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1.
《水生生物资源》2003,16(5):461-465
Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season). 相似文献
2.
Hiroshi Nishimura Yoshiko Nomura Eri Iwata Nozomi Sato Yoshihiko Sako 《Fisheries Science》2010,76(6):999-1006
The aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix expresses carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation activity under heterotrophic growth conditions. Using activity stain gel analysis,
CO oxidation activity was detected in a protein with a molecular mass of 210 kDa. The 210 kDa CODH protein was purified to
homogeneity from A. pernix. Aeropyrum Mo-CODH catalyzed the oxidation of CO with a specific activity of 2.1 μmol CO min−1 mg−1 at 95°C, pH 8.0 using methyl viologen as the electron acceptor. The CODH protein showed high oxygen and thermo stability.
The protein contains three subunits: L (86.6 kDa), M (34.5 kDa), and S (12.6 kDa), which form the LM2S complex. The molecular mass of the complex was calculated by gel filtration and found to be 163.7 kDa. N-terminal amino
acid sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of the subunits indicated that they corresponded to NP_148462.1,
NP_148464.2, and NP_148465.1, and their genes annotated the molybdo iron-sulfur flavoprotein carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
S, L, and M subunits, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CODH belongs to a novel clade of diverse CODHs. 相似文献
3.
B. Mickowska 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2009,35(2):231-240
The main serine proteinase inhibitors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchuss mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) blood plasma were isolated and purified. The investigated inhibitors, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) and antithrombin III (AT III), act by forming stable complexes with target proteinases. The association rate constants
k
on for the interaction of fish plasma inhibitors with several serine proteinases have been determined: k
on for both carp and rainbow trout α1-PI were >107 M−1 s−1 for human neutrophil elastase, and in the case of bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin k
on values were 2.0–5.2 × 106 M−1 s−1. Association rate constants k
on for the interaction of carp and rainbow trout AT III with bovine trypsin and thrombin were about 1.3 × 104–7.9 × 105 M−1 s−1 without and >107 M−1 s−1 in presence of heparin; so antithrombins require the presence of heparin to become effective proteinase inhibitors. The high
degree of homology of the estimated amino acid sequences of fish inhibitors reactive site loops confirms their similarity
with other proteinase inhibitors from the serpin family. 相似文献
4.
Vitellogenin (VTG), the egg yolk precursor protein, was purified from plasma of estradiol-3-benzoate (E2B)-treated male shorthead
redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) and immature copper redhorse (Moxostoma hubbsi) by a two-step chromatographic procedure without precipitation. Intact VTGs appeared as dimers with apparent molecular masses,
determined by gel filtration, of ∼425 kDa (copper redhorse) and ∼450 kDa (shorthead redhorse). In native polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE), dimeric redhorse VTGs appeared as a 520 kDa band. Both VTGs were reduced to a single monomer of ∼150 kDa
in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing and nonreducing conditions, indicating
that monomers are not linked by disulfide bonds in the dimer form. The purified proteins were characterized as phospholipoglycoproteins.
Isoelectric focusing of both VTGs revealed components with isoelectric points ranging from 5.3 to 6.0, suggesting charge heterogeneity.
The amino acid composition of both VTGs contains a high proportion of nonpolar amino acids and was similar to those of other
teleosts. An antibody developed against carp (Cyprinus carpio) VTG showed cross-reactivity with VTG from both redhorse species. Using this antibody, VTG was detected in plasma and surface
mucus of E2B-treated redhorse. This is the most extensive report on purification and characterization of vitellogenin from
catostomidid species. 相似文献
5.
Weng WY Wu T Chen WQ Liu GM Osatomi K Su WJ Cao MJ 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2011,37(3):543-552
Three pepsinogens (PG1, PG2, and PG3) were highly purified from the stomach of freshwater fish rice field eel (Monopterus
albus Zuiew) by ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographies on DEAE-Sephacel, Sephacryl S-200 HR. The molecular masses
of the three purified PGs were all estimated as 36 kDa using SDS–PAGE. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) showed
that pI values of the three PGs were 5.1, 4.8, and 4.6, respectively. All the PGs converted into corresponding pepsins quickly at
pH 2.0, and their activities could be specifically inhibited by aspartic proteinase inhibitor pepstatin A. Optimum pH and
temperature of the enzymes for hydrolyzing hemoglobin were 3.0–3.5 and 40–45°C. The K
m values of them were 1.2 × 10−4 M, 8.7 × 10−5 M, and 6.9 × 10−5 M, respectively. The turnover numbers (k
cat) of them were 23.2, 24.0, and 42.6 s−1. Purified pepsins were effective in the degradation of fish muscular proteins, suggesting their digestive functions physiologically. 相似文献
6.
