freshwater marsh ecosystems are undoubtedly necessary.  相似文献   

5.
The self-heating correction is known to modify open-path eddy covariance estimates of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, typically towards reduced uptake or enhanced emissions, but with a magnitude heretofore not generally documented. We assess the magnitude of this correction to be of order 1 μmol m−2 s−1 (daytime) for half-hourly fluxes and consistently over 100 g C m−2 for annual integrations, across a tower network (CARBORED-ES) spanning climate zones from Mediterranean temperate to cool alpine. We furthermore examine the sensitivity of the correction to its determining factors. Due to significant diurnal variation, the means of discriminating day versus night can lead to differences of up to several tens of g C m−2 year−1. Since its principal determinants - temperature and wind speed - do not include gas flux data, the annual correction can be estimated using only meteorological data so as to avoid uncertainties introduced when filling gaps in flux data. For fast retro-correction of annual integrations published prior to the recognition of this instrument surface heating effect, the annual impact can be roughly approximated to within 12 g C m−2 year−1 by a linear function of mean annual temperature. These determinations highlight the need for the flux community to reach a consensus regarding the need for and the specific form of this correction.  相似文献   

6.
A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO2 flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g−1 and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g−1, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g−1, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g−1) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g−1, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO2 emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m−2 during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m−2 during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m−2 yr−1 in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO2 emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m−2, respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO2 emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO2 during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO2 flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO2 flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO2 flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.  相似文献   

7.
This paper reports the results of soil respiration (SR, including heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration), in a presumably successional series (early, middle and advanced) of subtropical forests in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in Guangdong Province, China. A static chamber method was used to characterize SR in dynamics of diurnal and seasonal patterns. The relationships of SR with soil temperature (ST) at 5 cm depth and with soil moisture (SM) at 0-10 cm depth were studied in order to estimate the annual SR of each of the forests. The annual SR in a climax forest community, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF) was estimated as 1163.0 g C m−2 year−1 and in its successional communities, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF) and the Masson pine forest (MPF) were 592.1 g C m−2 year−1, 1023.7 g C m−2 year−1, respectively. In addition, removal of surface litter led to the reduction of annual SR by 27-45% in those three forests. Analysis of the results indicated that the annual SR was highly correlated with both ST and SM. Furthermore, ST and SM themselves were highly correlated with each other across season in this study area. Thus for seasonal predictive SR model, either ST or SM could be integrated. However, for SR daily change prediction, both ST and SM were required because of confounding effects of ST and SM on a diurnal time scale. The Q10 values of SR derived from ST dependence function were 2.37, 2.31 and 2.25 in the three forests: MPF, MF and MEBF, respectively, suggesting a decreasing trend of the Q10 with the degree of forest succession.  相似文献   

8.
Methane fluxes were measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The CH4 fluxes in forest ecosystem ranged from −4.53 to 8.40 μg C m−2 h−1, in the oil palm ecosystem from −32.78 to 4.17 μg C m−2 h−1 and in the sago ecosystem from −7.44 to 102.06 μg C m−2 h−1. A regression tree approach showed that CH4 fluxes in each ecosystem were related to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest and water table for both sago and oil palm ecosystems. On an annual basis, both forest and sago were CH4 source with an emission of 18.34 mg C m−2 yr−1 for forest and 180 mg C m−2 yr−1 for sago. Only oil palm ecosystem was a CH4 sink with an uptake rate of −15.14 mg C m−2 yr−1. These results suggest that different dominant underlying environmental factors among the studied ecosystems affected the exchange of CH4 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere.  相似文献   

