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1.
基于DSSAT模型陕西杨凌不同降水年型冬小麦灌溉制度研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于DSSAT作物模型模拟了不同降水年型水分胁迫条件下的冬小麦生产潜力,对比分析不同生育期灌水对产量、WUE以及土壤蒸发量等的影响,从而确定关键灌水期;并在综合考虑产量、WUE、总灌水量、灌水次数等因素的基础上确定了不同降水年型下的最优灌溉制度。结果表明：(1) 冬小麦越冬水、返青水、拔节水、灌浆水四水中以返青水最为关键,其次为拔节水,最后为越冬水和灌浆水;当不灌返青水时,冬小麦产量和蒸腾量显著降低,土壤蒸发量显著升高;(2) 不同降水年型之间也存在显著差异,产量、WUE、作物蒸腾量等表现为丰水年略大于平水年,二者显著大于枯水年;而灌水边际效益表现为平水年＞枯水年＞丰水年;(3) 枯水年、平水年、丰水年的冬小麦最优灌溉制 度分别为枯水年返青期和拔节期各灌水75 mm和50 mm,平水年返青期灌水75 mm,丰水年返青期和拔节期各灌水25 mm。  相似文献   

2.
西峰黄土高原作物生长期土壤水分损耗速率分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
利用1989~2005年3~11月每月8日的0~200 cm土壤总含水量资料及降水资料,分析冬小麦生长期土壤水分年际变化特征、特殊年型各层水分分布特点、土壤水分损耗速率以及水分损耗速率的影响因子。结果表明,土壤总含水量年际变化明显,20世纪90年代中后期为相对缺水期;丰水年、缺水年和平水年相同土层土壤含水量始终遵循丰水年≥平水年>缺水年。多年作物生长期内0~200 cm土壤平均耗水速率为1.98 mm/d,最低为1.40 mm/d,最高为2.54 mm/d,最高耗水速率是最低的1.81倍;月水分损耗3~5月逐渐增大,5月为年度最大,其后开始持续减小;气候因子中年降水量对年土壤水分损耗速率的影响最为显著,通过0.001信度检验,达到极显著相关水平,冬小麦生长发育对土壤月耗水速率影响较大。  相似文献   

3.
太行山山前平原作物系数与降水年型关系探讨   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
利用中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站1995~2001气象数据和同期大型称重式蒸渗仪监测的小麦、玉米蒸散量,采用参考作物法探讨分析了小麦、玉米生长期作物系数与降水年型的关系。结果表明,不同降水年型下小麦生长期作物系数差异不明显,统计时段内小麦生育期作物系数平均值为0.90,丰水年玉米生长期作物系数偏高,平均值为1.2,而平水年与枯水年玉米生长期作物系数差异不明显,平均值为0.94。为准确估算作物需水量,实现精确灌溉,建议尽量采用长系列观测数据确定的不同降水年型的作物系数,尤其是在玉米生长期。  相似文献   

4.
选取邢台地区17个国家气象观测站1972—2014年的逐日气象资料,采用联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)推荐的Penmen-Monteith公式及作物系数法,计算了夏玉米全生育期和各生育阶段的需水量;运用线性趋势分析、相关系数、Morlet小波、空间插值等方法分析了需水量的时空分布特征及气象影响因子。结果表明：1972—2014年,夏玉米需水量呈下降趋势,年趋势减少量为1.01 mm;夏玉米需水量存在23~32,12~15,3~6 a的周期变化规律,其中23~32 a的周期最稳定;夏玉米需水量在空间上呈现出东部最大,西部次之,中部最少的分布特征;夏玉米需水量和气象因子的关系密切,其中日照时数和需水量呈最大正相关,水汽压呈最大负相关。  相似文献   

5.
不同干旱方式和干旱程度对玉米苗期根系生长的影响   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  
以玉米杂交种高油115为材料,研究了直接干旱和渐进干旱两种方式(各设水分充足、轻度干旱和严重干旱3种处理)对管栽玉米苗期根系发育的影响.结果表明,采用渐进干旱方式,根系在轻度干旱时生长最好,严重干旱时最差;而采用直接干旱方武,根系在水分充足时生长最好,轻度干旱次之,严重干旱时最差.在水分充足条件下,细根(直径0.05～0.25 mm)的根长和根表面积及其占总根系的比例高于中等根(直径0.25～0.45 mm)和粗根(直径＞0.45 mm),直接干旱表现出降低细根比例、增加中等根和租根比例的趋势,说明细根受干旱的影响较中等根和粗根更大.这可能是玉米幼苗根系生长对干旱的一种适应性反映.  相似文献   

