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1.
灰飞虱(Laodelphaxstriatellus)能传播水稻条纹叶枯病,是我国重要的水稻害虫。Wolbachia是存在于多种昆虫生殖器官的一类共生菌,它可通过在宿主群体中引起细胞质不亲和性(CI)而给宿主带来生殖优势。通过对灰飞虱体内Wolbachia感染率的测定,监测Wolbachia在灰飞虱群体中的扩散趋势从而为媒介昆虫-共生菌技术(Vector-Insect-SymbiontTech-nology,VIST)这一防治手段提供研究基础。 相似文献
2.
Infection of Wolbachia in Trichogramma cacoeciae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wolbachia is a symbiotic bacterium that alters reproductive behavior of numerous arthropods.It is the most advanced way to study phylogeny and classification based on sequences of the wsp gene. The presence of Wolbachia in a lab strain of the thelytokous Trichogramma cacoeciae was firstly identified based on amplification and sequencing part of the wsp gene. Aligned the resulting sequence with the published ones,the phylogenetic relationships among Wolbachia which was found in T. cacoeciae, T. dendrolimi and other insects were established. The Wolbachia that found in T. cacoeciae and in T. dendrolimi belong to the Kue group and the Pip group, respectively. 相似文献
3.
沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)是一类广泛存在于节肢动物生殖器官内的共生细菌.利用Wolbachia表面蛋白wsp基因的1对通用引物81F和691R,对广东省桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)地理种群感染Wolbachia状况进行PCR检测.结果表明,桔小实蝇珠海地理种群有1个个体感染Wolbachia,其他种群均未见感染;广东省桔小实蝇种群感染Wolbachia的概率为0.4%. 相似文献
4.
【目的】对美洲棘蓟马体内共生菌Wolbachia进行分子生物学鉴定,确定该蓟马体内Wolbachia的进化位置,为进一步探讨Wolbachia对其生殖作用的调控机制提供理论依据。【方法】以wsp基因为目的基因,对美洲棘蓟马体内的共生菌Wolbachia进行特异性扩增和测序,使用Clustal X 1.83软件对所得DNA序列进行比对;在MEGA 4.0软件中采用邻接法对Wolbachia的系统发育关系进行分析。【结果】利用wsp基因的特异性引物从美洲棘蓟马体内扩增出了632 bp的Wolbachia的wsp基因片段(GenBank登录号为JN315668),580 bp的Wolbachia A群的wsp基因片段和405 bp的Mel亚群的wsp基因片段。系统发育分析结果表明,美洲棘蓟马体内的Wolbachia与黑腹果蝇亲缘关系较近。【结论】美洲棘蓟马体内感染的Wolbachia属于A群Mel亚群。 相似文献
5.
Dingle H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,175(4028):1327-1335
Physiological and ecological results from a variety of species are consistent with what seem to be valid general statements concerning insect migration. These are as follows: (i)During migration locomotory functions are enhanced and vegetative functions such as feeding and reproduction are suppressed. (ii) Migration usually occurs prereproductively in the life of the adult insect (the oogenesis-flight syndrome). (iii)Since migrant individuals are usually prereproductive, their reproductive values, and hence colonizing abilities, are at or near maximum. (iv) Migrants usually reside in temporary habitats. (v)Migrants have a high potential for population increase, r, which is also advantageous for colonizers. (vi)Both the physiological and ecological parameters of migration are modifiable by environmental factors (that is, phenotypically modifiable)to suit the prevailing conditions. Taken together, these criteria establish a comprehensive theory and adumbrate the basic strategy for migrant insects. This basic strategy is modified to suit the ecological requirements of individual species. Comparative studies of these modifications are of considerable theoretical and practical interest, the more so since most economically important insects are migrants. No satisfactory general statements can as yet be made with respect to the genotype and migration. Certainly we expect colonizing populiations to possess genotypes favoring a high r, but genotypic variation in r depends on the heritabilities of life table statistics, and such measurements are yet to be made (10, 53). The fact that flight duration can be increased by appropriate selection in Oncopeltus fasciatus, and the demonstration of additive genetic variance for this trait in Lygaeus kalmii, suggest that