9.
Seven years of continuous eddy covariance measurements at an alpine meadow were used to investigate the impacts of climate drivers and ecosystem responses on the inter-annual variability (IAV) of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The annual cumulative value of NEE was positive (source) in 2003, 2005 and 2009 (50, 15 and 112 g m−2 respectively) and negative (sink) in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (29, 75, 110 and 28 g m−2 respectively). The IAV of carbon dioxide fluxes builds up in two phenological phases: the onset of the growing season (triggered by snow melting) and the canopy re-growth after mowing. Respiratory fluxes during the non-growing season were observed to increase IAV, while growing season uptake dampened it. A novel approach was applied to factor out the two main sources of IAV: climate drivers’ variability and changes in the ecosystem responses to climate. Annual values of carbon dioxide fluxes were calculated assuming (a) variable climate and variable ecosystem response among years, (b) variable climate and constant ecosystem response and (c) constant climate and variable ecosystem response. The analysis of flux variances calculated under these three assumptions indicates the occurrence of an important negative feedback between climate and ecosystem responses. Due to this feedback, the observed IAV of NEE is lower than one would expect for a given climate variability, because of the counteracting changes in ecosystem responses. This alpine meadow therefore demonstrates the ability to acclimatise and to limit the IAV of carbon fluxes induced by climate variability.  相似文献   

10.
Small changes in C cycling in boreal forests can change the sign of their C balance, so it is important to gain an understanding of the factors controlling small exports like water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fluxes from the soils in these systems. To examine this, we estimated WSOC fluxes based on measured concentrations along four replicate gradients in upland black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) productivity and soil temperature in interior Alaska and compared them to concurrent rates of soil CO2 efflux. Concentrations of WSOC in organic and mineral horizons ranged from 4.9 to 22.7 g C m−2 and from 1.4 to 8.4 g C m−2, respectively. Annual WSOC fluxes (4.5-12.0 g C m−2 y−1) increased with annual soil CO2 effluxes (365-739 g C m−2 y−1) across all sites (R2=0.55, p=0.02), with higher fluxes occurring in warmer, more productive stands. Although annual WSOC flux was relatively small compared to total soil CO2 efflux across all sites (<3%), its relative contribution was highest in warmer, more productive stands which harbored less soil organic carbon. The proportions of relatively bioavailable organic fractions (hydrophilic organic matter and low molecular weight acids) were highest in WSOC in colder, low-productivity stands whereas the more degraded products of microbial activity (fulvic acids) were highest in warmer, more productive stands. These data suggest that WSOC mineralization may be a mechanism for increased soil C loss if the climate warms and therefore should be accounted for in order to accurately determine the sensitivity of boreal soil organic C balance to climate change.  相似文献   

11.
Values for annual NEP of micrometeorological tower sites are usually published without an estimate of associated uncertainties. Few authors quantify total uncertainty of annual NEP. Moreover, different methods to assess total uncertainty are applied, usually addressing only one aspect of the uncertainty. This paper presents a robust and easy to apply method to quantify uncertainty of annual totals of Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP), related to multiple factors involved therein. The method was applied to NEP observations for a Scots pine forest (Loobos) in the Netherlands. Total uncertainty of annual NEP for the Loobos site was on average ±32 g C m−2 a−1 (±8% of NEP), which is a quarter of the standard deviation of annual NEP (127 g C m−2 a−1).  相似文献   

12.
The ecosystem fluxes of mass and energy were quantified for a riparian cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Watson) stand, and the daily and seasonal courses of evapotranspiration, CO2 flux, and canopy conductance were described, using eddy covariance. The ecosystem-level evapotranspiration results are consistent with those of other riparian studies; high vapor pressure deficit and increased groundwater depth resulted in reduced canopy conductance, and the annual cumulative evapotranspiration of 1095 mm was more than double the magnitude of precipitation. In addition, the cottonwood forest was a strong sink of CO2, absorbing 310 g C m−2 from the atmosphere in the first 365 days of the study. On weekly to annual time scales, hydrology was strongly linked with the net atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of CO2, with ecosystem productivity greatest when groundwater depth was ∼2 m below the ground surface. Increases in groundwater depth beyond the depth of 2 m corresponded with decreased CO2 uptake and evapotranspiration. Saturated soils caused by flooding and shallow groundwater depths also resulted in reduced ecosystem fluxes of CO2 and water.  相似文献   

