共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2.
通过室内土柱淋滤试验,以灌水量和铬浓度为控制因子,研究铬在黄土层中垂向迁移规律及吸附特性,以便解决铬污染导致的土壤及地下水环境质量问题.试验共设5个灌水定额和5个铬浓度,采用完全组合设计,共25个处理.试验结果显示:(1)相同铬浓度条件下,铬含量与灌水量和土层含水量呈正相关；10 cm土层深度处,当铬浓度为25.0 mg·L-1、灌水量为318.5mm时,铬含量出现峰值98.7 mg·kg-1.(2)相同灌水量条件下,铬含量和吸附率都随铬浓度的增大而增大.表明铬在黄土中的迁移与土层深度、灌水量、土层含水量和铬浓度等因素密切相关. 相似文献
3.
甘蔗螟虫为害损失研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确田间自然条件下多种蔗螟混合发生为害时甘蔗实测产量及糖分损失情况,给甘蔗螟虫的科学有效防控提供理论依据和详实的实测数据,本研究于2012—2013年在蔗螟发生严重蔗区,选择主栽品种,同田设立并调查防治区和不治区螟害枯心苗率、螟害株率及螟害节率和有效茎数,甘蔗成熟期分别收砍称量和测定分析甘蔗产量及糖分,并计算甘蔗实测产量及糖分损失。螟害调查结果表明,多种蔗螟混合发生为害严重,螟害枯心苗率为8.3%~65.8%、螟害株率为26.7%~96.7%、螟害节率为4.4%~27.9%;667 m2有效茎数减少296~1 846条,平均1 111.3条。甘蔗实测产量及糖分损失结果显示,667m2甘蔗实测产量减少354.7~4 706.7kg,平均1 822.2kg;甘蔗产量损失率为5.3%~44.5%,平均25.9%;甘蔗出汁率减少0.9%~3.8%,平均2.4%;甘蔗糖分降低0.8%~5.6%,平均2.2%;蔗汁锤度降低0.8~6.3°BX,平均2.1°BX;蔗汁重力纯度降低1.1%~12.5%,平均4.1%;而蔗汁还原糖分则增加0.1%~1.6%,平均0.6%。可见,目前云南甘蔗主产区存在多种蔗螟混合发生为害,甘蔗减产减糖严重,甘蔗螟害已成为现阶段严重影响甘蔗高产、稳产、优质的主要障碍之一,切实加强甘蔗螟虫的科学有效防控,减少为害损失,对确保甘蔗生产安全和蔗糖产业可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
5.
膜下滴灌灌水频率对土壤水盐运移及棉花产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
通过棉花膜下滴灌大田试验,研究了灌水频率对土壤水盐运移和分布规律的影响,并对不同灌水频率的保墒、控盐、增产效果进行了评价.试验结果表明:在灌溉水质为淡水且定额为375 mm时,低频(10 d)和适频(7 d)灌溉下膜内0～60 cm土层的含水量适宜,低频灌溉的含水量最高,而高频(3 d)灌溉下各土层在花铃期处于轻度干旱... 相似文献
6.
华北平原不同灌水条件下两冬麦品种土壤水分动态与产量差异 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用LSD法对华北平原不同灌水条件下(设4个水分处理:0水、1水、2水和3水)两品种(科麦一号和石家庄8号)冬小麦田土壤水分动态变化进行了观测,并对产量、产量构成要素及其生态指标进行了定量分析,以探讨品种间的差异.研究发现:所有灌水处理0～140 cm土层土壤水分变化较大,而0水处理的0～40 cm和80～140 cm土层含水量变化比较活跃,其幅度低于灌水处理.品种间相同水分处理的土壤含水量变化趋势一致,除1水处理科麦一号变幅较大外,其他3个处理均以石家庄8号变幅较大.科麦一号与石家庄8号均以3水处理的产量最高,比0水处理分别增产44.44%、42.88%,但由于该处理灌水充足,小麦相对晚熟耗水量大,致使收获前土壤含水率急剧下降.在各水分处理中,产量构成要素穗数皆以3水最高;穗粒重皆以1水最高(两个品种穗粒重1水与2水差异不显著);千粒重皆以0水最高.穗粒数以1水最高.收获指数皆以0水最高.科麦一号对水分较为敏感,但耗水量明显小于石家庄8号.要达到经济高产的目标,科麦一号灌2水较为合适,石家庄8号需灌3水. 相似文献
7.