6.
辽宁地区玉米耗水量与产量的关系   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为探讨生长季自然降水条件下水分状况对玉米产量的影响,利用锦州2011、2012年和2014年玉米分期播种试验数据和1981—2010年辽宁农业气象历史资料,研究干旱年份水分与玉米产量的定量关系。结果表明:玉米产量和总耗水量间呈二次抛物线的关系(R~2=0.793,F=105,P=0.0001,n=57),当耗水量达到400~600 mm时,玉米能够获得高产;玉米不同生育阶段需水量呈现抽雄~乳熟期拔节~抽雄期出苗~拔节期乳熟~成熟期播种~出苗期的变化规律,各阶段日耗水强度分别为5.75、4.78、2.36、1.84 mm·d~(-1)和1.35 mm·d~(-1)。在分析相对叶面积指数和相对作物系数关系的基础上,提出了作物水分胁迫系数的相对叶面积订正方法,建立了以Jenson模型为基础的玉米水分生产函数模型。  相似文献   

7.
杨凌地区冬小麦-夏玉米水分供需适配性分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
采用1984—2015年气象观测站逐日气温、降水等资料,计算冬小麦-夏玉米各生育期阶段的需水量和有效降水,采用趋势分析及数理统计方法分析近32 a陕西杨凌示范区冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的降水特征,并结合作物需水特征分析其水分供需的适配性。结果表明:冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的有效降水都表现出不稳定性,除个别年份外,大多年份降水不能满足作物的需水要求。冬小麦播种~返青阶段有效降水量仅为18.9 mm,需水量在126.5 mm左右;返青~拔节阶段有效降水13.5 mm,且变异系数达130%,而需水量为81.2 mm;拔节~孕穗阶段有效降水为37.6 mm,但小麦在此阶段需水量达206.6 mm;根据小麦生理需水规律,一般年份在冬前灌水45~50 mm,拔节期灌水50 mm左右,孕穗期视情况而定。夏玉米播种~出苗阶段有效降水变异系数最大,其次是拔节~抽雄阶段,各生育阶段有效降水均表现出不稳定性。出苗~抽雄阶段平均有效降水量为126.8 mm,此阶段玉米需水量为157.2 mm;玉米抽雄~灌浆阶段平均有效降水73.9 mm,而需水量为166.6 mm;根据玉米生理需水规律,一般年份可在夏玉米大喇叭口期灌水50 mm左右,抽雄灌浆期灌水60 mm。  相似文献   

8.
内蒙古东部干旱年份玉米需水规律及灌溉制度优化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于通辽市丰田灌溉试验站3年野外实测试验,对该地区干旱年份玉米需水规律开展研究,结果表明:研究区干旱年份玉米拔节期与抽雄期耗水量占玉米整个生育期的50%以上,耗水强度依次表现为抽雄期拔节期灌浆期苗期,各生育阶段日耗水强度介于0.79~6.50 mm·d~(-1)之间;玉米干旱年份苗期、拔节期水分胁迫处理减产率较小,均未达到显著水平,抽雄期水分胁迫造成的减产量最大,多年平均达10%以上。干旱年份随着玉米耗水量的增加,产量持续增加,而水分生产率先升后降,合理的水分胁迫有利于提高干旱年份水资源的利用效率;同时通过数学模型与动态规划,提出了干旱年份玉米不同灌溉定额条件下的非充分优化灌溉制度,干旱年份应首先保证玉米抽雄期、灌浆期各灌水1次的要求,每次灌水约600 m3·hm-2。  相似文献   

9.
农牧林交错带不同降水年型下土壤水分动态研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用多年定位观测资料,对呼伦贝尔市农牧林交错带不同降水年型下草地、农耕地和林地的土壤相对湿度进行了研究。结果表明:降水影响交错带不同地表覆盖物的土壤湿度的季节性变化和垂直性变化。在丰水年,交错带各地区土壤水分季节性变化呈明显的"W"型分布,6、8月份出现两次低谷,4、7、10月份出现三次峰值;在平水年,基本上呈正弦曲线变化。在6月份出现一个峰值,在8月份出现一个谷值;在枯水年,土壤水分均呈下降趋势,幅度较大。降水年型对土壤水分变异系数的影响表现为随着降水量的增多,变异系数减小,枯水年为强变异,平水年为中等变异,丰水年为弱变异。  相似文献   

10.
为明确胶东地区适宜小麦滴灌铺管间距,在大田试验设置了4种滴灌处理:一管三行(T3,间距54cm)、一管四行(T4,间距72 cm)、一管五行(T5,间距90 cm)、一管六行(T6,间距108 cm),以无灌水处理(CK)为对照,研究了不同滴灌铺管间距对冬小麦耗水及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,滴灌对0~60 cm土层土壤含水量影响显著,可显著降低土壤水的消耗。不同滴灌处理冬小麦总耗水量和土壤水消耗量表现为T6T3T5T4,两年T6处理总耗水分别为407.5 mm和451.2 mm,显著高于T4处理。在枯水年,各处理WUE表现为T5T4T6T3CK;平水年,各处理WUE为T5T4CKT6T3,两年度T5和T4处理的WUE均显著高于其它处理,其中T5的WUE分别为24.3 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1和19.4 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。适宜的滴灌管配置方式能显著提高冬小麦有效穗数和子粒千粒重,T5处理两年产量最高,综合考虑T5经济效益最大,两年的经济效益分别达到10 976.35元·hm~(-2)和9 802.56元·hm~(-2)。一管五行间距90 cm是胶东地区最佳滴灌铺管间距配置。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

19.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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