13.
Little work has been done to quantify annual soil CO2 effluxes in the High Arctic region because of the difficulty in taking winter measurements. Since the effects of climate change are expected to be higher in Arctic than in temperate ecosystems, it is important that summer measurements are extended to cover the entire year. This study evaluates the quantity and quality of soil organic C (SOC) and seasonal controls of soil CO2 effluxes in three soils under three dominating types of vegetation (Dryas, Cassiope, and Salix) at Svalbard. Measurements included soil CO2 effluxes in the field and the laboratory, temperature, water content, and snow thickness. About 90% of the variation in soil respiration throughout 1 year was due to near-surface soil temperatures which ranged from −12 to +12 °C. Total annual soil CO2 effluxes varied from 103 g C m−2 at soils under Cassiope, 152 g C m−2 under Dryas sites, and 176 g C m−2 under Salix, with 20%, 14%, and 30%, respectively, being released during a 6-month winter period. The sensitivity of soil respiration with respect to soil temperature was the same year round and differences in winter CO2 effluxes at the three vegetation types were mainly related to subsurface soil temperatures controlled by snow depth. The quantity and quality of soil organic matter varied under the different vegetation types. Soils under Salix had the largest and most labile pool of SOC and were characterized by a long period of snow cover. In contrast, soils under Cassiope were more nutrient-poor, more acidic and held the smallest amount of total and labile SOC, whereas soils under Dryas remained snow-free most of the winter and therefore had the coldest winter conditions. Thus, winter soil respiration rates under Dryas and Cassiope were significantly lower than those under Salix; under Dryas this was mainly due to snow depth, under Cassiope this was a combination of snow depth and poor litter quality. It is concluded that winter respiration is highly variable across Arctic landscapes and depends on the spatial distribution of snow, which acts as a direct control on soil temperatures and indirect on vegetation types and thereby, the amount and quality of soil organic matter, which serve as additional important drivers of soil respiration.  相似文献   

14.
Quantifying global patterns of forest soil respiration (SR), its components of heterotrophic respiration (HR) and belowground autotrophic respiration (AR), and their responses to temperature and precipitation are vital to accurately evaluate responses of the terrestrial carbon balance to future climate change. There is great uncertainty associated with responses of SR to climate change, concerning the differences in climatic controls and apparent Q10 (the factor by which respiration increases for a 10 °C increase in temperature) over HR and AR. Here, we examine available information on SR, HR, AR, the contribution of HR to SR (HR/SR), and Q10 of SR and its components from a diverse global database of forest ecosystems. The goals were to test how SR and its two components (AR and HR) respond to temperature and precipitation changes, and to test the differences in apparent Q10 between AR and HR. SR increased linearly with mean annual temperature (MAT), but responded non-linearly to mean annual precipitation (MAP) in naturally-regenerated forests. For every 1 °C increase in MAT, overall emissions from SR increased by 24.6 g C m−2 yr−1. When MAP was less than 813 mm, every 100 mm increase in MAP led to a release of 75.3 g C m−2 yr−1, but the increase rate declined to 20.3 g C m−2 yr−1 when MAP was greater than 813 mm. MAT explained less variation in AR than that in HR. The overall emissions in AR and HR for every 1 °C increase in MAT, increased by 12.9 and 16.1 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. The AR emissions for every 100 mm increase in MAP, increased by 44.5 g C m−2 yr−1 when MAP less than 1000 mm. However, above the threshold, AR emissions stayed relatively constant. HR increased linearly by 15.0 g C m−2 yr−1 with every 100 mm increased in MAP. The Q10 value of SR increased with increasing depth at which soil temperature was measured up to 10 cm and was negatively correlated with HR/SR. Our synthesis suggests AR and HR differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation change. We also emphasized the importance of information on soil temperature measurement depth when applying field estimation of Q10 values into current terrestrial ecosystem models. Q10 values derived from field SR measurements including AR, will likely overestimate the temperature response of HR on a future warmer earth.  相似文献   

