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1.
为了探明河北不同品质类型冬小麦的适宜施氮量，在十年定位试验的基础上，研究了不同施氮水平（0、60、120、180、240和360 kg·hm-2）下小麦中筋品种济麦22、中强筋品种石优20、强筋品种藁优2018和超强筋品种师栾02-1的产量和品质以及农田氮素平衡和土壤氮素盈余状况。结果表明，产量和品质在不同类型小麦品种间及氮肥处理间均差异显著。不施氮和施氮60 kg·hm-2处理的产量和品质显著低于其他处理。长期不施氮肥时各小麦品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间等品质指标降至弱筋麦水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1实现高产高效的适宜施氮范围依次是120～240、180～240、120～300和120～240 kg·hm-2，济麦22达到品种本身品质水平的适宜施氮量范围为120～300 kg·hm-2，其他品种为180～240 kg·hm-2。不同品质指标对施氮量的反应有差异，强筋品种的蛋白质含量和面团稳定时间在施氮120 kg·hm-2条件下能达到较高水平，而湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和延伸性则需要更高施氮量才能达到较高水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1达到农田氮素表观平衡的适宜施氮量分别为197、166、199和218 kg·hm-2，土壤氮素表观平衡的施氮量均为212 kg·hm-2。过量施氮不能提高小麦产量和品质，降低施肥效益，会造成土壤氮素盈余。可见，施氮180 kg·hm-2为最优施氮处理，能实现小麦高产、高效、优质和生态安全的统一。 相似文献
2.
为探明黄淮海地区大豆茬口（S）冬小麦的最佳施氮策略，以玉米茬口（M）为对照，研究了不同施氮水平（0、180、240、300 kg·hm-2）下大豆茬口对冬小麦干物质积累动态、氮素吸收利用特征及产量的影响。结果表明，与玉米茬口相比，大豆茬口可显著提高不施氮处理下的小麦干物质积累速率及积累量，尤其在生育后期（开花至成熟期）；可以提高0和180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下冬小麦植株氮素吸收量，成熟期小麦籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了32.1%和9.5%，但当施氮量达到300 kg·hm-2后，豆茬小麦的生长及氮素积累均受到显著抑制，总体呈现"低氮促进，高氮抑制"的氮肥效应。两种茬口冬小麦产量均在240 kg·hm-2施氮量达到最高；在0和180 kg·hm-2施氮量下，大豆茬口较玉米茬口均显著增产（P<0.05， 25.8%和13.1%），在240和300 kg·hm-2施氮量下，减产幅度分别为5.13%和13.9%，后者差异显著。豆茬小麦的氮肥利用率、生理效率及产量效应均低于玉米茬口。综上，豆茬冬小麦的施氮量应适当低于玉米茬口，黄淮海地区推荐施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm-2，采用豆-麦部分替代玉-麦模式种植，可实现该地区减氮增效目标。 相似文献
3.
氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为给安徽省沿淮稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理运筹提供理论依据,通过大田试验,选用当地小麦主栽品种济麦22（半冬性中筋品种）和烟农19（半冬性强筋品种）为材料,设置0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm-2 5个施氮水平,分析施氮量对两种基因型小麦冠层结构、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在0~180 kg·hm-2 施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加,小麦株高、叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值显著上升,群体截获更多光能,冠层截获光合有效辐射显著增加,群体透光率显著降低,冠层光谱反射率在400～725 nm波段逐渐下降,在725～1 000 nm逐渐上升;随着施氮量的进一步增加,360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理的各冠层指标与270 kg·hm-2 施氮处理之间差异未达到0.05显著水平。籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先升后降趋势,2个小麦品种产量均以270 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最高。穗数、穗粒数均随施氮量增加而显著提高,都以360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最大,但180、270和360 kg·hm-2 施氮处理间差异较小或不显著;千粒重则表现为先升后降的趋势,以90 kg·hm-2 施氮处理最高。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而逐渐提高,除2014-2015年270和360 kg·hm-2 两个施氮处理间差异不显著外,两年不同施氮处理间均差异显著。综合高产、优质、低环境风险的选择条件,沿淮稻茬麦区小麦季氮素在180~270 kg·hm-2 范围内偏下限施用较为适宜,强筋品种烟农19可适当提高施氮量。 相似文献
4.
施氮对花后遮光条件下小麦产量与蛋白质含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨施氮对花后弱光逆境下小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响,选用2个对弱光敏感性不同的小麦品种（济麦22和济核916）,设置3个施氮水平（0、120和240 kg·hm-2）,在花后遮去60%的自然光条件下研究了施氮量对小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质含量的调控效应。结果表明,增施氮肥可延缓花后遮光条件下两个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素下降,使PSⅡ实际光化学效率和净光合速率维持较高水平,促进旗叶可溶性糖含量合成,提高籽粒灌浆速率,增加穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量。增施氮肥提高了遮光条件下两个小麦品种旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和籽粒游离氨基酸含量,增加籽粒蛋白质含量。济麦22的籽粒产量以240 kg·hm-2施氮处理最高,籽粒蛋白质含量在120 kg·hm-2和240 kg·hm-2施氮处理间无显著差异;济核916的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量均以120 kg·hm-2施氮处理最高。由此可见,在花后遮光条件下适量施氮可提高小麦光合能力和促进碳氮代谢,最终增加籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。 相似文献
5.
为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180 、240和300 kg·hm-2 四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时小麦品质性状最优。 相似文献
6.