heritability studies of migratory behavior would also be worth pursuing. Most interesting of course, will be possible genetic correlations between migration and life history parameters. Also, migration often transports genotypes across long distances with considerable mixing of populations. An understanding of its operation therefore carries with it implications for population genetics, zoogeography, and evolutionary theory. Finally, at least parts of the above general theory would seem to be applicable to forms other than insects. Bird and insect migrations, for example, are in many respects ecologically and physiologically similar. Birds, like insects, emphasize locomotory. as opposed to vegetative functions during long-distance flight; the well-known Zugenruhe or migratory restlessness is a case in point. Further, many birds migrateat nigt at a time when they would ordinarily roost(vegetative activity). Because their life spans exceed single seasons, bird migrants are not prereproductive in the same sense that insect migrants are, and hence reproductive values do not have the same meaning(but note that some insects are also interreproductive migrants). The situaion is complicated further by the fact that in many birds adult survivorship is virtually independent of age so that colonizing ability tends to be also (10, 54). Nevertheless, birds arrive on their nesting grounds in reproductive condition with the result that migration is a colonizing episode. It is also phenotypically modifiable by environmental factors, some of which, for example, photoperiod, influence insects as well (55). The similarities between birds and insects thus seem sufficient to indicate, at least provisionally, that the theory developed for insects applies also to birds with appropriate modifications for longer life span and more complex social behavior; comparisons between insects and fish (56) lead to the same conclusion. In birds especially, and also in other forms, various functions accessory to migration such as reproductive endocrinology, energy budgets, and orientation mechanisms have been studied extensively (55, 56). But there is need in vertebrates for more data andtheoy on the ecology and physiology of migratory behavior per se in order tobetter understand its evolution and its role in ecosystem function (5, 57). Migration in any animal cannot be understood until viewed in its entirety as a physiological, behavioral, and ecological syndrome. 相似文献
6.
The bacterium Wolbachia manipulates reproduction in millions of insects worldwide; the most common effect is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). We found that CI resulted from delayed nuclear envelope breakdown of the male pronucleus in Nasonia vitripennis. This caused asynchrony between the male and female pronuclei and, ultimately, loss of paternal chromosomes at the first mitosis. When Wolbachia were present in the egg, synchrony was restored, which explains suppression of CI in these crosses. These results suggest that Wolbachia target cell cycle regulatory proteins. A striking consequence of CI is that it alters the normal pattern of reciprocal centrosome inheritance in Nasonia. 相似文献
7.
昆虫已成为动物界种类最多、分布最广的一个类群。繁殖是昆虫保证种群延续以及繁荣的重要手段。因为其极强的繁殖能力和特殊的繁殖体系,雌性昆虫可以通过受精囊储存交配中从雄虫处获得的精子延迟卵的受精,控制其受精时间,以此避免不利于其后代生存的时间和环境,待寻找到合适的环境以及寄主后,再控制精液流出使卵受精,保证其卵的孵化率和幼虫的存活率。繁殖适度是衡量昆虫适应自然的一个重要指标。在自然界,昆虫通常通过改变其繁殖适度的方式调节和适应外部不利的环境因素和自身因素的变化。基于近年来国内外学者对于昆虫繁殖行为的大量研究,从环境因素和昆虫自身因素两个方面对昆虫繁殖适度进行综述。分别讨论了温度、湿度、光照、食物和密度5个外部环境因素,以及体型或体重、多次交配、交配经历和延迟交配4个昆虫自身因素,对昆虫繁殖适度的影响以及相应研究结果在实际生产中的应用,并指出当前研究的存在问题,以期为相关的进一步研究提供方向,为田间寻找新的害虫防治措施提供思路。 相似文献
8.