15.
Nitrogen controls, on the seasonal and inter-annual variability of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in a western temperate conifer forest in British Columbia, Canada, were simulated by a coupled carbon and nitrogen (C&N) model. The model was developed by incorporating plant–soil nitrogen algorithms in the Carbon-Canadian Land Surface Scheme (C-CLASS). In the coupled C&N-CLASS, the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax) is determined non-linearly from the modelled leaf Rubisco-nitrogen, rather than being prescribed. Hence, variations in canopy assimilation and stomatal conductance are sensitive to leaf nitrogen status through the Rubisco enzyme. The plant–soil nitrogen cycle includes nitrogen pools from photosynthetic enzymes, leaves and roots, as well as organic and mineral reservoirs from soil, which are generated, exchanged, and lost by biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, fertilization, mineralization, nitrification, root uptake, denitrification, and leaching. Model output was compared with eddy covariance flux measurements made over a 5-year period (1998–2002). The model performed very well in simulating half-hourly and monthly mean NEP values for a range of environmental conditions observed during the 5 years. C&N-CLASS simulated NEP values were 274, 437, 354, 352 and 253 g C m−2 for 1998–2002, compared to observed NEP values of 269, 360, 381, 418 and 264 g C m−2, for the respective years. Compared to the default C-CLASS, the coupled C&N model showed improvements in simulating the seasonal and annual dynamics of carbon fluxes in this forest. The nitrogen transformation to soil organic forms, mineralization, plant nitrogen uptake and leaf Rubisco-nitrogen concentration patterns were strongly influenced by seasonal and annual temperature variations. In contrast, the impact of precipitation was insignificant on the overall forest nitrogen budget. The coupled C&N modelling framework will help to evaluate the impact of nitrogen cycle on terrestrial ecosystems and its feedbacks on Earth's climate system.  相似文献   

16.
More accurate projections of future carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and associated climate change depend on improved scientific understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite the consensus that U.S. terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink, the size, distribution, and interannual variability of this sink remain uncertain. Here we report a terrestrial carbon sink in the conterminous U.S. at 0.63 pg C yr−1 with the majority of the sink in regions dominated by evergreen and deciduous forests and savannas. This estimate is based on our continuous estimates of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) with high spatial (1 km) and temporal (8-day) resolutions derived from NEE measurements from eddy covariance flux towers and wall-to-wall satellite observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We find that the U.S. terrestrial ecosystems could offset a maximum of 40% of the fossil-fuel carbon emissions. Our results show that the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink varied between 0.51 and 0.70  pg C yr−1 over the period 2001-2006. The dominant sources of interannual variation of the carbon sink included extreme climate events and disturbances. Droughts in 2002 and 2006 reduced the U.S. carbon sink by ∼20% relative to a normal year. Disturbances including wildfires and hurricanes reduced carbon uptake or resulted in carbon release at regional scales. Our results provide an alternative, independent, and novel constraint to the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink.  相似文献   

17.
Quantifying the net carbon (C) storage of forest plantations is required to assess their potential to offset fossil fuel emissions. In this study, a biometric approach was used to estimate net ecosystem productivity (NEP) for two monoculture plantations in South China: Acacia crassicarpa and Eucalyptus urophylla. This approach was based on stand-level net primary productivity (NPP, based on direct biometric inventory) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). In comparisons of Rh determination based on trenching vs. tree girdling, both trenching and tree girdling changed soil temperature and soil moisture relative to undisturbed control plots, and we assess the effects of corrections for disturbances of soil moisture and soil moisture on the estimation of soil CO2 efflux partitioning. Soil microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon were significantly lower in trenched plots than in tree girdled plots for both plantations. Annual soil CO2 flux in trenched plots (Rh-t) was significantly lower than in tree-girdled plots (Rh-g) in both plantations. The estimates of Rh-t and Rh-g, expressed as a percentage of total soil respiration, were 58 ± 4% and 74 ± 6%, respectively, for A. crassicarpa, and 64 ± 3% and 78 ± 5%, respectively, for E. urophylla. By the end of experiment, the difference in soil CO2 efflux between the trenched plots and tree-girdled plots had become small for both plantations. Annual Rh (mean of the annual Rh-t and Rh-g) and net primary production (NPP) were 470 ± 25 and 800 ± 118 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, for A. crassicarpa, and 420 ± 35 and 2380 ± 187 g C m−2 yr−2, respectively, for E. urophylla. The two plantations in the developmental stage were large carbon sinks: NEP was 330 ± 76 C m−2 yr−1 for A. crassicarpa and 1960 ± 178 g C m−2 yr−1 for E. urophylla.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of temperatures of −2.5 to +20 °C on the biodegradation of concentrations 0.2-50 μg cm−3 of pentachlorophenol (PCP), phenanthrene, pyrene and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) was studied in soils sampled from an agricultural field and a relatively pristine forest in Helsinki, Finland. At the temperatures simulating seasonal variation of boreal soil temperatures [Heikinheimo, M., Fougstedt, B., 1992. Statistic of Soil Temperature in Finland. Meteorological Publications 22. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland], the response of mineralization of PCP, phenanthrene and 2,4,5-TCP was the most effective in the rhizosphere fraction of the forest humus soil at the substrate concentrations of ?5 μg cm−3. In the control incubation, performed at constant temperature of +20 °C, the mineralization yields of the model pollutants were highest in the agricultural soil with the highest applied substrate concentration (50 μg cm−3). The results suggest that the high level of pollutant mineralization at +20 °C resulted from the apparent adaptation of the soil microbial community to the high substrate concentration. No such adaptation occurred when the soils were incubated at temperatures simulating the actual boreal soil temperatures. The present results stress the role of adjusting the incubation conditions to environmentally relevant values, when assessing biodegradation of anthropogenic organic compound in boreal soils.  相似文献   

