盐碱胁迫对油菜种子萌发和根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许耀照  曾秀存  方彦  孙万仓 《干旱地区农业研究》2014,32(4):14-19

以冬油菜品种“陇油6号”为材料,通过中性盐NaCl∶Na₂SO₄(9 mol∶1 mol)混合胁迫(浓度为40、80、120、160、200 mmol·L^-1和240 mmol·L^-1,Na⁺浓度依次为44、88、132、176、220 mmol·L^-1和264 mmol·L^-1)和碱性盐NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃ (9 mol∶1 mol)混合胁迫(浓度为10、20、30、40、50 mmol·L^-1和60 mmol·L^-1,Na⁺浓度依次为11、22、33、44、55 mmol·L^-1和66 mmol·L^-1)处理油菜种子和幼苗,研究不同盐、碱胁迫下油菜种子萌发特性并观察根尖细胞有丝分裂的形态变化。结果表明：对“陇油6号”种子萌发和幼苗生长无害的最大混合盐浓度为160 mmol·L^-(pH=6.67,Na⁺=176 mmol·L^-1),最大混合碱浓度为50 mmol·L^-1(pH=9.29,Na ⁺=55 mmol·L^-1);随着盐、碱胁迫浓度增大,“陇油6号”幼苗根尖细胞有丝分裂指数逐渐 降低,细胞微核率和染色体畸变率先上升后下降,碱性盐溶液胁迫下降幅度明显大于中性盐溶液胁迫;在同一盐、碱胁迫浓度时,处理时间越长,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数越低,染色体畸变率和微核率越高。这表明盐、碱胁迫对“陇油6号”种子萌发和幼苗生长是两种不同的胁迫,且碱性盐胁迫强于中性盐。  相似文献   

钙对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗氧化损伤的保护作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王芳  王丹丹  赵娟  马沛  师永沿  王汉宁 《干旱地区农业研究》2014,32(1):155-160

采用室内盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的CaCl₂（0、5、10、15、20 mmol·L^-1）处理低温胁迫下的玉米幼苗,研究了钙对玉米幼苗抗冷性的作用。结果表明：与对照相比,低温处理明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,减缓了可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,脯氨酸含量减少,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,质膜透性增大。适宜浓度的钙（5～10 mmol·L^-1）能减缓低温胁迫下玉米幼苗质膜相对透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,促进脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,其中10 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺处理的效果最为明显。  相似文献   

外源H₂S对渗透胁迫下裸燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响     

刘建新  刘瑞瑞  贾海燕  卜婷  李娜 《干旱地区农业研究》2020,38(6):61-67

为探讨新型气体信号硫化氢(H₂2S)对渗透胁迫下作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以裸燕麦(Avena nude)品种‘定莜9号’种子为材料,采用H₂2S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)浸种浓度和聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟渗透胁迫两因素试验,其中NaHS浓度设0、0. 2、1. 0 mmol·L^-1和5. 0 mmol·L^-14个水平,PEG浓度设0、119、149、178 g·L^-1和202 g·L^-15个水平,进行完全组合设计,共20个处理,测定不同处理裸燕麦种子萌发参数(发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽时间和贮藏物质转运率)和幼苗生长参数(胚根长、胚芽长和幼苗干重),运用隶属函数分析方法对不同处理种子的耐渗透能力进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）NaHS浓度和PEG浓度对各萌发参数和幼苗生长参数均有显著影响;两者的交互作用对发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽时间和胚根长影响显著。（2）在同一NaHS浓度下,随着PEG浓度提高,各萌发参数和幼苗生长参数均显著下降,而平均发芽时间呈增加趋势。（3）在相同PEG浓度下,0.2 mmol·L^-1NaHS浸种对各萌发参数和幼苗生长参数均无显著影响;1.0 mmol·L^-1NaHS浸种提高了发芽指数、活力指数、贮藏物质转运率、胚根长、胚芽长和幼苗干重,降低了平均发芽时间;5.0 mmol·L^-1NaHS浸种提高了平均发芽时间,而其余各萌发参数和幼苗生长参数均呈下降趋势。（4）利用隶属函数综合分析得知,用1.0 mmol·L^-1NaHS浸种可提高PEG渗透胁迫下的综合评价D值,而5.0 mmol·L^-1NaHS浸种处理的D值显著下降。由此表明,适宜浓度NaHS (1.0 mmol·L^-1)浸种能够促进渗透胁迫下裸燕麦的种子萌发和幼苗生长。  相似文献   