8.
微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。 相似文献
9.
采用3种浓度乙烯利溶液(0、100、200 mg/L)分别对甘蔗新台糖22号(ROC22)、桂糖17号(GT17)和新台糖10号(ROC10)在下种前进行10 min浸种处理,测定根系中的多胺含量、多胺氧化酶活性、叶片水势及土壤含水量的变化。结果发现,在水分胁迫条件下蔗根精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)、腐胺(Put)大量积累,100、200 mg/L乙烯利浸种处理的ROC22和ROC10蔗根有较高的多胺含量(Spm、Spd、Put),而GT17则有较低的值,并且都有较低的多胺氧化酶活性;同时100、200 mg/L乙烯利浸种处理减缓水分胁迫时蔗叶组织水势的下降程度,尤以200mg/L乙烯利处理效果最好。试验表明乙烯利浸种可提高甘蔗品种的抗旱性。 相似文献
10.
耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏大豆产量的影响,评价出最适宜伊犁河谷地区滴灌条件下复播大豆农田的耕作方式,2012—2014年开展了冬小麦收获后土壤翻耕覆膜(TP)、翻耕(T)、旋耕(RT)和免耕(NT)四种不同耕作方式的复播大豆田间试验。结果表明,各处理土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量、养分和产量均表现出差异性。0~60 cm的平均容重以NT处理最大,达1.4 g·cm-3,分别比RT、T、TP处理高出2.2%、4.5%、5.3%。0~30 cm土层的土壤总孔隙度均以TP处理的最高,其平均值分别比T、NT、RT高出1.4%、3.8%、5.7%。30 cm以下各处理的土壤总孔隙度虽有减少,但差异不显著。各处理各个生育时期土壤含水量基本均表现为TPTRTNT。SOC、全N、全P含量表现为在0~20 cm土层以NT处理最高,20~40 cm土层以TP最高,T处理次之。TP和T处理显著提高0~40 cm土层土壤速效N、速效P含量。大豆产量均表现为翻耕覆膜处理最高,分别比T、RT和NT处理高出15.2%、30.8%和31.9%。本试验条件下,虽然免耕能够增加土壤养分含量,但翻耕覆膜措施不仅有效改善了土壤物理环境,而且更有利于提高复播大豆产量。 相似文献
11.
为了确保杀虫单在甘蔗上的安全科学使用,本研究分别于2015和2016年度在海南和广西开展了9%杀虫单颗粒剂在甘蔗和土壤中的残留消解试验和最终残留试验。残留消解试验结果表明,杀虫单在甘蔗植株中的半衰期为17.3～30.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为1.7 d;最终残留试验结果表明,杀虫单在甘蔗蔗梢、蔗茎和土壤中的最终残留皆低于LOQ(0.02 mg/kg)。综上,在甘蔗苗期按照3 375 g/hm~2沟施9%杀虫单颗粒剂1次,甘蔗蔗梢和蔗茎中杀虫单的最终残留低于我国的限量标准,对人类的暴露风险较低;而且土壤中杀虫单残留对非靶标生物蚯蚓的环境风险也较低。 相似文献
12.