Hayet Ben Khaled Kemel Jellouli Nabil Souissi Sofiane Ghorbel Ahmed Barkia Moncef Nasri 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2011,37(1):123-133
Three trypsin isoforms A, B and C were purified to homogeneity from the viscera of sardinelle (Sardinella aurita). Purification was achieved by ammonium sulfate precipitation (20–70% (w/v)), Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and Mono Q-Sepharose
anion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weights of these purified enzymes were estimated to be 28.8 kDa by sodium dodecyl
sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Based on the native PAGE and casein-zymography, each purified trypsin
appeared as a single band. Trypsins A and C exhibited the maximal activity at 55°C, while trypsin B at 50°C. All isoforms
showed the same optimal pH (pH 9.0) using Nα-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) as a substrate. The three trypsins were stable at temperatures below 40°C and over a broad pH range
(7.0–11.0). The activities of the three isoforms were strongly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylmethylsulfonyl
fluoride, a serine protease inhibitor, and partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a metalloenzyme inhibitor.
Kinetic constants of trypsins A, B and C for BAPNA were evaluated at 25°C and pH 9.0. The values of K
m and k
cat were 0.125, 0.083 and 0.10 mM, and 2.24, 1.21 and 5.76 s−1, respectively. The N-terminal sequences of the first 10 amino acids were “I V G G Y E C Q K Y” for trypsin A and “I V G G
Y E A Q S Y” for trypsins B and C. These sequences showed highly homology to other fish trypsins. 相似文献
7.
8.
Cathepsin L, one of the cysteine proteases found in fish muscle, is considered to be the main cause of post-mortem autolysis of fish muscle. We have determined the presence of cathepsin L in the membranes of red blood cells of carp, amberjack, and red sea bream and measured its activity. Immunoblotting of an extract of the red blood cell membranes from these three fish species using human anti-cathepsin L antibody revealed the presence of cathepsin L of different molecular masses. The molecular masses of cathepsin L was estimated to be 120 and 85 kDa in the amberjack and 75 and 70 kDa in the carp. These proteins have higher molecular masses than the mature form of cathepsin L, suggesting that they are precursor forms. In contrast, the protein in the red sea bream was estimated to have a molecular mass of 30 kDa, suggesting that this cathepsin L is a mature form. The specific activity of cathepsin L was highest in the red blood cell membranes of the amberjack, followed by the carp and the red sea bream in descending order. 相似文献
9.
Yan Tan Kiyoshi Osatomi Yukinori Nozaki Tadashi Ishihara Kenji Hara 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(1):185-194
ABSTRACT: We purified cathepsins B1 and B2 from the ordinary muscle of carp Cyprinus carpio . The N-terminal amino acid sequences (12 residues) of 29 kDa bands of cathepsins B1 and B2 are the same and showed high homology of 75% and 83%, respectively, with the heavy chain of rat and human cathepsins B. Based on conserved sequences of other cathepsins B and the N-terminal amino acid sequences of 29 kDa bands, we cloned carp cathepsin B cDNA. The nucleotide sequence of carp cathepsin B cDNA consists of 1470 bp including a 993 bp open reading frame, encoding a deduced protein of 330 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of carp cathepsin B has similarity of 80% to rainbow trout cathepsin B and of 76–78% to other vertebrate cathepsins B. The sequence of its isoform was also determined during molecular cloning, which has 94.8% similarity with first cloned cathepsin B. They are completely same in N-terminal amino acid sequence of heavy chain, active site and potential N-glycosylation site. This indicates there are at least two kinds of cathepsin B functioning in vivo in carp. 相似文献
10.
Ahmed Barkia Ali Bougatef Rim Nasri Emna Fetoui Rafik Balti Moncef Nasri 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(4):893-902
Trypsin from the viscera of Bogue (Boops boops) was purified to homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and Mono Q-Sepharose
anion exchange chromatography, with an 8.5-fold increase in specific activity and 36% recovery. The molecular weight of the
purified enzyme was estimated to be 23 kDa by SDS–PAGE and size exclusion chromatography. The purified trypsin appeared as
a single band on native-PAGE and zymography staining. The purified enzyme showed esterase-specific activity on N-α-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and amidase activity on N-α-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity, after 10 min incubation, were pH 9.0 and 55°C,
respectively, using BAPNA as a substrate. The trypsin kinetic constants K
m and k
cat on BAPNA were 0.13 mM and 1.56 s−1, respectively, while the catalytic efficiency k
cat
/K
m was 12 s−1 mM−1. Biochemical characterisation of B. boops trypsin showed that this enzyme can be used as a possible biotechnological tool in the fish processing and food industries. 相似文献
11.