为明确施氮量对酿酒小麦原粮品质和酿酒品质的影响,以绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168（糯性）两个小麦品种为材料,设置6个施氮量（0、45、90、135、180、225 kg·hm-2）,对小麦产量、原粮品质和酿酒品质进行了分析。结果表明：（1）两供试小麦品种的产量和有效穗数无显著差异;随施氮量增加,两品种的有效穗数、穗粒数及产量增加,均在施氮225 kg·hm-2达最大值。（2）随施氮量增加,两个小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量增加,均在135 kg·hm-2处理下较高;淀粉含量和粉质率降低,绵麦902直链淀粉含量和直支比均以180 kg·hm-2处理最高,分别为22.6%和0.641,支链淀粉含量以45 kg·hm-2处理最高,为 42.6%;中科紫糯麦168直链淀粉含量和直支比均以45 kg·hm-2处理最高,分别为3.9% 和0.058,支链淀粉含量以90 kg·hm-2处理最高,为69.3%。（3）与中科紫糯麦168相比,绵麦902出酒率较高,总酸、总酯含量较低,增施氮肥显著降低总酸含量,显著增加总酯含量;施氮90~135 kg·hm-2范围内两品种出酒率较高,总酸和总酯含量较协调;（4）相关分析表明,出酒率与直链淀粉含量和粉质率呈显著和极显著正相关,与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关;总酸含量与总淀粉、支链淀粉和脂肪含量呈显著正相关,与粉质率呈显著负相关;总酯含量与灰分含量呈显著负相关。本研究认为,绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168酿酒品质各具优势,绵麦902出酒率高,中科紫糯麦168具有更好的产酯特性;在90 ~135 kg·hm-2施氮范围内,两品种蛋白质含量较适宜,总淀粉和支链淀粉含量较高,灰分含量高,脂肪含量适宜,出酒率和总酸含量也较高,是川西平原酿酒小麦较佳施氮量范围。 相似文献
7.
微喷灌条件下不同水氮处理对冬小麦水氮利用和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在关中平原冬小麦生产中,降雨分布不合理和肥料利用效率低制约了农业的发展。为提高该地区小麦产量和水氮利用效率,于2017-2019年在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学曹新庄试验站进行冬小麦田间试验,供试品种为普冰151,采用施氮和灌水二因素裂区设计,灌水量为主区（W0:0m·hm-2;W1:600 m·hm-2;W2:12 00 m·hm-2）,灌溉方式为微喷灌;施氮量为副区（N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:75 kg·hm-2;N2:150 kg·hm-2;N3:225 kg·hm-2;N4:300 kg·hm-2）,研究了灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果发现,灌溉量和施氮量对冬小麦产量、经济效益和水氮利用效率有显著影响;灌溉能提高氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率,灌溉水利用效率随着灌溉量增加而降低,水分利用效率随着灌溉量增加先升高后降低。施氮量超过150 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率和冬小麦产量不会显著增加,氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量升高而降低。因此,施氮量150 kg·hm-2配合越冬灌水600 m·hm-2,能够在保障高产的基础上,提高水、氮利用效率,降低种植投入成本,增加农民收入,实现关中平原小麦高产高效水氮运筹的目标。 相似文献
8.
为揭示大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm-2）和两种大气NH3浓度（空气背景NH3浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m-3;高NH3浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH3浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH3浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH3浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH3浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。 相似文献
9.
冬小麦碳氮积累、转运和籽粒产量对小花发育期追氮的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为给冬小麦高产优质栽培过程中氮肥的合理调控提供参考依据,通过河南郑州和兰考两点大田试验,分别在总施氮量240和180 kg·hm-2下,以全部基施为对照,进行基施和追施各50%施氮处理［追肥时期分别在返青期(二棱末期)、返青后10 d(护颖原基分化期)、20 d(雌雄蕊原基分化期)和30 d(雌蕊凹期)］,探讨了小花发育期施氮对两种穗型冬小麦碳、氮积累和转运及产量构成的影响。结果表明,在小花发育期追施氮肥均有利于花前碳、氮的贮藏积累和转运,且兰考矮早8品种贮藏碳、氮转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于对照处理4.49和3.98个百分点,而豫麦49198品种分别高于对照处理1.68和0.47个百分点;两个品种花前贮藏氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于碳素42.97和38.47个百分点。在本试验条件下,在小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥增加了兰考矮早8的千粒重和豫麦49198的穗粒数,且追肥处理的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,氮素积累和转运的增加也显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。根据本研究结果,在总施氮量180~240 kg·hm-2下,采取基施和小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥各50%,提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。 相似文献
10.
施氮和肥料添加剂对太湖地区小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给太湖地区冬小麦合理施氮提供理论依据及技术选择, 以扬麦10号为试验材料, 在田间条件下研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明, 增施氮肥可显著提高小麦产量和植株累积吸氮量, 但对阶段氮累积比例无明显影响; 氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率随施氮量增加而降低。在施氮基础上增施肥料添加剂可进一步增加小麦产量和各生育时期植株累积吸氮量, 且增加值随施氮量和肥料添加剂用量的增加而增加。尿素配施低水平(50 kg·hm-2)肥料添加剂对小麦产量和植株氮素吸收利用的综合提升效应不明显;施用高水平肥料添加剂(100 kg·hm-2)在施氮150 和250 kg·hm-2条件下产量及氮素吸收利用均显著增加(P<0.05)。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率, “施氮 250 kg·hm-2 + 施肥料添加剂 100 kg·hm-2 ”是本试验条件下较优的氮肥管理模式。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
15.
16.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
20.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献