建立了噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的残留分析方法,并在广东和广西2地进行了10%噻唑磷颗粒剂在甘蔗上残留的田间试验,研究了噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留量,并对甘蔗中噻唑磷可能产生的膳食摄入风险进行了评估。甘蔗样本用乙腈提取,氨基固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器 (GC-FPD) 检测。结果表明:在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg添加水平下,噻唑磷在甘蔗中的平均回收率为83%～84%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为2.6%～3.4%;在土壤中的平均回收率为84%～86%,RSD为4.1%～6.7%。噻唑磷检出限 (LOD) 和定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明:10%噻唑磷颗粒剂在广东和广西甘蔗中的消解不符合一级反应动力学方程,没有显著的消解规律,呈现的特点是浓度由小到大再变小的趋势,施药后14～21 d甘蔗中噻唑磷的残留量达到最大值0.027 mg/kg;噻唑磷在土壤中消解符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期为8.6～9.6 d,属易降解农药;噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的最终残留量均小于0.01 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评估结果表明:甘蔗中噻唑磷对人群的急性膳食摄入风险值为225%,急性膳食摄入风险较大,还需进一步结合噻唑磷在人体内的代谢行为等数据进行综合评估;慢性膳食摄入风险值为57%,表明按照推荐剂量施用10%噻唑磷颗粒剂,慢性膳食摄入风险较低,对消费者健康是安全的。 相似文献
13.
14.
广东果蔗宿根矮化病菌检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明广东果蔗宿根矮化病发生情况,为果蔗健康种苗生产及推广应用提供科学依据,本研究采用常规PCR与巢式PCR技术分别对广东韶关和广州南沙果蔗产区的主栽品种‘黑皮果蔗’(‘Badila’)及华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地新引进的果蔗品种‘内江蜜蔗’、‘甜城21号’、‘甜城22号’和‘甜城99号’等进行宿根矮化病菌的检测。结果表明,巢式PCR检测的阳性检出率达88.6%,明显高于常规PCR检测(40.4%);广东韶关果蔗产区‘黑皮果蔗’宿根矮化病阳性率为86.8%;广州南沙果蔗产区‘黑皮果蔗’宿根矮化病阳性率为92.7%;华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地新引进的果蔗品种除‘甜城22号’外,其他3个品种‘内江蜜蔗’、‘甜城21号’和‘甜城99号’均感染宿根矮化病菌。甘蔗宿根矮化病已在广东主要果蔗产区普遍发生,健康种苗研究与应用十分必要。 相似文献
15.
Management of invasive vertebrates is a crucial component of conservation. Management strategies should increase the chance of removal of every individual, by exploiting behavioural characteristics, and by increasing the period over which removal occurs. For example, traps can operate automatically over long periods, and often include attractants to increase captures. Management strategies for the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia include hand capture and trapping adult individuals (toads are attracted to an acoustic lure, and to insects attracted to a light, also on the lure). We used capture-mark-recapture analysis to compare the efficacy of trapping and hand capturing cane toads over 10 weeks, in Townsville, Australia. We trapped 7.1%–22.4% of the estimated population per week, and hand captured 1.7%–6% of the estimated population per week. Trapping was more efficient than hand capture in our regime; overall, more toads were caught per trapping man-hour than per hand-capture hour. Traps attract toads and maximise the period over which removal occurs; thus, the probability of removal for each toad was higher than by hand capture. Because hand capture and trapping seemed to remove different toads, a combination of these methods may work well. 相似文献
16.