Li-Gen Zhou Bing-Xin Liu Le-Chang Sun Kenji Hara Wen-Jin Su Min-Jie Cao 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(4):953-962
Aminopeptidases play important roles in turnover of proteins, metabolism of hormones and neurotransmission, cell maturation
and immunological regulations. In the present study, an aminopeptidase was purified to homogeneity from the skeletal muscle
of grass carp by ammonium sulfate fractionation and sequential chromatographic steps, including DEAE-Sephacel, Sephacryl S-200,
hydroxyapatite and Phenyl-Sepharose. The purified enzyme revealed a molecular mass of approximately 105 kDa both on SDS–PAGE
and on gel filtration of Superdex 200. The enzymatic activity toward synthetic substrates was optimal at 40°C and pH 7.0–7.5.
Metal-chelating agents such as EDTA and EGTA effectively inhibited the enzyme activity while inhibitors to serine, asparatic
and cysteine proteinases did not show much effect, suggesting its belonging to metalloproteinase family. A specific aminopeptidase
inhibitor bestatin was most effective in suppressing the enzymatic activity and performed in a competitive fashion. The enzymatic
activity was slightly enhanced by metal ions of Mg2+ and Mn2+ while inhibited to different extents by Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+. Sulfhydryl reagent was necessary to maintain its activity. Purified enzyme demonstrated amidolytic activity most effectively
against synthetic aminopeptidase substrate Leu-methylcoumarylamide (MCA) while N-terminal-blocked substrates and myofibrillar
proteins were not hydrolyzed. The enzyme purified in the present study was quite possibly a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and
functions during muscular protein metabolism. 相似文献
12.
József Lanszki Zsuzsanna S. Pallos Dénes Nagy Grace Yoxon 《Aquaculture International》2007,15(5):393-402
The diet composition and fish preference of piscivorous Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) were studied in two fish farm systems in Hungary using spraint (otter faeces) analysis during two wintering periods. The
primary food source of otters in both fish farms was fish (97–99% of biomass). The main fish prey was small-sized, below 100 g
in weight (96% in both areas), while fish prey above 500 g comprised only 0.1–0.4% of the diet. The bulk of the otters’ diet
consisted of less-valued species, especially non-native Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Consumption of commercial fish species ranged between 15 and 31% of the total diet. Otters preferred fish below 100 g in
weight (Ivlev’s electivity index, E
i
= 0.65–0.70), and showed a lesser preference for (or avoided) fish above 100 g in weight (E
i
= −0.37–1.00). With regard to species distribution, otters preferred small (below 100 g) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), zander (Sander lucioperca), pike (Esox lucius), Prussian carp, topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), while they consumed common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the most important commercial species, proportionally to its abundance in the environment (E
i
= −0.18–0.29). 相似文献
13.
Tomomasa Matsuyama Chihaya Nakayasu Takamitsu Sakai Norihisa Oseko 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(2):335-341
Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs: JFW1 and JFW10) were produced against peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in Japanese flounder.
Additionally, MAbs against flounder immunoglobulin (Ig; JFW20 and JFW21) were generated for the surface marker of Ig+ leukocytes using purified serum Ig as an antigen. MAb JFW1 recognized the surface marker of granulocytes and monocytes and
MAb JFW10 specifically bound to the surface antigen of thrombocytes. Flow cytometric analysis of PBL incubated with JFW1,
JFW10, JFW20 and JFW21 revealed that 2.5–7.4, 23.7–50.1, 25.2–26.1 and 5.2–8.3% of all leukocytes were positive for these
markers. Analysis of head kidney leukocytes (HKL) showed that JFW1, JFW10, JFW20 and JFW21 bound to 30.5–36.3, 1.9–2.8, 6.4–8.3
and 1.9–3.0% of all leukocytes, respectively. Western blot analysis after SDS-PAGE showed that JFW10 recognizes a protein
of 115 kDa from lysed PBL. JFW20 recognized the 70 and 74 kDa proteins of the heavy chain of Ig from serum. No band was observed
for either JFW1 or JFW21. These antibodies will be useful for the identification and isolation of Japanese flounder leukocyte
subpopulations and will facilitate immunological studies of flounder. 相似文献
14.