外界生态因子对感染Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖稳定性影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】明确水平人工转染沃尔巴克氏体（Wolbachia）获得营产雌孤雌生殖松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖方式在环境条件改变时的遗传稳定性,探索Wolbachia与其宿主间的相互适应性。【方法】采用喂食抗生素、持续高温处理、与雄蜂交配等方法,观察产雌孤雌松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生和羽化等情况。【结果】抗生素诱导下,从F2代开始出现雄蜂,经诱导获得的雄性与正常雌性、诱导获得雌性交配可以产生后代,且20个后代群体都有雄性个体出现;25℃恒温下,与雄性交配的产雌孤雌松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生数和未交配的相比显著降低,到F7代恢复正常,只有交配的F2、F4后代出现个别雄蜂,其它世代和未交配所有世代均未出现雄蜂。而32℃高温下,交配与未交配至F5代所有羽化个体全为雄蜂。【结论】不同温度下与雄蜂交配不会改变Wolbachia感染引起的松毛虫赤眼蜂产雌孤雌生殖方式,抗生素处理和持续至少20 d的32℃高温是改变感染Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂生殖方式的决定因素。 相似文献
9.
Countless numbers of insects migrate within and between continents every year, and yet we know very little about the ultimate reasons and proximate mechanisms that would explain these mass movements. Here we suggest that perhaps the most important reason for insects to migrate is to hedge their reproductive bets. By spreading their breeding efforts in space and time, insects distribute their offspring over a range of environmental conditions. We show how the study of individual long-distance movements of insects may contribute to a better understanding of migration. In the future, advances in tracking methods may enable the global surveillance of large insects such as desert locusts. 相似文献
10.
Fast EM Toomey ME Panaram K Desjardins D Kolaczyk ED Frydman HM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6058):990-992
Wolbachia are widespread maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that infect most insect species and are able to alter the reproduction of innumerous hosts. The cellular bases of these alterations remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila mauritiana infected with a native Wolbachia wMau strain produces about four times more eggs than the noninfected counterpart. Wolbachia infection leads to an increase in the mitotic activity of germline stem cells (GSCs), as well as a decrease in programmed cell death in the germarium. Our results suggest that up-regulation of GSC division is mediated by a tropism of Wolbachia for the GSC niche, the cellular microenvironment that supports GSCs. 相似文献
11.
Robinson SK Thompson FR Donovan TM Whitehead DR Faaborg J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5206):1987-1990
Forest fragmentation, the disruption in the continuity of forest habitat, is hypothesized to be a major cause of population decline for some species of forest birds because fragmentation reduces nesting (reproductive) success. Nest predation and parasitism by cowbirds increased with forest fragmentation in nine midwestern (United States) landscapes that varied from 6 to 95 percent forest cover within a 10-kilometer radius of the study areas. Observed reproductive rates were low enough for some species in the most fragmented landscapes to suggest that their populations are sinks that depend for perpetuation on immigration from reproductive source populations in landscapes with more extensive forest cover. Conservation strategies should consider preservation and restoration of large, unfragmented "core" areas in each region. 相似文献
12.
Dunning Hotopp JC Clark ME Oliveira DC Foster JM Fischer P Muñoz Torres MC Giebel JD Kumar N Ishmael N Wang S Ingram J Nene RV Shepard J Tomkins J Richards S Spiro DJ Ghedin E Slatko BE Tettelin H Werren JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1753-1756
Although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. However, the presence of endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. We therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from Wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. We found and confirmed transfers into the genomes of four insect and four nematode species that range from nearly the entire Wolbachia genome (>1 megabase) to short (<500 base pairs) insertions. Potential Wolbachia-to-host transfers were also detected computationally in three additional sequenced insect genomes. We also show that some of these inserted Wolbachia genes are transcribed within eukaryotic cells lacking endosymbionts. Therefore, heritable lateral gene transfer occurs into eukaryotic hosts from their prokaryote symbionts, potentially providing a mechanism for acquisition of new genes and functions. 相似文献
13.
对人工栽培元胡种群的开花习性、杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比、花粉活力、柱头可授性、传粉试验及访花昆虫进行观察。结果表明,按照Daffni的方法,元胡杂交指数OCI为3,由此判断元胡繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;且元胡P/O值在31.9～396.0之间,依照Cruden(1977)的标准,元胡的繁育系统属兼性自交;元胡栽培种群开花高峰期在3月底,花期短,15 d左右;元胡为兼性自交繁育系统;花粉活力随时间逐渐升高,到第5天达到最高之后又逐渐下降;在整个花期柱头都具有一定的可授性,且在开花第6天最强,随后降低;每天观察元胡的访花昆虫,偶有蜜蜂或蝴蝶一两只,访花时停留5～16 s,其他昆虫几乎未见。表明野生状态下,元胡访花昆虫的访花频率很低。 相似文献
14.