外源水杨酸对野生龙葵幼苗干旱胁迫的缓解效应     

常云霞  徐克东  杨同文  莫家勇  陈龙 《干旱地区农业研究》2014,32(4):43-46

利用20%的PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,同时用不同浓度（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L^-1）的水杨酸(SA)喷施幼苗,研究了不同浓度水杨酸处理对干旱胁迫下野生龙葵幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,龙葵幼苗植株变矮、鲜重降低、根长缩短,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量减少,抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加;经SA处理干旱胁迫下龙葵幼苗株高、根长和鲜重都有明显增加,特别是1.5 mmol·L^-1 SA处理组分别增加20.8%、28.0%和29.7%,1.5 mmol·L^-1 SA处理组龙葵幼苗叶绿素含量提高31.9%、脯氨酸含量提高65.4%,可溶性蛋白含量提高42.8%,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）与过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性达到最高,与对照相比分别增加了30.2%、87.8%和50.3%;SA处理使丙二醛（MDA）含量降低了37.8%。综合来看,适当浓度的SA可以缓解干旱对龙葵幼苗造成的伤害,并以1.5 mmol·L^-1外源SA缓解效果最好。  相似文献   

外源SA和CaCl₂对低温胁迫下糯玉米幼苗生理特性的影响     

杜锦  向春阳  丁建文  辛德财  张晓辰  杨兴 《干旱地区农业研究》2023,(6):64-71

早春糯玉米易遭受低温冷害的影响,为探讨外源物对糯玉米幼苗低温胁迫的缓解作用,以‘万糯2000’、‘润糯73’为试验材料,分别采用0、25、50、100、150 mg·L^-1水杨酸（SA）和0、40、80、120、160 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂处理糯玉米幼苗,研究外源SA和CaCl₂对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明：适宜浓度SA、CaCl₂处理下,‘万糯2000’和‘润糯73’幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量分别较各自对照增加42.9%、18.3%和96.1%、16.7%,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性分别提高231.0%、76.5%和9.5%、13.9%,丙二醛含量分别降低78.7%、67.1%,缓解了低温胁迫对糯玉米幼苗的伤害。‘万糯2000’和‘润糯73’适宜的CaCl₂处理浓度均为40 mmol·L^-1;‘万糯2000’适宜的SA处理浓度为100 mg·L^-1,‘润糯73’适宜的SA处理浓度为50 mg·L^-1。综合比较分析,喷施40 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂可有效提高糯玉米幼苗的耐低温能力。  相似文献   

外源一氧化氮对铅胁迫下玉米幼苗的缓解作用     

王芳  陈晓燕  曹廷俊  王汉宁  方永丰  王威 《干旱地区农业研究》2014,32(4):24-29

为探讨Pb胁迫下外源一氧化氮（NO）对玉米幼苗伤害的缓解作用,利用室内盆栽试验研究了外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）对铅（Pb）处理下玉米（Zea mays）幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,1.0 mmol·L^-1 Pb处理明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,减缓了玉米幼苗可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,叶绿素含量减少,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加、质膜透性增大;添加0.1 mmol·L^-1的SNP明显缓解了Pb胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高Pb胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,增加了幼苗叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,促进了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低了MDA含 量、细胞质膜的透性。外源NO对Pb胁迫下玉米生长有一定的缓解作用,可以增强玉米幼苗对Pb毒害的抗性。  相似文献   