R. Martínez R. Sántos A. Álvarez G. Cuzón L. Arena M. Mascaró C. Pascual C. Rosas 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(3):445-457
Proteinases from hepatopancreas (HP) and gastric juice (GJ) from wild and cultured red octopus (Octopus maya) were characterized. Hepatopancreas assays revealed optimal activity at pH 4, 9–10 and 10 for wild and pH 3, 8, and 9, for
cultured octopuses, for total proteinases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. In the gastric juice, maximum activity
was recorded at pH 6, 8, and 7 for total proteinases, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, respectively for both wild and cultured octopus.
A reduction on enzyme activity of 70 and 20% was observed in HP and GJ extracts, respectively when protease inhibitor Pepstatin
A was used. That result suggests that the main proteases in the HP were aspartic acid proteinases type (possibly Cathepsin
D) and some of them were present in the GJ. Dissociating discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed activity
bands between 20 and 28, 30 and 34, 35 and 45, 60 and 70 kDa, and a last one between 75 and 100 kDa. We concluded that extracellular
digestion of O. maya takes place in an acid environment, around pH 6. In contrast, intracellular digestion in the HP is developed at pHs between
3 and 4, where cathepsin D could be the most important enzyme for O. maya. 相似文献
15.
Xiang-Shan Ji Song-Lin Chen Jing-Feng Yang Hong-Yu Ma Yun-Liang Jiang 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(6):1151-1161
In the present study, methodology of gynogenetic induction in spotted halibut were developed and optimized; the sex ratio
of putative meiotic gynogenetic diploids was determined using AFLP-based molecular sexing technique; the homozygosity of gynogenetic
population was assessed as opposed to cultivated population. The results showed that high percentage of meiotic gynogenetic
diploids were generated when the eggs fertilized with irradiated heterologous sea perch frozen sperm (30–50 mJ cm−2) were cold shocked in sea water of −1°C for 40–75 min at 5 min after fertilization. About 15,200 diploid gynogenetic larvae
were achieved and they exhibited normal morphology similar to diploid control. The gynogenetic diploids were 100% female,
which first confirmed the female homogamete (XX/XY) sex determination in spotted halibut. The genetic analysis showed that
the average H
O
was, respectively, 0.404 and 0.724 in gynogenetic population and cultivated population, indicating an increase of homozygosity
in gynogenetic population. 相似文献
16.
Zhongming Zheng Chunhua Jin Mingyun Li Peifeng Bai Shuanglin Dong 《Aquaculture International》2008,16(6):581-589
The metabolic responses of the juvenile Miichthys miiuy in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (6–25°C) and salinity (16–31 ppt) were investigated.
At a constant salinity of 26 ppt, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the fish increased with an increase in temperature
and ranged between 133.38 and 594.96 μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. The effect of temperature on OCR was significant (P < 0.01). Q10 coefficients were 6.80, 1.41, 1.29 and 2.36 at temperatures of 6–10, 10–15, 15–20 and 20–25°C, respectively, suggesting that
the juveniles of M. miiuy will be well adapted to the field temperature in the summer, but not in the winter. The ammonium excretion rates (AER) of
the fish were also affected significantly by temperature (P < 0.01). The O:N ratio at temperatures of 6, 10, 15 and 20°C ranged from 13.12 to 20.91, which was indicative of a protein-dominated
metabolism, whereas the O:N at a temperature of 25°C was 51.37, suggesting that protein-lipids were used as an energy substrate.
At a constant temperature of 15°C, the OCRs of the fish ranged between 334.14 (at 31 ppt) and 409.68 (at 16 ppt) μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. No significant differences were observed in the OCR and AER of the juveniles between salinities of 26 and 31 ppt (P > 0.05). The OCR and AER at 16 ppt were, however, significantly higher than those at 26 and 31 ppt (P < 0.05), indicating salinity lower than 16 ppt is presumably stressful to M. miiuy juveniles. 相似文献
17.
Photosynthetic activity of Zostera japonica seedlings was measured using a gas volumeter at 0 and 6 days in culture under eight light (0–800 μmol photons/m2/s) and ten water temperature conditions (5–35°C). Seedlings from Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture were cultured in incubators accurately
controlled at each test temperature for 1 week. After 1 week, maximum gross photosynthesis (P
maxg) appeared at 29°C and most seedlings cultured at 30–35°C bleached and withered. At the same time, the light compensation
point (I
c) increased only at 30°C during the culture period. As a result, the upper critical water temperature for survival was 29°C
in Z. japonica seedlings, which agrees well with that for the southern boundary of Z. japonica around Japanese coast. It is necessary to monitor this species around this boundary as a bio-indicator for seawater warming. 相似文献
18.