用米蛾卵作为短管赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂共寄生的寄主,实现Wolbachia在赤眼蜂种间的水平传递.对Wolbachia的wsp基因进行PCR检测,结果表明,这4头处女雌蜂体内有Wolbachia的存在,且在由这4头处女雌蜂为单系所建立第1～5代拟澳洲赤眼蜂群体内,Wolbaccha的检测均为阳性;wsp基因序列比对和同源性分析结果表明,拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂体内Wolbachia的wsp基因序列完全一致.证明未感染Wolbachia的拟澳洲赤眼蜂和感染Wolbachia的短管赤眼蜂在同一米蛾卵体内共同发育时,Wolbachia能从供体短管赤眼蜂成功地水平传递到新宿主拟澳洲赤眼蜂体内,并能在新宿主体内垂直传递5代. 相似文献
15.
An important question in ecology is the extent to which populations and communities are governed by general rules. Recent developments in population dynamics theory have shown that hosts' refuges from their insect parasitoids predict parasitoid community richness patterns. Here, the refuge theory is extended to biological control, in which parasitoids are imported for the control of insect pests. Theory predicts, and data confirm, that the success of biological control is inversely related to the proportion of insects protected from parasitoid attack. Refuges therefore provide a general mechanism for interpreting ecological patterns at both the community level (their species diversity) and population level (their dynamics). 相似文献
16.
使用斑点免疫结合试验(DIBA)和PCR法分别对灰飞虱体内水稻条纹病毒(rice stripe virus,RSV)和沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的感染特点进行研究。结果发现:灰飞虱体内广泛存在Wolbachia感染,但是灰飞虱体内Wolbachia的感染与其体内携带RSV的特点不存在明显的相关性,同时二者在经卵传播过程中也没有明显的相关性。这暗示了RSV和Wolbachia在灰飞虱体内虽然都可以垂直传播给下一代,但是二者在传播方式上或者在传播过程中可能是两个相对独立、相互间没有明显影响的过程。 相似文献
17.
Because availability of resources often limits seed or fruit set, increased visits by pollinators may not always lead to increases in maternal reproduction. This observation has led evolutionary biologists to hypothesize that a plant's ability to attract pollinators may have its primary impact on male fitness achieved through the fertlization of ovules. This interpretation of angiosperm reproductive ecology is supported by field experiments. Pollinating insects strongly discriminated between two Mendelian petal-color morphs in Raphanus raphanistrum, a widespread, self-incompatible crucifer. In experimental populations composed of petal-color homozygotes. color discrimination by naturally occurring pollinators had no statistically significant effect on relative maternal function (fruit and seed production) in the two morphs. In contrast, yellow-flowered individuals were far more successful as fathers (pollen donors) than were the less visited whites. These results suggest that the evolution of floral signals such as petal color may be driven primarily by selection on male function. 相似文献
18.
Nowak MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5805):1560-1563
Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation. 相似文献
19.
Social insects show multiple levels of self identity. Most individuals are sterile workers who selflessly labor for their colony, which is often viewed as a superorganism. The superorganism protects itself with colony recognition systems based on learned odors, typically cuticular hydrocarbons. Transfer of these odors within the colony obscures separate clan identities. Residual individual interests do appear to cause conflicts within colonies over sex ratio, male production, caste, and reproductive dominance. However, genomic imprinting theory predicts that the individual's maternal and paternal genes will evolve separate infraorganismal identities, perhaps leaving virtually no coherent individual identity. 相似文献
20.
多次交配对昆虫适应性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
多次交配行为广泛存在于各种昆虫种类中.然而,目前对于昆虫多次交配行为的维持与进化的理解仍然存在疑惑.从物质利益和基因利益两方面综述昆虫多次交配发生的机制,并从亲代的产卵量、寿命、生殖力、子代的存活力与基因多样性等方面论述多次交配对昆虫适应性的影响. 相似文献