茉莉酸甲酯响应盐碱胁迫下苹果砧木M26的生理机制          下载免费PDF全文

郭海超  杨建华  李志浩  缐旭林  李彩龙  高彦龙  王延秀 《干旱地区农业研究》2024,(1):159-168

为探索外源茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）处理后苹果砧木对盐碱胁迫的响应特性，以苹果砧木M26为试验材料，设置CK1（清水浇灌)、CK2（盐碱胁迫：200 mmol·L^-1NaCl∶NaHCO₃=1∶1）、T1（盐碱胁迫+0.05 μmol·L^-1MeJA）、T2（盐碱胁迫+0.5 μmol·L^-1MeJA）、T3（盐碱胁迫+5 μmol·L^-1MeJA）、T4（盐碱胁迫+50 μmol·L^-1MeJA）、T5（盐碱胁迫+500 μmol·L^-1MeJA）共7个处理，观察并测定各处理下苹果砧木生长的表型、光合色素以及渗透调节物质含量，并对其进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明：与CK2相比，喷施MeJA处理幼苗叶片边缘黄化未扩大，叶绿素a（Chl a）含量、叶绿素b（Chl b）含量、叶绿素a+b（Chl a+b）含量、净光合速率（P_n）、可溶性糖（SS）含量、可溶性蛋白（SP）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有所升高，其中T4升幅最大，各指标平均增幅范围为12.77%~69.80%；喷施MeJA处理的叶片电导率（REC）、超氧阴离子（O^₂）含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量相比CK1有所升高，T1、T2、T3、T5处理各指标升高幅度范围为30.5%~109.2%，其中T4增幅最小，为18.72%~45.02%。相关性分析表明，Chl a与Chl b、Chl a+b含量呈极显著正相关关系，与MDA、O^₂含量及REC呈极显著负相关关系，与SP、H₂O₂含量呈显著负相关关系。对17个指标进行主成分分析，3个主成分累积方差贡献率达到95.25%；依据主成分进行综合排序，外源MeJA对盐碱胁迫下M26幼苗叶片缓解能力表现为T4>T5>T3>T2>T1。综上，在200 mmol·L^-1浓度盐碱胁迫下，施用50 μmol·L^-1的外源茉莉酸甲酯对苹果砧木生理特性的调节效果最佳。  相似文献   

亚精胺对渗透胁迫下甜瓜幼苗膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响          下载免费PDF全文

孙天国  张梅娟  马天意  翟莹  李想 《干旱地区农业研究》2024,(1):177-184

为探讨多胺提高作物抗渗透胁迫的生理机制，以甜瓜品种‘齐甜2号’为材料，采用营养液法培养甜瓜幼苗，以15% PEG-6000模拟渗透胁迫，研究1 mmol·L^-1亚精胺（Spd）对不同渗透胁迫时间下甜瓜幼苗的生长、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质和非酶抗氧化剂的影响。结果表明：渗透胁迫后4 d，与胁迫处理相比，1 mmol·L^-1 Spd处理使甜瓜幼苗生物量提高11.34%，根系活力提高24.20%；叶片和根系H₂O₂含量、O^₂产生速率、MDA含量和相对电解质渗透率降低，叶片中分别降低30.72%、29.99%、29.34%和14.62%，根中分别降低29.33%、25.31%、28.23%和20.34%。Spd诱导甜瓜叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性增加，与胁迫处理相比，叶中SOD、POD、CAT和APX抗氧化酶活性分别提高25.54%、28.70%、27.72%和28.41%，根中分别提高23.35%、27.38%、25.06%和20.34%。与渗透胁迫处理相比，Spd处理在渗透胁迫后16 d甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量分别增加46.51%、49.72%和40.25%；渗透胁迫后16 d幼苗叶片ASA含量增加62.50%，渗透胁迫后12 d幼苗叶片GSH含量增加37.17%，ASA/DHA和GSH/GSSG分别提高74.46%、60.95%。说明在渗透胁迫下1 mmol·L^-1浓度Spd能够促进甜瓜幼苗生长，稳定生物膜系统，增强甜瓜幼苗抗氧化能力，有效缓解渗透胁迫对甜瓜幼苗伤害的作用。  相似文献   

壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长及叶片生理特性的影响     

徐芬芬  魏平慧 《干旱地区农业研究》2023,(5):170-174

以信前胡盆栽幼苗作为研究材料,通过测定信前胡的株高、叶面积、生物量、含水量、根冠比和叶片抗旱相关的生理指标,研究了5、10、15 mg·L^-1和2 mg·L^-1的壳寡糖(Chitooligosaccharide,COS)溶液处理对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长均有不同程度的促进作用,且随壳寡糖浓度的增加,各生长指标均表现出先增后降的趋势,均有一定的最适浓度。与单纯干旱处理相比,5、10、15 mg·L^-1和20 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的单株叶片数分别提高了32.5%、50.8%、29.3%和6.3%,均达到了显著水平（P<0.05）;10 mg·L^-1和15 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的单株平均叶面积分别提高了27.3%和20.8%,均达到了显著水平（P<0.05）;5、10、15 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的株高分别显著提高了17.4%、31.7%和19.6%。10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡叶片的脯氨酸含量较单纯干旱处理显著提高了11.8%,10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡叶片的H₂O₂含量和MDA含量均较单纯干旱处理显著降低（降幅分别为46.9%和14.4%）。因此,10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理可显著缓解信前胡苗期的干旱胁迫（P<0.05）。  相似文献   

等渗透势盐分和水分胁迫对白刺幼苗生长及离子吸收分配的影响     

张桂玲 《干旱地区农业研究》2013,31(4):114-118

研究了等渗透势(-0.79、-1.83 MPa)盐分胁迫(NaCl)和水分胁迫(PEG)对西伯利亚白刺(Nitraria sibirica)幼苗生长及不同组织离子吸收分配的差异,探讨白刺抗旱和耐盐的相互关系。结果表明,与对照相比,-1.83 MPa NaCl和PEG处理后白刺幼苗的株高、茎粗、主根长和干物重均极显著(P＜0.01)降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙 二醛含量均显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)升高,其中NaCl对幼苗生长的抑制作用显著(P＜0.05)大于PEG处理。不同器官离子含量,NaCl各处理的白刺幼苗Na⁺含量均上升,K⁺含量均先升后降,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量及K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺和Mg²⁺/Na⁺值均下降;PEG各处理的白刺幼苗Na⁺含量均先降后升,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量均下降,K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺和Mg²⁺/Na⁺值均先升后降。不同器官离子的变化幅度以根中最大,茎次之,叶中最小。白刺幼苗主要是通过盐离子的区域化分布和调节幼苗体内的离子平衡来抵抗盐害的,通过积累大量有机小分子物质来抵抗旱害的。  相似文献   

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel     

Jiří Háva  Tomáš Pavlíček  Vladimir Chikatunov  Eviatar Nevo 《Phytoparasitica》2001,29(2):97-101

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

Antonio Logrieco  Antonio Bottalico  Giuseppina Mulé  Antonio Moretti  Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)     

M. Fortass  S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates     

B. Blanco-Urgoiti  M. Tribodet  S. Leclere  F. Ponz  C. Pérez de san román  F.J. Legorburu  C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard     

L. Blommers  H. Helsen  F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields          下载免费PDF全文

F. K. Crutcher  M. A. Henry‐Gregory  H. H. Wilkinson  S. E. Duke  T. Wheeler  C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Pedro W. Crous  J.Z. Groenewald  Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen     

Dr. M. Schulte 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2005,57(2-3):37-46

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.  相似文献   

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization     

P. Oyarzun  M. Gerlagh  A. E. Hoogland 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(1):23-33

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.  相似文献   

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots     

R. A. Daamen  C. J. Langerak  W. Stol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1991,97(2):105-114

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.  相似文献