Shmuel Rothbard William L. Shelton Zeev Kulikovsky Israel Rubinshtein Yair Hagani Boaz Moav 《Aquaculture International》1997,5(1):51-64
The mollusc-eating black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has economic and health-care potential for biological control of nuisance aquatic molluscs. The present study investigates
the production of gynogenetic-monosex and triploid-sterile populations of black carp. The goal was to provide a method which
would eliminate unwanted biological and environmental impacts of introducing this exotic species into areas with nuisance
mollusc infestation. Meiotic gynogenesis was induced by inseminating black carp eggs with UV-irradiated (800 Jm−2) sperm of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) or Japanese ornamental (koi) carp. Diploidy was restored through retention of the second polar body (2PB), by shocking activated
eggs at 1–8 min post-fertilization (embryological age of 0.07–0.57τ0, a parameter defined by the cell cycle duration) at 1 min intervals, with heat-shocks (41.0±1.0 °C for 1 min) or pressure-shocks
(7500–7600 psi for 1.5 min). Highest survival was found when embryos were heat-shocked 1.5–4.5 min post-fertilization (0.10–0.25τ0). The highest survival of free-swimming larvae from pressure-shocked eggs, was achieved at 7500 psi at 1–2 min post-fertilization
(0.08–0.16τ0). Triploidy was induced by retention of 2PB following normal fertilization. Batches of 30 000 eggs were fertilized with intact
sperm and pressure-shocked (6000–8500 psi for 1.5 min) 2 min post-fertilization (0.15–0.16τ0). The highest survival of triploid swim-up larvae was 5.1% in eggs shocked with 7500 psi. In random samples of individual
larvae taken from each treatment, triploidy was analysed by cytofluorometry of the cellular DNA content. In DNA analysis performed
in fingerlings (N≥15), 50% of the fish were triploids. 相似文献
19.
The effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of the allogynogenetic
crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, was investigated. XOS was added to fish basal semi-purified diets at three concentrations by dry feed weight: diet 1, 50 mg kg−1; diet 2, 100 mg kg−1; diet 3, 200 mg kg−1, respectively. Twelve aquaria (n = 20) with three replicates for each treatment group (diets 1–3) and control treated without XOS were used. Weights of all
collected carp from each aquarium were determined at the initial phase and at the end of the experiment, and the carp survival
was also determined by counting the individuals in each aquarium. After 45 days, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the relative gain rate (RGR), and daily weight gain (DWG) of diets 1–3 were compared with the control. However,
the survival rate was not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments. For enzymatic analysis, dissection produced a crude mixture of intestine and hepatopancreas
of each segment to measure. The protease activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas content of fish in diet 2 (487.37 ± 20.58 U g−1 and 20.52 ± 1.93 U g−1) were significantly different (P < 0.05) from that in the control (428.13 ± 23.26 U g−1 and 12.81 ± 1.52 U g−1) and diet 3 (428.00 ± 23.78 U g−1 and 14.04 ± 1.59 U g−1). Amylase activity in the intestine was significantly higher for diet 2 compared to diet 1 and the control. As for amylase
in the hepatopancreas, assays showed higher activity in diet 2 (P < 0.05) compared to the rest. 相似文献
20.
Poledník L Rehulka J Kranz A Poledníková K Hlavác V Kazihnitková H 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2008,34(3):223-234
Using a tame animal, the impact of otter (Lutra lutra) disturbance on over-wintering carp (Cyprinus carpio) was monitored in two experiments, 133 and 140 days, respectively, over two consecutive winters (November–April). The level
of stress in over-wintering carp exposed to various intensities of disturbance by otters was quantified using biological indicators
of stress (cortisol, cortisone, indices of nitrogen, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism and activity of basic blood
plasma enzymes) taken from blood plasma of stocked carp at the end of the winter seasons (when the photoperiod was 12 light:12
dark, respectively, 13L:10D). Moreover, condition (Fulton’s coefficient of condition and fat content in muscles) and mortality
rate of that carp were measured after over-wintering and also after the subsequent vegetation period. The analysis of blood
and tissue samples of experimental fish showed changes in nitrogen, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism as well as levels
of hormones and fat reserves. Higher response to stress in metabolism of carp with lower intensity of disturbance by otter
suggests that high level of disturbance can lead to metabolic adaptation of carp to stress. The effect of stress on the mortality
rate of carp during the over-wintering is not clear. Nevertheless, the negative effect of stress on survival, condition and
growth rate of carp in the subsequent vegetation period was not observed. 相似文献