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明清时期,经济水平的逐步上升和海外文化的频繁交流,使岭南园林在技艺、审美等方面兼收并蓄,开放灵活,于中国古典园林独树一帜。乾隆年间,广州一口通商,贸易与时代的需求使行商庭园大势崛起,成为岭南园林近代转型的重要例证。与此同时,广州花地亦涌现出大量兼具观赏和售卖花木之用的私家园林。以醉观园为例,其颇具规模的水池、建筑半围绕布局并有亭、桥、廊联通的线性游径是对行商庭园构景手法的承袭;而园中水形盘曲、花木丰盈、叠石奇巧又呈现出岭南传统水石景的精粹。作为城市历史景观,醉观园于空间营造与意蕴表达之间触发地域文化感知,随之而来的山水审美体验也极富粤中特色。 相似文献
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“惟有牡丹，史称国花”。牡丹是我国最为知名的传统花木之一。在我国古典园林中的应用历史悠久，其园艺与审美特征值得研究。 相似文献
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中国古典园林是集建筑、园艺、书画、文学、音乐与一体的综合艺术形式,通过对音乐审美的本质,园林审美与音乐审美的关系,音乐在古典园林中的作用,古典园林中音乐审美的实践等分析,阐明了音乐在园林中不可或缺的重要地位. 相似文献
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几种常见花木的修剪技术黄维志（省委党校兰州７３００７０）园林花木修剪，是一项运用自然生长发育规律，人为控制自然的有效手段。通过修剪，可以使花木的开花、结果和生长发育的矛盾得到很好的调整，观赏时间和寿命得以延长。现将几种花木的修剪方法总结于下。１丁香... 相似文献
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欧阳修自幼与园林结缘，仕宦四十年，所到之处植花造园，笔耕不辍，留下数座园林景观、二十多篇园亭记及百余首园林诗词，撰写了现存最早的牡丹专著《洛阳牡丹记》，为后人研究园林提供了珍贵的史料。欧阳修的园林活 动和园林书写与其宦海沉浮、文学创作紧密相关。欧阳修热爱但不耽溺于园林，其崇尚自然、开放自适，不拘于形，不役于物的园林观，拓宽了园林审美的视域，启发了后人对“物”的审美思考，为园林理论注入了新鲜血液。欧阳修进一步打开了园林的大门，推动了园林的开放，为园林的繁荣与普及做出贡献。 相似文献
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传承
中国园林是由建筑、山水、花木等组合而成的一个综合艺术品，堪称中国传统优秀文化有形的综合传承平台。北京园无疑是全面传承中国皇家园林艺术的新典范．被誉为“晚清以来，最为完整体现皇家园林的艺术力作”。 相似文献
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园林营造遵循绘画原则,绘画取材于园林,两者相辅相成,中国山水画论中的"位置经营"原则同样适用于中国园林之中。以《海山仙馆图卷》为研究对象,运用图像学的图文互证方法,并根据经典国画中花木类型的表达,识别和推测出图卷中的10种花木,并结合中国山水画论及中国古典园林造园理论,探究图卷中呈现出的花木之间孤植、丛植及花木与建筑虚实相生、疏密有致、藏露互补、动静皆宜的位置经营手法特征。通过分析园林图像与真实园林的关联与差异,探究园林图像体现出的古典园林景色与山水画意范式的叠加,"再现"与"写意"的融合。 相似文献
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从管理的角度阐述了东莞园林现状及发展，在整个东莞园林产业中，城市绿化建设以及园林苗木种植业等占有90％以上的份额，其次是花卉业等。东莞建成区已达到国家南方园林城市的标准。在近20多年里，全市园林企业已发展到300余家，并保持着生产面积和总产值的平均增长率分别约为20％和30％。全市的农、林、园（园林）的一些研究和管理部门以及大型园林企业等在全市的生态系统、卫星遥感监测、优良行道树、彩叶植物、宜居小区、湿地生态、城市园林审美学等以及在花卉离体快繁、花卉的标准化、防治本地及外来有害生物、园林信息化、城市污泥的利用等等方面开始了实践与科研。东莞园林市场发展显著，基本承担着我市园林绿化建设和花木需求，但在对建成区的调查中看到，苗圃却有70％种类因过于大众化而供大于求，但其中30％种类又供不应求，有待调整产业结构并整合于珠三角园林产业带。当今东莞市园林发展应定位于四个主要方面：1．大力开展科研，及时将成果转化为商品。2．建设、倡导和扶持园林产业的支撑体系。3．充分发挥龙头企业在引进、示范和推广等方面作用。4．建设好现代化花木市场，完善市场交易、检疫和信息服务。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):166-178
This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes. 相似文献