19.
Peatlands cover about 21% of the landscape and contain about 80% of the soil carbon stock in western Canada. However, the current rates of carbon accumulation and the environmental controls on ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration in peatland ecosystems are poorly understood. As part of Fluxnet-Canada, we continuously measured net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) using the eddy covariance technique in a treed fen dominated by stunted Picea mariana and Larix laricina trees during August 2003–December 2004. The total carbon stock in the ecosystem was approximately 51,000 g C m−2, with only 540 g C m−2 contributed by live above ground vegetation. The NEE measurements were used to parameterize simple physiological models to assess temporal variation in maximum ecosystem photosynthesis (Amax) and ecosystem respiration rate at 10 °C (R10). During mid-summer the ecosystem had a relatively high Amax (approx. 30 μmol m−2 s−1) with relatively low R10 (approx. 4 μmol m−2 s−1). The peak mid-day NEE uptake rate during July and August was 10 μmol m−2 s−1. The ecosystem showed large seasonal variation in photosynthetic and respiratory activity that was correlated with shifts in temperature, with both spring increases and fall decreases in Amax well predicted by the mean daily air temperature averaged over the preceding 21 days. Leaf-level gas exchange and spectral reflectance measurements also suggested that seasonal changes in photosynthetic activity were primarily controlled by shifts in temperature. Ecosystem respiration was strongly correlated with changes in ecosystem photosynthesis during the growing season, suggesting important links between plant activity and mycorrhizae and microbial activity in the shallow layers of the peat. Only very low rates of respiration were observed during the winter months. During 2004, the peatland recorded a net annual gain of 144 g C m−2 year−1, the result of a difference between gross photosynthesis of 713 and total ecosystem respiration of 569 g C m−2 year−1.  相似文献   

20.
Quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for better understanding of global carbon cycling and observed changes in climate. This study examined year-round temporal variations of CO2 fluxes in two biennial crop rotations during 4 year of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. We monitored CO2 fluxes using eddy-covariance (EC) and soil chambers in adjacent production fields near Ames, Iowa. Under the non-limiting soil water availability conditions predominant in these fields, diel and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes were mostly controlled by ambient temperature and available light. Air temperature explained up to 81% of the variability of soil respiratory losses during fallow periods. In contrast, with full-developed canopies, available light was the main driver of daytime CO2 uptake for both crops. Furthermore, a combined additive effect of both available light and temperature on enhanced CO2 uptake was identified only for corn. Moreover, diurnal hysteresis of net CO2 uptake with available light was also found for both crops with consistently greater CO2 uptake in the mornings than afternoons perhaps primarily owing to delay in peak of soil respiration relative to the time of maximum plant photosynthesis. Annual cumulative CO2 exchange was mainly determined by crop species with consistently greater net uptake for corn and near neutral exchange for soybean (−466 ± 38 and −13 ± 39 g C m−2 year−1). Concomitantly, within growing seasons, CO2 sink periods were approximately 106 days for corn and 90 days for soybean, and peak rates of CO2 uptake were roughly 1.7-fold higher for corn than soybean. Apparent changes in soil organic carbon estimated after accounting for grain carbon removal suggested soil carbon depletion following soybean years and neutral carbon balance for corn. Overall, results suggest changes in land use and cropping systems have a substantial impact on dynamics of CO2 exchange.  相似文献   

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