A survey was carried out on 72 sugarcane fields in Wonji-Shoa and Methara sugarcane plantations in the Rift Valley, Ethiopia, to determine the composition and distribution of weeds and to assess the influence of soil types and crop management practises on weed species composition and distribution. A total of 180 weed taxa belonging to 40 families was recorded. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae were the most abundant families based on the number of species recorded. Annuals were more common (137 taxa) than perennials (43 taxa). The most frequent and problematic weed species in the plantations, irrespective of the soil types and crop types, were Cyperus spp., Sorghum spp., Euphorbia hirta , Ipomoea cordofana , Rhynchosia malacophylla , Datura stramonium , Launaea cornuta , Portulaca oleracea , and Amaranthus spp., with a frequency of > 65%. Perennial, rhizomatous Cyperus spp. were more dominant in ratoon crops than in plant crops. A partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA) showed that soil types, fertilizer application, and crop cycles were the major factors influencing the species distribution in the plantations among all the variables considered in the study. The first pCCA axis structured weed species associated with light-textured soil in contrast to weeds on heavy soil. D. stramonium , Tagetes minuta , and Galinsoga parviflora were mostly associated with light-textured soil, while Xanthium strumarium , Hibiscus trionum , Vigna fischeri , and Ipomoea eriocarpa were mostly associated with heavy-textured soils. The second axis distinguished those species associated with fields receiving fertilizers versus those that were not fertilized. Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Phyllanthus tenellus were mainly associated with fertilized fields while E. hirta and L. cornuta were common on unfertilized fields. 相似文献
17.
建立了硝磺草酮在甘蔗和土壤中的残留分析方法,并在广东和广西分别进行了10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂在甘蔗上残留的田间试验,研究了硝磺草酮在甘蔗和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留量。样品用乙腈提取,盐酸调节pH至3~4后二氯甲烷萃取,采用高效液相色谱配二极管阵列紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)检测。结果表明:在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,硝磺草酮平均添加回收率为82%~84%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~3.4%,检出限(LOD)为0.005 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明:施用10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂后,在甘蔗上的残留量呈现先降低后升高又下降的趋势;在土壤中的半衰期为12.3~14.7 d,属于易降解农药。最终残留量测定结果显示:收获期甘蔗中硝磺草酮的残留量均0.01 mg/kg。 相似文献
18.
果蔗脱毒种苗甘蔗花叶病、黄叶病和宿根矮化病分子检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为监测2016-2017年种植的果蔗脱毒种苗脱毒效果,分别采集广州市南沙区和增城区、湛江市麻章区及华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地共83份果蔗脱毒种苗样本,进行甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)、高粱花叶病毒(SrMV)和甘蔗黄叶病毒(SCYLV)RT-PCR检测。结果表明SCMV的阳性样本数为3个,阳性检出率3.61%;SrMV的阳性样本数为0;SCYLV的阳性样本数为78个,阳性检出率93.98%。采用常规PCR和巢式PCR技术对采集于广州市增城区和华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地的30份果蔗脱毒种苗样本进行宿根矮化病菌(Lxx)检测,常规PCR检测阳性样本数为0,巢式PCR检测疑似阳性样本数为8,疑似阳性检出率26.67%。本研究采用茎尖组织培养脱毒技术培育的果蔗脱毒种苗能有效脱除果蔗种苗内的SCMV、SrMV和Lxx,但SCYLV的脱除效果有待进一步研究。 相似文献
19.
BACKGROUND: A major global challenge is to provide agricultural production systems that are able to sustain growing demands for food, feed, fibre and renewable raw materials without exacerbating climate change. Detailed and reliable data on the CO2 balance of different agricultural management activities and inputs as a basis to quantify carbon footprints of agriculture are still lacking. This study aims to fill this gap further by quantifying the net balance of emitted and assimilated CO2 due to the application of crop protection treatments on the farm, and by assessing their partial contribution to GHG emissions and mitigation in agriculture. The study focuses on key agricultural crops including wheat, corn, oilseeds and sugar crops. RESULTS: The final CO2 balance, considering GHG emissions due to on‐farm CPP treatment in comparison with CO2 storage in additional biomass, CO2 protected with respect to agrotechnical inputs and land inputs and CO2 saved with respect to associated global land use changes, is positive and may reach multiples of up to nearly 2000. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the importance of the positive yield effects of the CPP programme applications on the farm, resulting in additional assimilated biomass at the farm level and less land use changes at the global level, and thus lower pressure on environmentally important indicators of overall agricultural sustainability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献